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ELON  COLLEGE,  N.  C. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2014 


https://archive.org/details/recordsofthemora02frie 


John  Michael  Graff,  Bishop,  Pastor,  Diarist  of  Wachovia 
From  a  portrait  in  the  Archives  of  Bethlehem,  Pa. ;  probably  painted  by 
John  Valentine  Haidt 


t 

PUBLICATIONS 

OF  THE 

NORTH  CAROLINA  HISTORICAL  COMMISSION 


RECORDS  OF  THE 
MORAVIANS  IN  NORTH  CAROLINA 


EDITED  BY 

Adelaide  L.  Fries,  m.a. 

Archivist  of  the  Moravian  Church  in  America 
Southern  Province 


Volume  II 

1752-1775 


RALEIGH 

Edwards  &  Broughton  Printing  Compant 
State  Printers 
1925 


THE  NORTH  CAROLINA  HISTORICAL  COMMISSION 

THOMAS  M.  PITTMAN,  Chairman 
M.  C.  S.  NOBLE  HERIOT  CLARKSON 

FRANK  WOOD  W.  N.  EVERETT 

R.  B.  HOUSE,  Secretary,  Raleigh 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Page 

Foreword:    Resume  of  Vol.  I;  Outline  of  Vol.  II   vii 

Part  I.    Additional  Papers,  1752-1771 

Additional  Spangenberg  papers   515 

Friis'  Diary  of  Bethabara,  1754   529 

Some  Land  Surveys  in  Lord  Granville's  territory   534 

Gemein  Nachrichten.    Death  of  Count  Zinzendorf.,    Death  of 

Anna  Nitschmann   539 

Letters  from  Spangenberg  and  Frederic  William  Marshall   549 

The  Lot   555 

Topography,  Flora,  Fauna,  etc.,  of  Wachovia   557 

Unity  Board  action  concerning  Wachovia   588 

Marshall's  Reports  from  Wachovia.    Apprentice  papers. 

Broadbay  settlers.      Regulators.      The   County  Line. 

Special  Bonds   ,   603 

Part  II.    Historical  Sketches 

Colonial  Currency  of  North  Carolina   627 

The  Wright  Court-House   634 

The  Richmond  Court-House   642 

The  Bagge  Manuscript   650 

Part  III.  1772-1775 

1772.  Organization  of  Salem.      The  Lease  System.      Visit  of 

Governor  Josiah  Martin.    Carroll's  Manor  settlers   657 

1773.  Surry  County  enlarged.    First  ordinations  in  Wachovia.. 

Soelle's  Diary  and  Memoir   746 

1774.  General  unrest.    The  May  freeze.    Trades  and  Professions 

in  Salem    808 

1775.  Pastor  installed  at  Friedland.    Hope  School-House  begun. 

Increasing  revolutionary  sentiment.  The  Mecklenburg 
Declaration  of  Independence  and  the  Mecklenburg  Re- 
solves.   Marshall's  visit  to  Georgia   840 

Special  Bonds   923 

Part  IV.    Copies  of  Letters,  etc. 

The  Bagge  Papers,  1775  _   927 

Glossary    947 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


Portrait  of  Bishop  Graff  Frontispiece 

Facing  page 

Granville  Survey  Certificate   534 

Count  Zinzendorf  lying  in  state   542 

Portrait  of  Anna  JSttschmann   546 

Map  of  Wachovia,  1766  with  additional  surveys   616 

Specimens  of  Colonial  Currency  of  North  Carolina   626 

Key  Map  of  Wright  and  Richmond  Court-House  tracts   634 

Salem  Gemein  Haus   666 

Portrait  of  Mrs.  Graff   690 

Letter  from  Governor  Josiah  Martin   746 

a  section  of  the  collet  map  of  north  carolina   760 

The  Adam  Spach  Rock  House   838 

Part  of  a  page  in  the  Bagge  MS.  (reference  to  the  Mecklen- 
burg Declaration  of  Independence)   852 

A  page  from  the  Salem  Diary,  May  17,  1775   872 


FOREWORD 


The  first  volume  of  this  series,  Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North 
Carolina,  1752-1771,  gave  a  brief  outline  of  the  history  of  the  TJnitas 
Fratrum,  beginning  with  its  organization  in  Bohemia  in  1457  by  fol- 
lowers of  the  Reformer,  John  Hus ;  noting  its  reorganization  in  Herrn- 
hut,  Saxony,  1722-1727,  by  emigrants  from  Moravia,  descendants  of 
members  of  the  Ancient  Unity  of  Brethren,  and  heirs  to  its  traditions, 
doctrines,  discipline  and  Episcopate ;  and  touching  on  its  spread  in  con- 
tinental Europe,  the  beginning  of  its  world-wide  foreign  mission  work, 
the  temporary  settlement  in  Georgia,  and  the  start  of  their  permanent 
settlements  in  England  and  Pennsylvania. 

Then  the  volume  took  up  in  detail  the  journey  of  Bishop  Spangen- 
berg  and  his  party  across  North  Carolina  in  search  of  suitable  land 
for  a  new  Moravian  settlement ;  and  followed  this  with  a  full  account 
of  the  first  eighteen  years  of  Wachovia,  as  the  98,985  acre  tract  and 
the  settlement  thereon  were  both  called. 

This  first  volume  contained  an  edited  translation  of  the  Memorabilia 
and  Diaries  of  Wachovia,  giving  the  story  so  far  as  possible  in  continu- 
ous form,  interrupted  as  little  as  might  be  by  the  introduction  of  col- 
lateral material.    The  interest  aroused  by  this  simple  narrative,  how- 
ever, has  brought  up  the  question  of  whether  there  was  additional  ma- 
terial which  should  be  printed.   By  way  of  answer  it  may  be  said  that 
of  the  additional  papers  of  this  period  in  the  Salem  Archives  few 
require  insertion,  though  there  are  signatures  of  historic  value,  for  the 
Brethren  in  North  Carolina  maintained  a  steady  correspondence  with 
Bethlehem,  Pa.,  and  the  Church  Boards  in  Europe,  and  the  names  of 
many  leaders  of  the  Unity  are  found  in  the  collection  of  letters,  even 
though  the  absence  of  postal  facilities  prevented  the  number  of  letters 
filed  from  being  actually  very  large.   Apart  from  their  personal  interest 
these  letters  contain  advice  asked  and  given,  negotiations  for  the  filling 
of  various  offices,  recommendations  sent  and  directions  received,  and 
in  so  far  as  they  affected  the  general  life  of  the  Moravians  in  North 
Carolina  they  are  mirrored  in  the  Diaries,  so  that  in  most  cases  it  is 
unnecessary  to  make  more  than  this  passing  mention  of  them.  But 
a  few  letters  of  special  import,  certain  extracts  that  seem  of  value,  have 
been  selected;  and  to  these  have  been  added  certain  other  letters,  papers, 
and  extracts,  which  were  sent  from  Salem  to  Bethlehem,  and  are  on 
file  m  the  Archives  there,  and  which  have  been  selected  and  translated 
by  the  editor  during  a  visit  made  to  that  city  for  this  especial  purpose. 


viii 


Foreword 


This  volume,  therefore,  falls  into  four  sections.  First,  the  publica- 
tion of  what  the  early  settlers  would  have  called  the  Beilagen  to  Yol.  I, — 
that  is  the  additional  material  belonging  to  the  period  1752-1771. 
Second,  an  outline  history  of  the  colonial  currency  of  North  Carolina ; 
editorial  sketches  of  the  Wright  and  Eichmond  Court-Houses,  where 
the  business  of  Surry  County  was  transacted  from  1771  to  1789;  and 
also  a  translation  of  the  introductory  part  of  the  Bagge  MS.,  with  its 
vivid  picture  of  the  incidents  and  conditions  leading  up  to  the  Kev- 
olutionary  War.  Third,  the  continuation  of  the  Kecords  of  the  Mora- 
vians, Memorabilia,  Diaries,  Minute  Books,  etc. — with  their  constant 
reference  to  the  affairs  of  the  Colony  at  large,  and  to  the  events  that  led 
Carolina  and  the  other  English  Colonies  in  America  into  the  struggle 
for  Independence  and  through  the  years  of  war  and  its  uncertainties. 
And  fourth,  the  Bagge  Papers,  for  whose  preservation  this  generation 
has  much  to  thank  the  merchant  of  that  early  and  troubled  day. 


PART  I 

ADDITIONAL  MATERIAL 

1752-1771 


1752 


[The  Spangenberg  Papers,  preserved  in  the  Salem  Archives,  con- 
sist of  parts  of  two  sets,  one  being  Spangenberg's  original  field  notes, 
written  at  one  and  another  camp,  as  he  and  his  little  party  traveled  on 
horseback  from  Bethlehem,  Pa.,,  to  Edenton,  1ST.  C,  thence  westward  to 
the  Blue  Bidge,  back  to  the  three  forks  of  Muddy  Creek,  and  through 
Virginia  to  Bethlehem  again,  the  other  being  fab  copies  thereof,  made 
by  some  scribe  "for  the  Conference."  The  Bethlehem  Archives  own 
the  complements  of  the  Salem  sets — where  Salem  has  the  originals 
Bethlehem  has  the  copies,  and  where  Bethlehem  has  the  originals  the 
copies  are  in  Salem.  Bethlehem,  moreover,  has  most  of  a  third  set, 
copied  by  Spangenberg  himself  at  camp  on  his  return  trip,  signed 
by  Spangenberg  and  Antes,  and  sent  to  headquarters  with  a  letter  by  the 
first  good  opportunity,  February  17,  1753.  The  Bethlehem  collection 
has  a  few  papers  that  are  not  in  Salem,  which  are  here  given,  with 
the  exception  of  two  or  three  unimportant  letters  written  after  his 
return  to  Europe.] 

Extract  from  a  Letter,  Cossart  to  Spangenberg,  Dated  London, 
January  27,  1752. 

Concerning  Carolina— it  is  resolved  that  we  shall  take  100,000  acres; 
My  Lord  Granville  does  it  as  a  favor  for  he  does  not  usually  allow 
more  than  640  acres  to  one  family. 

A  bout  taking  up  100,000  Acres  of  Land  in  North  Carolina. 
[English.    Neither  date  nor  signature  are  given.] 

1)  It  seems  that  Br.  Spangenberg  should  take  Henry  Antes,  Jacob 
Losch,  Eranz  Blum,  or  any  other  Brother  that  is  a  good  and  solid 
Judge  about  the  Soil  and  its  Eertility,  about  the  Climate  and  its 
Effects  upon  the  European  Inhabitants  and  their  way  of  cultivating 
and  manuring  the  Lands,  and  go  with  them  to  North  Carolina  Him- 
self and  enquire  of  many  of  the  nearest  Neighbours  to  the  Spot  to 
be  taken  up  the  Circumstances  of  the  Country  and  collect  as  much  as 
possible  all  the  Advantageous  and  Disadvantageous  Moments  with 
Respect  to  the  above  Settlement, 

2)  In  picking  out  100,000  Acres  of  Land  they  should  lay  it  out 
four  Square  so  that  100,000  Acres  of  Land  should  make  a  Square  of 


516  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


about  a  little  more  than  12  Miles  Square,  through  the  middle  of  which 
should  run  the  River  on  which  they  take  it,  so  that  of  course  no  body 
would  live  above  six  Miles  from  the  said  River,  and  also  from  the  Cen- 
ter of  the  said  100,000  Acres,  where,  namely  in  the  Center,  also 'the 
Town  or  Orts  Gemeine  could  be  built,  and  so  the  Inhabitants  of  the 
farthest  Limits  of  that  Land  would  not  be  above  2  Hours  moderate 
Walk,  and  one  Hours  moderate  Ride  from  the  Orts  Gemeine. 

3)  One  Condition  in  taking  up  the  said  Land  should  be  that  the 
Government  should  make  it  a  Township  for  itself,  and  no  Parish  to 
be  erected  there  but  that  of  our  Church. 

4)  If  there  cannot  be  found  such  a  Spot  of  Ground  of  12  Miles 
Square  without  many  1,000  Acres  of  barren  Land  interwoven  with  it, 
they  should  at  least  take  up  so  near  together  as  possible,  having  cut 
out  the  barren  Land  from  our  100,000  Acres. 

To  Francis  Corbin  &  James  Innes,  Esquires,  my  Agents  &  Commis- 
sioners for  the  granting  out  or  disposing  of  my  lands,  etc.,  in  North 
Carolina  at  Edenton  in  the  said  Province,  or  to  either  of  them,  etc. 

[Copy.  English.] 

Whereas  the  Lord  Advocate,  the  Chancelor  and  the  Agent  of  the 
Unitas  Fratrum  have  contracted  with  me  for  a  Grant  of  One  Hun- 
dred Thousand  Acres  of  Land  within  my  District  in  the  said  Province 
of  North  Carolina,  and  have  desired  my  Warrant  to  have  the  same 
surveyed  in  distinct  or  continguous  Parcells;  Now  I  do  hereby  re- 
quire you,  or  either  of  you,  forthwith  on  Receipt  hereof  to  Issue  out  a 
Warrant  of  Survey  to  one  or  more  Surveyors  in  the  County  of  Anson, 
or  elsewhere  in  my  District  as  shall  be  convenient ;  Thereby  command- 
ing Him  or  Them  immediately  on  Receipt  thereof  to  proceed  in  con- 
junction with  the  Bearer  of  this  Warrant,  to  survey  and  set  out  to 
the  said  Lord  Advocate,  Chancelor  &  Agent  of  the  Unitas  Fratrum 
according  to  the  option  and  direction  of  such  Person  or  Persons  as  shall 
be  employed  by  them  for  that  Purpose  One  Hundred  Thousand  Acres 
of  Vacant  Land  in  the  said  County  or  Elsewhere  as  aforesaid,  (not  in 
the  possession  of  or  claimed  by  any  Person  or  Persons  whatsoever),  in 
several  distinct  or  contiguous  Plats  or  Parcels  and  fronting  as  much 
as  possible  a  Navigable  River  (Each  not  containing  more  than  five 
thousand  acres  at  most)  in  the  manner  and  form  as  is  practised. — Three 
just  and  fair  Plans  of  every  such  distinct  Plat  or  Parcell  so  surveyed 
in  pursuance  thereof  must  be  returned  to  you  as  soon  as  possible,  For 


Kecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


517 


more 


which  you  are  to  take  care  that  the  said  Surveyors  do  charge  no 
for  surveying  the  said  Lands  than  Three  Pounds  Sterling  for  every 
Five  Thousand  Acres.  And  do  you,  or  one  of  you,  transmit  to  me  the 
said  several  Surveys  by  the  first  safe  opportunity.  And  for  your  so 
doing  this  shall  be  your  Warrant.  Witness  my  hand  the  twenty-fifth 
Day  of  March  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  fifty  two. 

Granville. 

Copy  of  a  letter  from  Spangenberg  to  Count  Zinzendorf. 
[Translated  in  full.] 

Edenton,  Sept.  16,  1752. 

Through  Mr.  Francis  Corbin  to 

the  Lord  Advocate. 
Tenderly  beloved  and  honored  Jiinger, — 

It  is  truly  a  privilege  that  I  can  write  to  you  from  Carolina  on  this 
day3  which  is  so  noteworthy  for  us,  especially  as  I  can  tell  you  that 
our  dear  Lord  and  God  has  been  so  kind  to  us  in  this  place  that  we  might 
well  prostrate  ourselves  in  the  dust  before  Him.    Last  Sunday  I  ar, 
rived  here,  in  company  with  Henrich  Antes,  Esq.,  Timothy  Horsefield, 
Esq.,,  Joseph  Miiller,  Herman  Losch,  and  John  Morch  [Merk].  Mr. 
Francis  Corbin,  My  Lord  Granville's  Agent,  welcomed  us  the  same 
evening,  and  talked  pleasantly  and  instructively,  giving  us  all  the  in- 
formation about  this  Colony  that  we  could  wish.    He  had  been  in- 
formed of  our  coming,  and  had  already  made  arrangements  for  our 
speedy  departure,  having  a  Surveyor  in  town  of  whose  honesty  he 
professed  himself  to  be  assured.    At  the  same  time  he  begged  us  not 
to  hurry,  but  to  rest  a  while  in  Edenton,  for  our  own  sakes  and  on 
account  of  our  horses,  which  indeed  we  found  desirable,  not  only  be- 
cause we  had  already  traveled  450  miles  but  also  because  heavy  rains 
made  the  roads  almost  impassable.    He  sent  our  horses  to  his  farm 
where  there  is  a  good  pasture,  such  as  we  have  not  found  since  leaving 
Philadelphia,  for  the  lower  counties  in  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland, 
and  in  Virginia  also,  have  had  a  very  dry  summer,  and  everything  is 
burned  up, — at  some  places  we  could  find  neither  grass  nor  oats  nor 
corn  nor  anything  else  for  our  horses.    We  have  spent  this  week  in 
Edenton,  and  have  provided  ourselves  with  tents  and  other  things 
wMcb-  we         ^ed  in  the  forest.    I  have  had  opportunity  to  spend 

rSSSfSf  16'  174V  co^ference  of  leaders  of  the  Unitas  Fratrum  abolished  the  office  of 
Sm     a^?g  S6^61^  and  formally  recognized  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  as  the  only 
™  w   Tu  Umt  ?  B*ethren-     0n  November  13th  of  the  same  year  this  action 

was  formally  announced  to  all  the  congregations  of  the  Brethren  within  reach;  more 
distant  congregations  were  formally  notified  on  November  13th  in  subsequent  years. 


518  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


several  hours  conversing  with  Mr.  Corbin.  He  is  very  busy,  being 
not  only  My  Lord  Granville's  Agent  but  also  Judge  of  the  Court  of 
Admiralty  and  of  the  Supreme  Court,  not  to  speak  of  other  employ- 
ments; however,  almost  every  day  I  have  spent  some  hours  with  him, 
which  was  to  my  advantage.  He  is  a  walking  encyclopedia  concerning 
North  Carolina  affairs,  is  capable,  polite,  and  very  obliging.  I  have 
also  spoken  with  him  on  religious  matters  and  find  that  while  he  is 
not  of  our  faith  he  yet  wishes,  according  to  his  lights,  to  do  something 
to  help  the  people  of  this  land,  and  so  each  Sunday  he  has  a  sermon 
read,  and  something  from  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer.  Yesterday 
I  attended  a  Court  of  Admiralty,  held  on  account  of  a  ship  which 
appeared  to  be  liable  to  confiscation,  and  I  must  say  that  in  America 
I  have  never  seen  a  Court  conducted  in  so  thorough  and  orderly  a 
manner.  In  short  I  think  My  Lord  Granville  has  in  him  a  capable 
Agent,  the  Governor  a  wise  Councilor,  and  the  land  a  just  Judge. 
Our  humble  Respects  to  My  Lord  Granville  for  his  Recommendations 
to  this  man,  who,  so  far  as  I  can  judge,  is  an  honor  to  him. 

JSTow  concerning  our  affairs  in  particular.  We  plan  to  leave  day 
after  tomorrow,  early  in  the  morning.  Mr.  Churton  goes  with  us  as 
Surveyor,  taking  with  him  orders  from  Mr.  Corbin  to  two  other  sur- 
veyors living  in  that  direction  who  are  to  serve  with  him  in  the  mat- 
ter. People  say  generally  that  it  is  about  400  miles  to  the  region  where 
we  shall  look  for  land.  We  see  in  advance  that  this  distance  will  be  a 
serious  matter  for  a  new  colony  of  our  Brethren,  (not  to  speak  of  the 
expense,)  as  there  is  no  regular  means  of  transportation  thither  by  land 
or  water,  but  we  will  go  and  see,  and  hope  for  good  success.  The  one 
consideration  which  encourages  us  to  go  on  with  a  plan,  in  which 
nobody  here  sees  anything  except  difficulties,  is  that  if  we  settle  far 
to  the  west,  on  the  frontier,  we  can  probably  secure  our  own  Parish 
and  County,  by  Act  of  Assembly,  and  through  My  Lord  Granville's 
interest  may  be  exempted  for  some  years  from  the  Poll  Tax  which 
fall's  so  heavily  on  new  Colonies. 

Further  particulars  I  postpone  until  our  journey  is  ended,  and 
meanwhile  remain,  with  hearty  love  and  respect. 

J.  Spbg. 

A  Travel  Schedule, 
[Translated  in  full.] 

Our  journey  from  John  Sally  to  Edcock.  . .  . 

Edcock  to  Partrick  Bogin's 
Bogin's  to  Sennett  


15  miles, 
15  " 
8  " 


Eecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  519 


Our  journey  from  Sennet  to  Mepern   18  miles 

Maprin  to  Haw  River   8  " 

Haw  River  to  Dutchman's   15  " 

Dutchman's  to  Reed's  at  Polecat   18  " 

Reed's  to  Rich's  on  Caraway   22  " 

Rich's  to  Smith's   26  " 

Smith's  to  Atkin   6  " 

Atkin  to  Cartie's    20  " 

Cartie's  to  Lambert's   24  " 

Lambert's  to  Morris',  about  northwest..  16  " 
Morris'  to  Parrot's  on  Catawba  River 

mostly  west    10  " 

Parrot  to  Little  River,  about  northwest  .  .  10  " 
From  Camp  on  Little  River  to  the  forks 

of  Little  River,  about  north   4  " 

Expense  Account  in  North  Carolina,  from  John  Sallis'  on,  and 
bach  to  Pennsylvania. 

In  Virginia  Currency. 

To  John  Sallis',  where  we  lay  sick   8  :12 :  0 

"trinkgeld"  to  his  servants   5  :  9 

John  Edcock,  tavern  keeper   19:9 

Patrick  Bogen     "        "    3:2:5 

horse-shoeing   3  :  q 

tempering  our  hatchets   1:3 

Capt.  Sennet,  for  sacking,  yarn,  etc   12  :  8 

horse-shoeing   3  :  0 

Alexander  Meborn   10:  9 

George  Glapp   3:  0 

tavern  keeper    3:0 

Joh.  Rich,  tavern  keeper    2 :  5:  5 

George  Schmidt    10 :  9 

George  Corthy    10 :  9 

Kittels    1 .  3 

Andrew  Lambert,  for  provisions   3  :13  :  4 

Marrisson    5.9 

William  Jordan,  a  present   10 :  9 

Hogin,  for  leather   1 .  3 

Mr.  Owen,  for  provisions   2  :16 :  9 

Peter  Pisch  and  Maur    9  :  g 

Robert  Sweeting    3:0 


520  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Expense  account — Continued  In  Virginia  Currency 

To  Owen,  Sr.  and  Jr   4:  3:  0 

Kramer,  for  linen,  etc   1 :  7 :  8 

Dr.  Barker    10:  9 

Mr.  Altem   2  :15  :  8 

Elik  Nelson  and  John  West   15 :  0 

12  Pistreens  to  William  Churton  for  Br.  Horsefield.  .  15  :  0 

James  Allison    16:  5 

Mr.  Wilson   2:8 

Mr.  Churton,  for  interest   1:  1:  6 

Capt.  Sennet  for  Br.  Horsefield    15  :10 :  9 

again  to  Capt.  Sennet  for  supplies   2:7:9 

Gibson,  for  butter    1:0 

Mattheus  Moy,  butter,  etc   5  :15  :  6 

night  lodging  there   5:9 

John  Sallis    5:9 

Capt.  Michel,  for  a  horse,  etc   8  :19 :  3 

Eerry  across  the  Roanoke   3:3 

Mr.  Witton's  negro   1:3 

William  Cheeter    2:0 

Mr.  Allis   7:  0 

horse-shoeing,  sugar,  and  rum   11:  8 

Wilson,  at  Amelia  Court-House   15  :10 

Eerry  across  James  River    2:0 

Mr.  Morris    2:0 

Mr.  Chiltron's  tavern    10 :  9 

John  Holleday    5:9 

Mr.  Samson    1:8 

in  Eridrichsburg  to  tavern  and  for  chocolate   1:8:9 

and  to  negro  boys   7^ 

across  Rappananock  ferry   2:6 

John  TJewan   7:0 

across  ferry    2:0 

Backis    1  •'  7 

William  Hordin   6:6 

across  Pattomak  ferry    2:8 

Mr.  Makerute's  negro  boy   1  •*  3 

for  butter   1 '  0 

Edward  Prissy    3:0 

Henry  Day,  a  hunter    10 :11 :  9 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


521 


Expense  account — Continued  In  Virginia  Currency 

To  John  Perkin,  a  hunter   9  :17 :  0 

J ohn  Roads,  a  hunter  12  :  4 :  4 

repaid  to  Br.  J oseph  in  Lancaster   1 :12 :  9 


£111:10:10 

Against  the  above  Account  I  have  received  from  Br.  Joseph  [Span- 
genberg],  in  Virginia  currency: — 

1)  at  John  Sallis'  —  24  pistoles,  at  21  sh.,  6d,  per  pistole.  . .      25  :16  :  0 


2)  Oct.  8,  1752,  15  pistoles   16:  2:  6 

3)  at  Dr.  Barker's,  12  pistoles   12:18:  0 

4)  at  Mr.  Watson's,  4%  pistoles   4:16:  9 

5)  through  William  Churton,  30  pistoles   32:  5:  0 

6)  at  Capt.  Michel's,  5  guineas   6:10:  0 

7)  sold  the  tent  for   1 :  q  .  q 


£  99:  8:  3 

Spent  of  my  own  money,  11  pistoles  and  one  dollar   12  :  2  :  3 


£111:10:  6 
J.  Heinrich  Antes. 

Br.  Joseph  Mutters  brief  report  of  his  North  Carolina  journey  and 
his  return  to  Bethlehem  with  Br.  Horsefield.  Written  Jan.  25, 
1753. 

[Translated  in  full.  Miiller  was  the  only  one  of  Spangenberg's  com- 
pany who  was  not  affected  by  the  malerial  fever ;  he  had  some  knowl- 
edge of  medicine,  and  acted  as  nurse  for  the  party.  His  account  sup- 
plements the  Spangenberg  Diary.] 

We  left  Bethlehem,  Aug.  25th,  and  Philadelphia,  Aug.  29th,  and 
were  thirteen  days  on  the  journey  to  Edenton,  where  we  spent  a  week, 
partly  on  account  of  rain,  and  partly  on  account  of  the  surveyor,  who 
could  not  leave  sooner. 

Monday,  Sept.  18.  We  left  Edenton,  all  in  good  health.  I  said  to 
Br.  Joseph  that  I  thanked  the  Saviour  we  were  leaving;  "Yes,"  he 
answered,  "and  that  none  of  us  have  taken  the  fever,  for  it  is  said 
no  one  can  stay  there  two  weeks  without  taking  it."  That  day  we 
journeyed  to  Mr.  Whitemeal,  to  whom  we  had  been  directed,  for  he  is 


522  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


the  mouth  of  the  Tuscaroras.  He  received  us  kindly.  That  evening 
Timothy  Horsefield  complained  of  headache. 

Tuesday,  Sept.  19.  Mr.  Whitemeal  went  with  us  to  the  Tuscaroras; 
we  reached  there  about  noon;  they  received  us  pleasantly,  and  Br. 
Joseph  spoke  to  them  as  he  desired.  Meanwhile  a  little  old  mother 
prepared  the  noon  meal,  we  had  a  kettle  full  of  corn  on  the  cob,  salt, 
and  afterwards  water-melons,  they  also  made  punch  for  us  to  drink. 
Br.  Merk  complained  much  of  headache.  Mr.  Whitemeal  then  con- 
ducted us  to  the  right  road,  and  took  friendly  leave  of  us.  At  night 
we  stopped  with  a  farmer. 

Wednesday,  Sept.  20.  We  crossed  the  Koanoke;  there  Henry  Antes 
began  to  complain  that  he  was  not  well. 

Thursday,  Sept.  21.  Fever  developed  in  Br.  Merk  and  Henry  Antes 
and  they  were  quite  ill;  but  we  rode  on. 

Friday,  Sept.  22.  Henry  Antes  was  very  ill;  he  had  to  get  off  his 
horse  several  times,  and  vomited  freely.  We  were  joined  by  a  man 
who  rode  with  us  fourteen  days;  he  took  us  into  his  house,  and  Antes 
and  Merk  went  to  bed.,   The  man  made  us  welcome  in  his  home. 

Saturday,  Sept.  23.  It  rained  heavily.  Herman  Loesch  developed  fe- 
ver. Timothy  complained  constantly  of  his  eyes,  and  his  head  ached  so 
badly  that  he  could  not  sleep.  Soon  the  fever  gripped  him  also ;  and  there 
lay  four  of  our  Brethren  sick.  Br.  Joseph  and  I  consulted  anxiously 
as  to  what  we  could  do  for  medicine;  I  said  they  unquestionably  needed 
a  purge,  but  we  had  none  with  us.  We  were  told  of  a  root,  which  the 
Saviour  blessed  to  our  use.  The  fever  made  the  Brethren  so  sick  that 
they  could  do  nothing  to  help  themselves.  I  was  their  nurse,  but  had 
little  to  feed  them;  the  man  was  very  poor,  but  kindly.  He  rode  out 
and  bought  for  us  what  he  could  find,  chickens  and  butter,  but  we  had 
no  bread  with  which  to  make  a  proper  broth.  I  would  gladly  have 
given  a  pistole  for  a  loaf  of  such  bread  as  we  have  in  Bethlehem.  Br. 
Joseph  was  still  well,  and  Merk  began  to  improve  a  little. 

Friday,  29th  and  Saturday,  30th.  There  was  heavy  rain;  Br.,  Joseph 
took  a  little  cold  during  the  night. 

Sunday,  Oct.  1.  I  could  see  that  Br.  Joseph  was  not  quite  well. 
That  evening  he  had  a  chill,  and  was  obliged  to  go  to  bed;  it  changed 
to  fever,  and  soon  he  was  almost  delirious.  He  burned  like  a  heated 
stove,  and  would  take  no  medicine,  saying:  "I  am  the  Saviour's  and 
perhaps  he  will  now  take  me  to  Himself;  should  He  do  this  it  would 
be  to  prove  that  He  is  not  dependent  on  men,  but  alone  acts  for  the 
Unity,  and  does  what  He  will."    He  also  told  me  what  I  should  do  if 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  !N"orth  Carolina  523 

the  Saviour  took  him  to  Himself, — namely,  that  when  the  Brethren 
had  recovered  we  should  go  on  together,  and  do  the  work  to  which  the 
Saviour  had  called  us,  "For  I  know,"  said  he,  "that  the  Saviour  will 
be  with  you,  for  it  is  a  great  work,  and  the  Saviour  has  been  much 
consulted  about  it."  It  touched  us  greatly,  for  he  believed  that  he 
would  go  home.  I  went  into  the  woods  and  talked  it  over  with  the 
Saviour,  and  begged  Him,  if  it  was  His  will,  to  give  Br.  Joseph  back 
to  us  this  time;  and  the  Saviour  assured  my  heart  that  Joseph  should 
not  now  go  home.  I  returned  to  the  Brethren  and  said  to  them,  "Do 
not  weep,  Br.  Joseph  will  not  be  called  home."  As  his  fever  was  so 
high,  and  he  said  over  and  over  that  his  head  was  splitting  open,  I  took 
napkins  and  soaked  them  in  cool  water,  and  laid  them  one  after  an- 
other on  his  head,  which  gave  him  some  relief.  His  bowels  also  had 
not  moved,  and  we  told  him  he  must  take  something  to  open  them. 
So  I  cooked  some  of  the  roots  we  had  used  as  a  purgative  for  the  other 
Brethren,  he  took  it  obediently,  and  it  had  a  good  result;  his  illness, 
however,  did  not  begin  to  yield  until  the  second  Saturday. 

Oct.  lJf.  Br.  Joseph  seemed  a  little  better.  He  said,  "We  will  have 
a  Sabbath  Lovefeast  for  the  Brethren,"  so  I  made  it  ready,  and  he 
got  up.  We  had  a  pleasant  Lovefeast,  and  all  the  Brethren  were  better, 
except  Br.  Horsefield,  who  still  had  fever.  Br.  Joseph  said,  "On  Mon- 
day we  will  start  again."  Soon  after  the  Lovefeast  he  became  very  weak, 
and  had  to  lie  down  again ;  he  stayed  in  bed  all  Sunday,  and  until  Mon- 
day morning,  not  talking  to  us  at  all. 

Oct.  16.  Monday  morning  he  raised  himself  in  bed  and  asked, 
"What  day  is  it?"  I  answered,  "It  is  Monday,  the  day  on  which  you 
said  we  should  take  up  our  journey."  He  was  much  surprised  and 
said,  "Then  I  lost  the  Sunday;  but  now,  let  us  go."  I  thought  he  was 
delirious,  but  he  insisted,  saying  he  had  been  told  by  the  Saviour  that 
we  should  start.  Henry  Antes  told  him  that  he  was  still  very  weak, 
and  that  Timothy  still  had  fever,  and  he  wavered  a  little,  but  then 
again  insisted,  saying,  "I  have  had  a  message  from  the  Saviour ;  fear  not, 
my  Brethren,  it  will  be  a  little  difficult,  but  it  will  go."  So  we  saddled 
the  horses  and  packed  up;  I  lifted  Joseph  on  his  horse,  and  we  set 
out  together.  We  had  gone  only  four  miles  when  Joseph  said,  "You 
must  make  me  a  little  tea ;"  I  answered,  "My  Brother,  I  cannot  make 
tea  for  you  here,  I  have  neither  water  nor  fire."  A  little  later  he  said 
again,  "Indeed,  my  Brother,  I  must  have  a  little  tea,"  but  I  could  not 
make  it  for  him,  and  he  became  faint,  and  had  to  dismount.  He  wanted 
us  to  put  up  the  tents,  and  camp  there  in  the  woods  for  the  night,  but 
we  said  it  was  better  to  return  to  our  former  lodging.    He  implored 


524  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


us  not  to  do  that,  not  to  take  him  back.  Henry  Antes  and  I  explained 
to  him  that  it  was  not  possible  to  remain  here  over  night,  for  the  Breth- 
ren were  still  weak,  Timothy  still  had  fever,  the  ground  was  wet,  and 
it  was  raining  a  little.  We  told  him  that  one  mile  further  along  the 
road  there  was  a  little  house,  to  which  we  would  take  him,  and  when 
he  had  revived  a  little  we  placed  him  on  his  horse  and  took  him  to  the 
cabin.  It  was  very  small,  so  I  stayed  with  Br.  Joseph,  and  the  other 
Brethren  returned  to  our  former  lodging.  Henry  Antes  and  I  agreed 
that  early  in  the  morning  I  should  let  him  know  whether  to  come  and 
help  move  Br.  Joseph,  or  whether  we  would  continue  our  journey.  I 
made  a  little  tea  for  Joseph,  and  he  lay  quietly  all  night. 

Oct.  17.  Early  in  the  morning  I  asked  him  whether  he  thought  we 
should  go  on,  or  whether  we  should  return  to  our  former  place?  He 
said,  "My  Brother,  we  travel;  again  last  night  I  had  word  from  the 
Saviour  that  we  should  go  on."  Then,  I  said,  I  must  let  the  Brethren 
know,  and  he  dictated  a  note  to  Henry  Antes;  and  they  came.  Joseph 
was  very  weak ;  I  told  him  he  must  get  up,  the  Brethren  had  come,  and 
he  said,  "Let  me  rest  a  little  longer."  Finally  I  told  him  we  really 
must  start  if  we  were  to  go,  and  he  got  up,  and  I  dressed  him,  for  he 
was  too  weak  to  help  himself.  We  led  him  out,  and  seated  him  on  his 
horse,  and  rode  a  couple  of  miles,  and  then  had  to  lift  him  off  again. 
I  rubbed  him  with  spirits,  and  gave  him  a  little  water  to  drink,  and  he 
revived;  and  so  we  journeyed  through  the  day.  When  in,  the  evening 
we  reached  a  tavern  he  went  immediately  to  bed;  I  made  a  little  tea 
for  him  and  Br.  Horsefield;  he  would  not  drink,  begged  only  that  I 
would  let  him  rest,  but  when  I  insisted  he  obeyed  and  drank  a  little. 
Timothy  had  fever  again  tonight. 

Wednesday,  Oct.  18.  Br.  Joseph  was  fairly  bright  this  morning, 
and  we  continued  on  our  way.  It  went  a  little  better  with  Joseph  than 
yesterday,  but  we  often  had  to  lift  him  from  his  horse  and  let  him  rest. 
Br.  Merk  had  another  attack  of  fever,  with  much  vomiting..  In  the 
evening,  in  good  time,  we  came  to  another  tavern.  Br.  Joseph  was  of 
good  courage,  and  said  over  and  over  to  the  Brethren,  "Be  comforted, 
it  will  soon  go  better."  Tonight  Timothy  again  had  high  fever ;  J oseph 
had  a  fairly  quiet  and  comfortable  night. 

Thursday,  Oct.  19.  We  traveled  to  Capt.  Sennet's,  where  the  Sur- 
veyor was  waiting  for  us.  Timothy  was  so  weak  that  he  said  he  could 
go  no  further.  We  rested  a  day  to  see  whether  Timothy  would  improve; 
Joseph  began  to  eat  a  little.  Seeing  that  Timothy  was  so  weak  and 
growing  worse,  Br.  Joseph  decided  to  go  on  with  Henry  Antes  and  the 


Eecoeds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  525 

other  Brethren,  and  leave  me  with  Timothy.  The  man  at  whose  house 
we  stayed  while  sick  was  traveling  with  us  to  see  how  things  went. 
That  Joseph  and  the  others  were  to  leave  us  made  us  very  sad.  Joseph 
thought  that  if  Timothy  were  nursed  for  a  week  we  could  rejoin  them; 
hut  he  grew  constantly  worse  until  I  doubted  whether  he  would  re- 
cover., He  became  much  swollen,  and  no  medicine  seemed  to  have  any 
effect.  He  asked  me  often,  "What  shall  I  do,  my  Brother?"  I  told 
him  to  turn  to  the  Saviour,  the  only  Physician  who  could  help  him; 
I  too  prayed  the  Saviour,  with  many  tears,  to  put  into  his  heart  a  will- 
ingness to  submit  all  to  Him,  and  the  Saviour  granted  this  prayer, 
so  that  Timothy  told  me  he  would  no  longer  fight  the  fever  but  leave 
it  to  the  Saviour, — if  He  would  take  it  away  from  him  it  would  be 
His  doing,  and  if  it  were  to  be  the  occasion  of  his  home-going  he  was 
content,  for  he  would  willingly  go  home.  From  that  time  on  his  fever 
decreased  and  his  appetite  returned. 

Nov.  9.  Three  weeks  from  Br.  Joseph's  departure  our  former  host 
returned  from  the  forest,  and  told  us  that  Br.  Joseph  had  improved 
day  by  day  as  they  journeyed,  and  had  now  quite  recovered,  and  the 
other  Brethren  were  well,  and  they  had  begun  to  survey  land.  Br. 
Joseph  sent  me  word  that  if  they  stayed  well,  and  their  business  was 
successful,  it  would  take  them  till  the  end  of  January.  I  also  learned 
that  he  had  written  to  me  twice,  but  I  did  not  receive  the  letters.  As 
Timothy's  illness  had  lasted  so  long  I  decided  that  so  soon  as  he  was 
able  to  ride  a  horse  we  would  go  home. 

Jan.  1.  "We  left  Capt.,  Sennet's,  though  Timothy  was  still  so  weak 
that  he  could  not  mount  or  dismount  without  assistance.  I  took  zwie- 
back, sugar,  rye-meal  and  wine  with  us,  so  that  each  day  I  could  pre- 
pare his  meals,  for  he  could  not  take  strong  food. 

In  Manakosy,  Maryland,  we  stopped  with  Br.  and  Sr.  Utley,  and 
so  it  was  all  the  way  through  Pennsylvania, — in  Yorktown  with  Br. 
and  Sr.  Meurer,  in  Lancaster  with  Br.  and  Sr.  Neusser,  in  Warwick 
with  Br.  and  Sr.  Bauch,  in  Oley  with  Br.  and  Sr.  Michler,  and  in 
Maguntsche  with  Br.  and  Sr.  Franke,  who  all  received  us  with  kind- 
ness, and  took  good  care  of  us. 

The  Saviour  so  dealt  with  us  that  Timothy  became  a  little  stronger 
and  better  each  day;  so  that  having  traveled  from  the  1st  to  the  25th 
of  January,  that  is  three  weeks  and  four  days,  we  reached  Bethlehem 
safely,  to  our  great  joy  and  the  joy  of  all  our  friends. 


Letter,  Spangenberg  to  Count  Zinzendorf. 
[Translated  in  full.] 

On  board  the  ship  John,  Captain  Drew, 

May  2,  1753. 

The  report  of  my  expedition  to  North  Carolina,  and  the  necessary 
Beilagen,  I  have  sent  by  Br.  Toeltschig. 

Since  then  I  have  been  waiting  for  the  Returns  from  My  Lord  Gran- 
ville's Agent,  Mr.  Francis  Corbin,  but  they  had  not  come  when  I  left. 

Meanwhile  I  have  placed  in  Mr.  Daniel  Benezet's  hands  the  funds 
to  cover  my  drafts  on  him,  given  to  the  Agent,  Mr.  Corbin,  and  the 
Surveyor,  Mr.  William  Churton,  so  that  they  could  be  paid  on  de- 
mand,— I  gave  the  drafts  because  I  had  no  more  money,  and  was  au- 
thorized to  draw  on  Mr.  Benezet. 

The  £100 :  Sterling,  which  I  received  of  Br.  Benzien  for  the  trip, 
was  not  enough  to  cover  the  cost  of  the  journey  to,  through  and  from 
Carolina,  and  the  wages  of  the  hunters,  whom  I  had  for  more  than  a 
quarter  of  a  year,  and  the  supplies  needed  for  the  expedition  into  the 
forest,  so  I  was  obliged  to  borrow  thirty  pistoles. 

Br.  Benzien  offered  to  provide  the  funds  necessary  for  Carolina,  and 
I  have  written  to  him  by  Br.  Toeltschig,  asking  that  he  at  once  furnish 
another  £100 :  Sterling  for  this  purpose. 

As  in  all  probability  there  will  be  much  intercourse  between  Bethle- 
hem and  Carolina  I  have  opened  a  Carolina  Account  on  our  books, 
which  will  show  the  Carolina  debits  and  credits. 

Before  leaving  I  arranged  with  the  Brethren  in  Bethlehem  that  as 
soon  as  the  Returns  are  received  Br.  Jacob  Losch  and  Johann  Lischer 
shall  go  to  Carolina,  inspect  the  large  tract  on  Muddy  Creek,  select 
the  best  place  for  a  beginning  of  the  settlement,  and  make  the  neces- 
sary arrangements,  so  that  the  first  company  may  know  where  their 
feet  shall  rest. 

Further  details  as  to  the  beginning  and  furtherance  of  the  work  will 
be  decided  in  Conference;  I  can  say  this, — our  people  are  not  lacking 
in  willingness.  Spbg. 
Letter  from  Spangenberg. 
[Translated  in  full.    ~No  address  is  given.] 

Concerning  a  separate  County2  for  the  Brethren  in  Worth  Carolina 
I  make  the  following  observations, — which  accord  with  the  facts, — 


aThe  suggestion  that  Wachovia  be  made  a  separate  county  was  not  followed  up. 


Records  of  the  Mokavians  in  North  Carolina  527 

before  I  undertake  a  mission  to  My  Lord  Granville  or  Governor  Dobbs. 

1)  If  we  become  a  County  we  must  have  from  one  to  five  Trustees 
who  will  manage  affairs,  lay  taxes,  pay  the  County  expenses,  etc.,  who 
must  live  there,  and  must  be  men  of  standing. 

2)  If  we  become  a  County  we  must  have  from  five  to  seven  Jus- 
tices, so  that  Courts  may  sit  even  if  one  or  another  is  absent;  that 
would  be  difficult  for  us,  for  specially  qualified  men  are  needed., 

3)  If  we  become  a  County  we  must  hold  trials  in  criminal  causes 
according  to  the  law  as  it  there  exists,  and  must  pronounce  sentence, 
not,  as  in  Germany,  according  to  justice  and  right,  but  according  to 

the  law,  which  reads :    "Who  is  guilty  of  must  be  hanged," 

so  we  could  not  show  mercy,  for  clemency  rests  only  with  the  Governor. 

4)  Moreover,  how  could  we  try  a  criminal  case  ?  Our  solemn  Affirma- 
tion does  not  suffice  in  such  causes,  so  how  could  we  serve  on  a  J ury  ? 

I  mention  these  things  because  I  fear  that  if  we  undertake  what  does 
not  accord  with  our  general  circumstances  it  will  only  do  us  harm. 

If  it  is  decreed  by  the  Saviour  that  we  shall  become  a  County,  and 
become  involved  with  affairs  of  government,  then  I  have  no  more  to 
say;  but  I  see  so  many  difficulties  ahead  that  I  ask  that  the  matter  be 
handled  by  Hutton  or  Cossart,  for  not  being  in  favor  of  the  proposi- 
tion I  should  surely  fail. 

Spbg. 

Draft  of  a  letter  from  Spangenberg  to  Mr.  Francis  Corbin. 

[English.] 

Honourable  Sir, — 

When  I  left  America,  which  was  in  the  latter  end  of  April,  this  year, 
I  had  not  yet  heard  of  you  since  my  parting  with  Mr.  William  Churton, 
with  whom  I  had  sent  you  my  Letter,  and  three  Bills  of  Exchange  for 
£60:  Sterling,  payable  at  sight  to  you  or  order  by  Mr.  Daniel  Benezet, 
Merchant  at  Philadelphia,  according  to  your  direction,  said  sum  of 
£60 :  Sterling  being  the  whole  amount  for  the  survey  of  100,000  Acres, 
according  to  Agreement  with  the  Earl  of  Granville;  I  sealed  the  said 
Bills  up  in  Mr.  William  Churton's  presence,  delivered  them  to  him 
for  you,  and  took  his  Receipt  for  them,  at  Buckwaters,  Jan.  21,  1753. 

Now,  Sir,  tho  I  don't  doubt  but  you  have  had  both  my  Letter  and 
the  inclosed  Bills,  for  you  have  actually  answered  and  sent  the  Re- 
turns to  my  Lord  in  manner  requested  by  me  of  you,  I  shall  neverthe- 
less be  glad  of  a  Line  from,  you,  whereby  I  may  prove  to  my  Constit- 
uents that  the  said  money  was  paid  to  you. 


528  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Now  I  have  the  Honour  to  tell  you,  that  we  have  finished  this  Affair, 
my  Lord  having  signed  his  part  the  4th,  and  James  Hutton,  Esq., 
Secretary  to  the  Unitas  Fratrum,  the  contrary  part  on  the  13th  of  this 
month. 

To  the  Carolina  Colony  and  their  Patrons. 
[Translated  in  full.] 

Dearest  Brethren, — 

We  have  now  gone  so  far  in  the  Carolina  matter  that  nothing  re- 
mains except  to  make  the  Deeds. 

Day  before  yesterday  I  was  with  Earl  Granville,  and  all  was  duly 
arranged, — I  will  give  the  details  in  my  next. 

Now  it  is  necessary  to  prepare  for  the  Colony,  according  to  the  plan 
made  before  my  departure.  Jacob  Losch,  Johann  Lischer,  Herman 
Losch,  and  so  many  other  Brethren  as  may  be  necessary,  should  set  out 
before  the  grass  in  the  forest  dies. 

Where  they  shall  settle  cannot  indeed  be  decided  here,  but  I  will 
mention  that  Nos.  3,  4,  5,  and  Nos.  10,  11,  12,  are  the  pieces  that  most 
appeal  to  the  Junger.3  We  have  taken  the  16,148  acres  on  the  North 
Fork,  and  the  9,801  acres  on  the  South  Fork,  but  the  beginning  is  not 
to  be  made  in  either  of  these. 

I  think  they  should  first  seek  a  place  in  Nos.  2,  3,  4,  5,  or  Nos.  9,  10, 
11,  12,  or  in  Nos.  6,  13,  where  they  can  make  a  farm,  meadows,  or- 
chard, and  build  a  mill  and  saw-mill.  This  place  should  be  near  a  spot 
where  the  lay  of  the  land,  the  water,  the  meadows,  wood  and  roads,  are 
suitable  for  the  building  of  a  Town,  for  then  when  the  Town  is  built 
the  farm  and  mill  can  still  be  used. 

More  I  cannot  say.    A  Dieu  a  thousand  times. 

God  bless  your  going  out, 
And  bless  your  coming  in. 

Spbg. 


3  Of  the  nineteen  deeds  to  Wachovia  the  Nos.  Ill,  IV,  V,  X,  XI,  XII,  were  in  the  center  of 
the  tract;  the  city  of  Winston- Salem  touches  them  all,  though  it  lies  mostly  in  No.  IV. 


1754 


Diary  Letter  of  Rev.  John  Jacob  Friis. 

[The  following  has  been  sent  to  the  editor  of  this  volume  from  the 
Moravian  Archives  in  London,  England.  The  Diary  parallels  the 
Bethabara  Diary  of  the  same  date,  translated  in  Vol.  I,  of  the  Records 
of  the  31  or  avians  in  North  Carolina,  but  gives  a  more  intimate  glimpse 
of  the  life  there,  and  especially  of  the  willingness  of  the  pioneer  Breth- 
ren to  do  whatever  needed  to  be  done,— Friis  was  the  pastor  of  Betha- 
bara, but  he  served  in  the  Holy  Communion,  cooked,  cleaned,  or  herded 
cattle,  with  equal  readiness.  The  letter  is  written  in  English,  and  is 
addressed  to  Br.  Gottlob  Konigsdorffer,  who  had  been  the  Junger  of 
the  Single  Brethren's  Choir  the  preceding  year,  and  had  accompanied 
the  first  company  of  Brethren  to  North  Carolina  in  the  fall  of  1753, 
returning  to  Pennsylvania  after  seeing  them  settled  at  Bethabara.  He 
was  at  Lindsay  House,  Moravian  headquarters  in  London,  when  this 
was  written  to  him.] 

My  most  beloved  Gottlob. — 

As  I  know  you  take  part  in  all  my  Circumstances,  so  I  will  write 
to  you  from  time  to  time  what  occurs  to  me,  it  will  not  be  of  great 
importance,  you  have  however  pleasure  therein. 

27th  of  April,  17 '5 %  I  conferred  with  my  Antecessor,4  and  it  be- 
came a  Hearts  Band.  I  also  had  the  first  Communion  here.  It  was 
a  happy  Feast  for  my  poor  and  weak  Heart. 

28th.  I  accompanied  him  to  our  borders,  was  pretty  much  dejected 
when  I  saw  him  going  away,  but  ye  Lamb5  comforted  my  poor  Heart. 

29th.  I  sought  swine  the  whole  afternoon  with  Br.  Lunge,  and  for 
the  first  time  put  on  Indian  shoes,  they  are  light  but  my  feet  are  yet 
too  tender. 

2nd  of  May.  I  made  a  spoon,  it  look'd  pretty  but  was  not  convenient 
to  eat  with.  My  dr.  Gottlob,  our  Saviour  bless  you  for  each  day  in 
which  I  have  enjoyed  you. 

3rd.    I  began  a  Plantation  for  tobacco,  and  afterwards  thought  on 
your  words,  I  will  not  work  so  hard  any  more. 

4Md.7r^^rp^r«2^d  Adam  Grube> who  ieft  Bethabara  the  «^ 

*Th\eToi  tL  TT°^rtvf-  I1*16  the  ,Brethr/n  loved  *>  for  the  Saviour.  The  Episcopal 
ErinV^h^  J;  h  C°mT  •?°.Wn JTOm  the  Ancient  Unitas  Fratnxm,  shows  a  Lamb, 
bearing  a,  banner,  and  around  it  is  the  inscription:  Yicit  agnus  noster,  eum  seguamur 


530 


North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Jfth.  Today  is  my  Birthday ;  how  I  am  at  such  an  Opportunity  you 
can  easily  judge.   I  lie  beneath  Jesus'  Cross  and  weep. 

5th.    Our  Saviour  He  granted  me  a  very  happy  day  with  my  Brn. 

6th.  Since  Br.  Grube  went  away  we  have  had  no  meat,  but  have 
eaten  every  day  Bears  fat,  now  must  eat  Sapan  (Indian  Corn  Por- 
ridge) alone,  it  is  well  that  we  have  cows,  which  affords  a  little  milk 
to  it. 

8th.  I  tried  to  make  Pan-cakes  of  Milk  and  the  Flower  [flour]  of 
Indian  corn,  it  did  not  succeed  very  well,  having  no  Eggs. 

9th.  We  milked  a  cow  with  a  particular  instrument  because  we 
can't  effect  it  otherwise;  we  had  much  trouble  with  her,  and  for  all 
that  the  milk  is  not  very  good. 

10th.  We  got  a  Letter  from  Br.  Krogstrup  out  of  Lancaster,  but 
nothing  from  Bethlehem.,   Today  I  bak'd  Journey  Cakes,6  it  went  well. 

11th.    I  mostly  kept  Sabbatic. 

12th.  We  read  Acts  2nd,  it  was  as  new  to  us  as  if  we  heard  it  for 
the  first  time;  if  any  thing  occurs  to  any  one  thereby  he  says  it  and 
we  all  profit  by  it.  Our  Saviour  blesses  us  certainly.  We  have  a  Meet- 
ing every  Sunday  morning  wherein  a  Sermon  is  read;  if  any  Stranger 
comes  it  is  well.  But  I  have  settled  no  Meeting  on  purpose  for  Stran- 
gers, if  they  stay  all  night  I  then  read,  instead  of  Accounts,  a  Chapter 
out  of  the  Bible,  and  if  anything  real  occurs  to  me  to  the  clearing  up 
any  part  thereof  I  say  it,  if  nothing  occurs  I  say  nothing. 

16th.  My  work  will  be  often  to  help  Br.  Kalberlahn  to  dress  the 
Garden,  for  that  takes  up  much  time. 

17th.  I  thought  much  on  the  Communion  we  are  to  have  tomorrow. 
I  sit  and  view  our  Saviour  who  was  slaughter'd  for  us. 

18th.  I  spoke  with  all  the  Brn.,,  they  were  Childlike  &  hungry  after 
Grace.  The  Friend  of  Sinners  absolved  us,  and  fed  us  &  gave  us  to 
drink  of  His  Flesh  and  Blood. 

19th.  Some  Strangers  came  to  us.  I  am  not  pleased  to  see  them 
come  to  us  on  a  Sunday,  for  that  is  our  only  time  when  we  have  leisure ; 
they  are  in  our  way,  and  their  visit  has  no  important  end. 

From  the  20th  to  the  22nd.  I  planted  Indian  Corn,  &  then  I  began 
to  the  24-th  to  burn  in  my  Tobacco  plantation,  but  it  cost  me  much 
labour  &  I  did  not  understand  it  so  well  as  I  do  now.    I  also  made  a 


9  Attention  is  called  to  this  early  use  of  the  name  Journey  Calces,  as  the  derivation  of  the 
later  form,  Johnny  Cakes,  has  puzzled  philologists.  They  were  douhtless  called  Journey 
flakes  because  of  the  convenience  with  which  they  could  he  baked  at  a  camp-fire. 


Kecokds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


531 


Hymn  upon  the  dr.  Disciples7  Birthday,  upon  which  day  I  treated 
the  Brn.  with  Chocolate,  which  I  had  got  to  use  upon  my  journey. 

27th.  Our  most  beloved,  happily  departed,  Christie's8  Hymn  re- 
freshed me  very  much  amidst  my  great  Poverty. 

28th.  On  the  Day  of  his  Departure  I  was  something  sickly,  and 
wished  to  be  also  soon  ready  to  go  home. 

30th.  I  made  the  top  of  a  Table  for  myself,  and  31st  cut  wood  for 
feet  on  the  Table.  They  shall  be  Lyons  Claws;  is  not  that  too  much? 
One  day  I  am  a  Joiner,  the  next  a  Carver;  what  could  I  not  learn  if 
I  was  not  too  old?  We  also  conferred  together,  and  resolved  to  clear 
3  or  4  acres  of  Land.  Directly  upon  this,  as  they  were  sharpning  their 
Grubbing  axes,  I  heard  a  Brother  singing.  It  pleased  me  much  that 
the  Brn.  are  so  cheerful  and  lively  at  such  truly  hard  work. 

June  1st.  They  began  to  clear  near  the  good  Well  [spring]  2  miles 
from  our  house,  and  I  bring  them  their  Victuals,  that  consists  of  Sapan 
and  Milk,  and  at  noon  and  evening  Sallad  with  it.  We  eat  this  every 
day.    We  have  no  meat.    We  divide  our  Milk  so  that  we  come  through. 

5th.  As  I  was  bringing  the  Victuals  out  a  man  ask'd  me  where  was 
our  Minister?  I  said,  I  am  he,  and  with  that  I  took  the  Wallet 
with  bread  in  it,  and  the  Yoke  with  the  Sapan  upon  my  shoulders,  and 
went  on. 

6th.  I  wounded  my  feet  with  going  because  I  would  try  to  go  with 
my  bare  feet  in  my  shoes,  my  stock  of  Stockings  being  little.  We  want 
in  Summer  nothing  more  here  than  a  Shirt,  Trousers,  and  Shoes. 

9th.  I  spoke  with  Br.  Losch,9  and  told  him  that  I  did  esteem  hunt- 
ing as  unprofitable,  and  that  I  would  seek  to  put  an  end  to  it  till  a 
Br.  comes  from  Pensilvania  who  does  not  do  it  by  way  of  amusement 
but  as  his  Business.  There  is  not  much  Game  here,  and  one  must 
however  be  entirely  employed  therein. 

13th.  I  helped  Br.  Losch  to  drive  3  cows  and  3  calves  home  which 
he  had  bought.  We  got  however  but  little  from  the  Cows,  for  they 
retain  the  greatest  part  for  the  Calves,  and  the  old  ones  are  particularly 
hard  to  manage. 

IJfth.    I  was  wet  the  whole  day  by  the  rain,  but  received  no  hurt 
thereby. 

18th.    We  kept  a  Lovefeast  with  the  Journey  Cakes,  and  afterwards 
a  blessed  Communion. 

7^ez£zendtrfBrethreD   *°  translated  der  a   term  frequently   applied  to  Count 

■  Christian  Renatus  von  Zinzendorf,  son  of  the  Count 
Rev.  Jacob  Loesch,  business  manager  of  Wachovia  during  its  early  years. 


532  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


19th.  Now  I  do  not  carry  the  Victuals  any  more,  for  as  the  Cows 
go  so  scatter'd  in  the  Woods  we  would  willingly  have  them  in  one 
Flock;  that  is  now  my  employment,  to  be  the  Cowherd.  Br.  Losch 
did  today  more  at  this  work  than  I  did,  but  I  am  however  your  first 
Cowherd  in  Carolina. 

20th.  I  had  two  Brn.  to  help  me,  it  went  badly,  first  one  Cow  ran 
away,  and  when  we  would  bring  her  back  3  or  4  ran  away,  at  last 
they  all  became  rebellious  and  ran  home  to  their  calves,  at  last  I  stood 
alone  and  was  obliged  to  go  home  after  them.  We  had  much  trouble 
to  bring  them  out  again  into  the  Woods. 

21st.  Br.  Losch  on  foot,  I  on  horseback,  watched  the  Cows;  it  went 
better  than  it  did  yesterday. 

30th.  We  had  a  delightful  Congregation  Day,  and  He  granted  unto 
us  to  rejoice  childlikely  with  each  other  over  all  matters. 

July  3rd.  I  helped  to  bring  in  the  Flax,  it  is  very  good,  and  also 
the  Millet  Seed. 

Jt-th.    I  was  Cook,  because  Br.  Kalberlahn  was  not  at  home., 

6th.  I  plucked  Black  Berry s  to  make  Vinegar.  We  use  a  great  deal 
with  our  Sallad,  for  its  weak,  not  having  time  to  become  sour. 

12th.  I  was  the  Watcher  of  Fowl;  at  this  work  one  must  be  very 
brisk  and  active.  I  am  at  one  time  employed  in  the  Kitchen,  at  an- 
other I  carry  the  Victuals  into  the  fields,  or  write  our  Diary,  and  read 
the  Accounts  through,  and  it  is  all  of  equal  importance  to  me.  When 
I  consider  the  Brn.'s  work  I  can  say  in  this  respect,  what  am  I  in 
comparison  of  them? 

13th.    I  cleaned  the  Yard  and  Sleep  Hall. 

lJfth.  I  froze  in  the  night  under  my  bedclothes,  the  other  Brn.  are 
not  cold,  but  I  am  often  cold  in  the  Night  in  the  middle  of  Summer. 

16th.  We  have  smoked  for  a  Fortnight  our  new  Tobacco,  it  grows 
incomparably  well,  but  the  Calves  have  spoiled  very  much. 

20th.    We  had  a  very  blessed  Lord's  Supper. 

22nd.  A  tree  fell  upon  one  of  our  Dogs  and  gave  him  a  sad  stroke, 
a  Serpent  bit  the  other,  it  is  a  Grace  of  our  Saviour  that  none  of  us 
have  received  any  hurt. 

26th.  I  spent  some  Days  in  helping  Br.  Losch  with  his  Accounts, 
now  I  must  think  seriously  upon  the  Diary,  to  make  an  extract  out 
of  it.  A  good  Diary  writer  who  writes  all  from  his  Heart,  and  neither 
makes  too  much  nor  too  little  of  a  matter,  is  very  valuable.    I  wish 


Becords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


533 


to  have  such  a  one  here,  I  would  gladly  do  something  else,  and  at  the 
same  time  be  his  Copier. 

27th.  I  was  again  very  cold  in  the  night;  I  know  not  how  it  hap- 
pens that  I  can  neither  bear  heat  or  cold,  if  it  is  hot  I  have  a  rash, 
but  it  is  of  no  bad  consequence. 

August  8th.  Br.  Losch  returned  from  Cape  Faire  and  William 
Town.10  There  sails  continually  ships  from  New  York  thither,  and 
by  that  means  we  can  have  our  matters  by  water,  for  you  know  how 
difficult  it  is  to  bring  all  our  matters  the  whole  600  miles  on  a  Waggon. 

Now  I  begin  with  writing  my  letter, — our  Saviour  has  bestowed  upon 
me  a  happy  converse  with  Himself,  I  have  told  Him  every  thing  child- 
likely,  and  He  has  brought  all  to  rights,  that  I  have  wept  childlikely 
before  His  feet  on  account  thereof.  Ah,  my  dr.  Gottlob,  how  pretty 
would  it  be  if  we  had  thee  here  with  us,  you  should  directly  be  the 
Ordinary11  and  I  would  with  my  whole  Heart  be  Cook,  Cowherd,  or 
anything  else,  since  I  am  however  not  sufficient  to  anything  Spiritual 
or  Temporal.  If  we  are  allowed  we  will  remove  to  the  Well,  where 
there  is  better  Land,  so  that  we  need  not  make  so  many  fences,  and 
the  more  we  can  cultivate  the  better  it  is  for  our  successors.  We  also 
think  we  can  build  a  house  there  of  two  stories  high  with  the  least 
trouble,  below  a  Meeting  Hall,  a  dwelling  room,  and  above  a  Sleep 
Hall,  and  above  that  a  Corn  Floor.  I  must  tell  you  also  how  many 
Creatures  we  have  which  are  a  kind  of  Property.  12  Cows,  1  Bull  and 
1  Ox.  We  must  do  with  melted  Butter,  which  is  not  to  be  compared 
with  Bears  Fat,  and  we  can  as  yet  make  but  little  Butter.  Our  Har- 
vest of  Bye,  Wheat  and  Barley  was  but  small;  we  however  get  besides 
the  seed  some  bush  ells  for  the  housekeeping.  For  some  years  we  shall 
not  be  able  to  have  any  bread  but  of  Indian  Corn,  that  is  also  good 
Bread,  and  our  Saviour  lays  His  Blessing  upon  our  Victuals,  and  be- 
cause one  gets  the  same  as  the  other  so  it  goes  quite  delightfully.  We 
have  about  47  swine,  great  and  small,  and  there  have  been  14  torn  to 
pieces  by  the  Bears  and  Bacoons.  We  got  6  chickens  from  one  and  8 
from  another  Hen. 

July  31st.  We  made  Butter  the  first  time  in  a  churn.  We  tryM  to 
make  it  once  before  in  a  Tea  kettle.  Now,  my  most  beloved  Gottlob, 
we  are  poor  children  but  our  dr..  Saviour  is  very  gracious  to  us  and 
does  much  upon  us.    We  all  salute  you  in  the  tenderest  Manner. 

What  shall  your  poor  Friis  say?  I  am  ashamed  on  account  of  all 
the  Mercy  and  Grace  I  have  experienced.    The  Lamb  bless  thee. 


10  Cape  Fear  and  Wilmington. 

11  The  Ordinarius  was  the  chief  minister  of  the  congregation. 


1751-1760 


[In  the  Salem  Archives  there  is  a  package  of  Certificates  of  Sur- 
vey, made  by  Earl  Granville's  surveyors,  and  bearing  the  stamp  of  the 
Granville  office.  Their  presence  would  indicate  that  the  land  they 
cover  was  bought  by  the  Moravians,  and  it  is  known  that  a  good  deal 
of  land  was  bought  for  Moravians  abroad,  and  then  sold  for  them 
under  Power  of  Attorney.  Probably  because  it  was  not  a  part  of  Der 
Nord  Carolina  Land  und  Colonie  Etablissement  the  account  books  of 
Wachovia  do  not  show  these  transactions,  and  while  some  of  the  tracts 
are  easily  identified  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  locate  them  all.  The 
following  extracts  are  inserted  for  the  benefit  of  any  Genealogist  who 
may  be  interested,  as  giving  a  clue  to  the  residence,  at  least  for  a  time, 
of  the  men  for  whom  the  Surveys  were  made,  and  those  who  assisted 
as  Chain  Carriers.  In  the  extracts  there  is  given  (1)  the  year,  (2) 
name  of  man  for  whom  surveyed,  (3)  number  of  acres,  (4)  location  of 
tract,  (5)  name  of  Granville's  "sworn  surveyor",  (6)  names  of  two 
"sworn  chain  carriers."  The  Certificates  show  a  plat  of  each  tract,  and 
give  courses.] 

Land  Surveys. 
1751 

John  West,  Sr.  400  acres ;  Stoney  Creek  of  Haw  River,  Granville  Co. 
William  Churton;  Nathan  Jackson,  John  Collins. 

1752 

John  Baldwin;  636  acres;  South  Pork  of  Deep  River,  Rowan  Co. 
James  Carter;  William  Bues,  James  Murphy. 

1753 

Thomas  Linvall,  Sr.  200  acres;  Belews  Creek,  Rowan  Co.  William 
Churton;  William  Barclay,  William  Linvall. 

Thomas  Linvall,  Jr.  200  acres;  Belews  Creek,  Rowan  Co.  William 
Churton;  Thomas  Linvall,  William  Linvall. 

Zabuland  Gaunt,  600  acres,  South  Fork  of  Deep  River,  Anson  Co. 
James  Carter;  Israel  Gaunt,  Henry  Thornbrough. 

Zabuland  Gaunt,  422  acres;  South  Pork  of  Deep  River;  Anson  Co. 
James  Carter;  Israel  Gaunt,  Henry  Thornbrough. 

Richard  Robins,  640  acres ;  Muddy  Creek  of  Deep  River,  Rowan  Co. 
James  Carter;  Marmaduke  Yickory,  William  Robins. 


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A  Certificate  of  Survey  from  the  Granville  Land  Office,  1756 
(Original  in  Salem  Archives) 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


535 


William  Rice,  450  acres;  Matrimony  Creek,  Orange  County;  William 
Churton ;  William  Hopper,  John  Lucus. 

Owen  Sullivant,  453  acres,  adjoining  William  Rice;  Matrimony 
Creek,  Orange  Co.   William  Churton ;  William  Hopper,  William  Lucus. 

Henry  Fundinburg,  480  acres;  Grassy  bottom  Creek,  north  side  of 
Yadkin  River,  Rowan  Co.,    James  Carter;  John  Wagoner,  . 

John  Parker,  640  acres;  Forbes  Creek,  north  side  of  Yadkin  River, 
Rowan  Co.    James  Carter ;  Abraham  Dailie,  George  Forbes. 

William  Bishop,  342  acres;  east  side  of  Yadkin  River,  Rowan  Co. 
James  Carter;  Joseph  Harris,  John  Parker. 

Thomas  Shannon,  558  acres;  Joseph's  Creek,  south-west  side  of 
Yadkin  River,  Rowan  Co.  James  Carter;  Richard  Windscot,  George 
Forbush. 

Abinton  Phelps,  500  acres;  Reedy  Creek,  Yadkin  Waters,  Anson  Co. 
James  Carter;  John  Smith,  Abiga  McCoy. 

1754 

Hugh  Barnet,  150  acres;  Blew  Wing  Creek,  Orange  Co.  William 
Churton ;  Robert  Danielson,  Thomas  Barnet. 

Robert  Wilkins,  461  acres ;  County  Line  Creek,  Orange  Co.  William 
Churton;  William  Maxwell,  William  Killgore. 

William  Elrod,  180  acres;  Deep  River,  Orange  Co.  James  Carter; 
William  Bunch,  William  Elrod,  Jr. 

Peter  Youngblood,  Sr.  575  acres;  Deep  River,  Orange  Co.  William 
Churton;  Peter  Youngblood,  Herman  Cox. 

John  Boyd,  483  acres;  Reedy  Fork  of  Haw  River,  Orange  Co. 
William  Churton;  Otho  Brashear,  Jesse  Brashear. 

William  Moore,  300  acres;  head  of  Richland  Creek,  Orange  Co. 
William  Churton;  John  Hughs,  Danniell  Bankson. 

Thomas  Linville,  550  acres;  Mayo  Road,  south  side  of  Fisher's  (or 
Piney)  Mountain;  William  Churton;  David  Linvell,  William  Linvell. 

Isaac  Whitworth,  362  acres;  mouth  of  Belews  Creek,  south  side  of 
Dan  River,  Rowan  Co.  William  Churton;  Isaac  Young,  Jacob  Whit- 
worth. 

William  Fisher,  653  acres;  touches  Richard  Winscott  and  Nicholas 
Hartford,  on  south  side  of  Yadkin  River,  Rowan  Co.  James  Carter; 
Jeremiah  Wright,  Sobald  Ryolds. 

Peter  King,  384  acres ;  between  William  Jones  and  Thomas  Rutledge, 
on  head  waters  of  Mear's  Creek,  Rowan  Co.  James  Carter;  William 
James,  Peter  King,  Jr. 


536  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


John  Mills,  Sr.  500  acres;  Wolf  Run,  Eowan  Co.  James  Carter; 
John  Mills,  Jr.,  Henry  Mills. 

1755 

Thomas  Church,  660  acres;  Fishing  Creek,  Orange  Co.  William 
Churton ;  Joseph  Pinson,  Edward  Southwest. 

John  Boyd,  Jr.  424  acres;  Great  Troublesome  Creek,  Orange  Co. 
William  Churton;  Marshal  Lovelatty,  William  Kenniday. 

Austin  Hightowr,  640  acres;  Marks  Creek  fork  of  New  Hope,  above 
John  Penes'  land,  Orange  Co.  William  Churton;  John  Price,  Thomas 
Durham. 

John  Bohannon,  640  acres;  second  fork  of  New  Hope,  Orange  Co. 
William  Churton;  William  Rhoads,  Christopher  Rhoads. 

Richard  Parker,  334  acres;  Lick  Branch,  waters  of  New  Hope, 
Orange  Co.    William  Churton;  Robert  Patterson,  William  Pickett. 

Thompson  Harris,  420  acres ;  Pruits  Pork  of  Hoggans  Creek,  Orange 
Co.    William  Churton;  Michael  Joyce,  George  Vaughan. 

Thomson  Harris,  405  acres;  Pruits  Pork  of  Hoggans  Creek,  Orange 
Co.    William  Churton;  John  McCullom,  Benjamin  Knowls. 

Thomson  Harris,  420  acres;  Pruits  Fork  of  Hoggans  Creek,  Orange 
Co.    William  Churton;  John  McCullom,  Benjamin  Knowls. 

Frederick  Fulkerson,  546  acres;  Crooked  Run,  joining  the  County 
Line,  Rowan  Co.    James  Carter;  Daniel  Lisenby,  John  Lightfoot. 

1756 

William  James,  444  acres ;  Lick  Fork  of  Reedy  Creek  of  Haw  River, 
Rowan  Co.    William  Churton;  Nicholas  Robinson,  John  Robinson. 

James  Gamble,  280  acres;  Reedy  Fork  of  Haw  River,  Rowan  Co.. 
William  Churton;  John  Cunigan,  John  McClintock. 

Henry  Ballinger,  294  acres;  Moons  Creek  of  Reedy  Fork  of  Haw 
River,  Rowan  Co.  William  Churton;  Thomas  Thornboroug,  Thomas 
Brown. 

Robert  Brashear,  640  acres;  Reedy  Fork  of  Haw  River,  Orange  Co. 
William  Churton;  Bazil  Brashear,  John  Hallum., 

William  Martin,  187  acres;  Haw  River,  Orange  Co.  William  Chur- 
ton; Zachariah  Martin,  George  Martin. 

Charles  Fooshe,  640  acres;  Robinson's  Creek  of  Haw  River,  Orange 
Co.    William  Churton;  Robert  Marsh,  Robert  Ramplen. 

William  Howlet,  189  acres;  Haw  River,  Orange  Co.  William  Chur- 
ton; John  Baldwin,  John  Morgan. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  537 

Robert  Belvin,  521  acres;  Great  Lick  Creek  of  Neuse  River,  Orange 
Co.   William  Churton;  Abraham  Nelson,  "William  Goodson. 

William  Scaife,  264  acres;  Sizemore's  Branch,  south  side  of  Rocky 
River,  Orange  Co.    William  Churton;  Thomas  Brooks,  John  Brooks. 

Thomas  Hill,  110  acres;  Rocky  River  and  Deep  Creek,  Orange  Co. 
William  Churton;  Joseph  Brantley,  Lewis  Brantley. 

Peter  Martin,  630  acres;  Panther  Creek  of  New  Hope,  Orange  Co. 
William  Churton;  Christopher  Rhoads,  Henry  Beesly. 

Duncan  Bohannon,  Jr.  205  acres;  New  Hope  Creek,  Orange  Co. 
William  Churton;  Edward  Trice,  Joseph  Bohannon. 

Duncan  Bohannon,  Jr.  174  acres;  New  Hope  Creek,  Orange  Co. 
William  Churton;  Edward  Trice,  Joseph  Bohannon. 

John  McGowin,  628  acres;  Beaver  Creek  of  Allamance,  Orange  and 
Rowan  Cos.    William  Churton;  Benjamin  Starrett,  Walter  Matthews. 

John  McAdow,  640  acres;  north  fork  of  Great  Allamance,  Rowan  Co. 
William  Churton;  Thomas  McElower,  John  McGowin. 

John  Beals,  238  acres;  Mendinghales  Creek  of  Deep  River,  Rowan 
Co.    William  Churton;  John  Mills,  John  Beals,  Jr. 

1757 

Daniel  Mathis,  606  acres ;  Mathis  Creek,  south  fork  of  Deep  River, 
Rowan  Co.    William  Churton;  Israel  Gaunt,  Robert  Large. 

David  Brown,  475  acres;  Quail's  Branch  of  Great  Allamance,  Orange 
and  Rowan  Cos.    William  Churton;  John  McGowin,  John  McDonnel. 

Benjamin  Murray,  180  acres;  Deep  Creek,  Orange  Co.,  Shery  Hay- 
wood; James  Satterfeld,  William  Jay. 

John  Roberts,  412  acres ;  Rattlesnake  Creek,  Orange  Co.  Shery  Hay- 
wood; Thomas  Harrison,  Benjamin  Carter. 

Dudley  Runalds,  240  acres ;  Moon  Creek  of  Reedy  Pork,  Orange  Co. 
Shery  Haywood;  Hugh  Dobbin,  John  Pergerson. 

David  Phillips,  Jr.  640  acres;  Nelson's  Creek  of  Haw  River,  Orange 
Co.    William  Churton;  John  Rennols,  William  Rainy. 

1758 

Stephen  McMillion,  540  acres;  Hoggans  Creek,  Orange  Co.  Shery 
Haywood;  John  Thomas,  John  Ward. 

James  Poullas,  225  acres;  South  fork  of  Stoney  Creek,  Orange  Co. 
Shery  Haywood;  Daniel  Adam,  Benjamin  Shaw. 

Joseph  Puller,  322  acres;  forks  of  Deep  River  and  Rocky  River, 
Orange  Co.   William  Churton;  Lewis  Brantley,  Moses  Ginn. 


538  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


1759 

William  Wiley,  410  acres ;  Miry  Branch  of  North  Allamance,  Orange 
Co.    William  Churton;  William  Forbis,  John  Wiley. 

John  Walker,  262  acres;  Buffalo  Island  Creek,  Eowan  Co.  William 
Churton;  Francis  Rose,  Jr.,  James  Simms. 

Francis  Rose,  510  acres;  Little  House  Creek,  Rowan  Co.  William 
Churton;  James  Langford,  James  Simmons. 

1760 

Daniel  Riggon,  700  acres;  Little  Creek,  Granville  Co.  Thomas 
Person;  Richardson  Person,   Riggon. 


1760 

Letter  Spangenberg  to  Zinzendorf. 

[The  Count  had  died  the  preceding  month,  but  Bishop  Spangenberg 
had  not  yet  heard  of  it.  The  letter  is  translated  from  the  copy  found 
in  the  Jiingerhaus  Diarium  for  1760.] 

Bethlehem,  Pa.  June  11,  1760. 

I  have  returned  to  Bethlehem  from  the  Wachau,12  and  rejoice  with 
the  Brethren  over  all  the  good  that  the  Lord  has  permitted  us  to  ex- 
perience. My  wife  and  I  left  Bethabara  the  end  of  April,  and  reached 
here  the  end  of  May.  Our  Lord  allowed  us  to  arrive  in  time  for  the 
Whitsuntide  festival,  and  in  time  to  celebrate  your  birthday,  and  from 
the  bottom  of  my  heart  I  thanked  Him  for  the  grace  and  blessing  which 
through  so  many  years  and  in  so  many  ways  He  has  vouchsafed  to  me 
through  His  Jiinger.,  I  cannot  say  nor  write  all  that  you  have  done 
for  me,  I  can  only  send  you  my  tenderest  greetings  and  kisses,  and 
pray  for  a  blessing  upon  you. 

ISTow  concerning  the  Wachau. — I  felt  that  I  was  leaving  a  land  of 
the  Lord ;  the  Brethren  and  Sisters  living  there  are  dear  hearts.  More 
than  220  persons  have  taken  refuge  with  the  Brethren,  fleeing  from  the 
terrible  hand  of  the  Wild  Men.  They  are  living  among  the  Brethren, 
but  in  separate  houses  and  huts.  The  Gospel  is  diligently  proclaimed 
to  them,  and  not  without  results.  We  were  not  attacked  by  the  Wild 
Men  while  I  was  there,  but  the  roads  are  very  unsafe.  The  Govern- 
ment is  trying  to  clear  the  woods  by  sending  out  parties  of  soldiers. 
Our  Brethren  keep  a  constant  watch,  which  is  necessary,  and  also 
good  for  the  country,  for  many  neighbors  have  come  to  them  with  all 
their  movable  possessions  as  well  as  wives  and  children. 

There  are  now  three  places  settled  in  the  Wachau, — Bethabara,  at 
the  mill,  and  Bethania.  In  Bethabara  there  are  at  present  38  Single 
Brethren  and  eight  Married  Couples  belonging  to  the  Oeconomie.  Cul- 
tivation of  their  land  and  the  raising  of  cattle  is  being  successfully 

12  Thei  Zinzendorf  family  was  one  of  the  oldest  in  Lower  Austria,  there  being  eight  branches 
recognized  when  the  first  list  of  nobility  was  compiled.  At  various  times  the  Zinzen- 
dorfs  owned  estates  at  different  places  6b  and  unter  der  Enns.  The  Thai  Wachau 
originally  belonged  to  the  Zelking  Family,  and  came  to  Otto  Heinrich  von  Zinzendorf 
through^  his  wife,  who  was  the  last  of  the  Zelking  name.  She  died  in  1646.  As  was 
stated  in  Vol.  I,  of  this  series,  Spangenberg  suggested  the  name  Wachau  for  the  100,000 
acres  bought  in  North  Carolina,  because  the  tract  reminded  him  of  the  Austrian  estate 
of  the  Zinzendorfs,  Calling  the  south  fork  of  Muddy  Creek  the  "Ens"  was  also  in 
remembrance  of  the  ancestral  seat  of  the  Zinzendorfs.  One  branch  of  the  Zinzendorfs, 
being  Protestant,  left  Catholic;  Austria,  which  accounts  for  the  fact  that  Nicholas  Lewis 
von  Zinzendorf  was  a  resident  of  Saxony. 


540  JSTokth  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


carried  on,  and  several  handicrafts  are  going  well.  They  have  to 
build  each  year,  and  that  not  only  interferes  with  other  necessary  work, 
but  also  entails  a  good  deal  of  expense.  I  wish  they  had  good  trad- 
ing facilities!  Just  now  the  only  thing  they  can  do  is  to  bring  by 
wagon  from  Pennsylvania  the  things  they  absolutely  need,  but  if  a 
Brother  could  be  established  as  a  merchant  in  Wilmington,  and  another 
at  Springhill  (both  are  on  Cape  Fear  Eiver),  and  we  could  own  a  boat 
in  which  to  bring  up  the  necessary  goods  and  to  send  back  various  com- 
modities, it  would  not  only  benefit  the  Brethren  in  the  Wachau  but 
the  entire  surrounding  country.  Bethabara  is  enclosed  in  a  stockade 
(of  palisades). 

The  mill  is  a  fairly  large,  three-story,  house.,  Not  only  the  Brethren 
but  also  the  neighbors  store  their  grain  there.  Ten  one-story  houses 
stand  near  by,  in  a  row,  built  by  the  Brethren,  or  at  their  expense. 
The  houses  are  full  of  refugees;  a  strong,  high,  board  fence  makes  an 
enclosure  for  their  defense.  The  Brethren  keep  good  order  among 
the  refugees.  Many,  who  have  nothing,  earn  a  little  by  working  for 
the  Brethren,  and  so  manage  to  live  through  the  hard  times. 

Bethania  now  has  ten  houses.  Half  belong  to  Brethren,  the  others 
to  neighbors  who  have  placed  themselves  under  the  care  of  the  Breth- 
ren and  have  been  formed  into  a  Society.  We  are  hopeful  for  them, 
for  in  nearly  every  house  someone  is  seeking  grace;  and  I  was  im- 
pressed by  the  fact  that  before  I  left  I  could  receive  five  into  the  Con- 
gregation. Also,  just  before  leaving  Bethabara,  I  received  into  that 
Congregation  Sarah  Prey,  wife  of  Christian  Trey,  a  Jewess  by  birth, 
though  she  had  been  baptised;  she  has  a  soft  and  tender  heart.  The 
residents  of  Bethania  are  to  be  free  of  rent  for  three  years,  and  after 
that  to  pay  at  a  moderate  rate.  Our>  Brethren  and  Sisters  have  been 
outfitted  like  sons  and  daughters,  and  are  content,  but  they  need  minis- 
ters. Ettwein  and  Bischof  serve  them  in  turn,  as  that  is  the  best  we 
can  do  now.  JSTor  do  I  know  how  to  send  them  help  from  here,  for 
we  have  no  suitable  persons. 

Concerning  the  settling  of  that  part  of  the  Wachau  which  belongs  to 
the  Carolina  Society: — I  consulted  with  Br,  Eeuter  as  to  the  long, 
narrow  lots.13  He  is  not  at  all  in  favor  of  them,  and  as  nothing  defi- 
nite has  been  done  in  Europe,  and  no  division  has  been  made,  I  com- 
missioned him  to  draw  a  new  plan.,  He  did  so,  and  I  have  sent  it 
over  with  other  papers  concerning  the  Wachau.  The  case  speaks  for 
itself.    We  intended  through  the  long  narrow  lots  to  secure  for  each 


The  history  of  the  Nord  Carolina  Land  und  Colonie  Etablissement  is  given  in  full  in 
Vol.  I,  of  this  series. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  541 

owner  water,  meadows,  woods,  etc.,  but  Br.  Reuter  says  there  will  be 
plenty  of  water,  meadow  land,  arable  land,  woodland,  etc.  in  each  if 
the  lots  are  made  more  nearly  square. 

The  congregation-life  of  Bethabara  is  fine,  as  it  often  is  in  small 
congregations;  Bethania  is  still  new,  and  needs  care. 

Gov.  Dobbs  has  been  kind  as  a  father  to  the  Brethren,  and  so  has 
Chief  Justice  Hasel. 

I  am  sending  two  married  couples  from  here  to  the  "Wachau,  Jacob 
van  der  Merk  and  his  wife  for  the  mill,  and  Dixon  and  his  wife  for 
the  store,  so  that  Schaub  and  his  wife  can  take  charge  of  the  tavern. 
The  Carolina  wagon  which  brought  us  hither  (we  had  a  comfortable 
trip,  and  camped  in  the  woods  from  the  time  we  left  Bethabara  until 
we  were  nearly  in  Maryland)  will  now  return,  taking  what  things  the 
Brethren  in  the  "Wachau  need,  and  also  taking  these  two  couples.  Be- 
thania needs  a  teacher  too,  and  a  Brother  and  Sister  to  care  for  the 
children,  of  whom  there  are  thirty  in  the  village;  in  Bethabara  there 
should  be  a  Brother  and  a  Sister  for  the  children,  a  book-keeper,  and 
especially  an  Oeconomus,  and  a  Vorsteher  for  the  Oeconomie. 

[The  rest  of  the  letter  concerns  affairs  at  Bethlehem.] 

Letter  from  Bishop  Johann  von  Watteville  announcing  the  death 
of  Count  Zinzendorf. 

[Nicholas  Lewis,  Count  Zinzendorf,  died  in  Herrnhut,  Saxony,  May 
9,  1760.  The  letter  containing  the  news  of  his  departure  was  received 
in  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  on  Aug.  19th,  and  a  copy  sent  to  Wachovia  arrived 
there  on  Sept.  26th;  at  both  places  there  was  much  sorrow,  for  the 
Count  was  greatly  loved  and  highly  revered  by  all  the  Brethren.  The 
copy  in  the  Salem  Archives  is  translated  in  full.] 

Dearest  Brethren  and  Sisters, — 

With  tears  in  my  eyes  and  an  aching  heart  I  write  to  you  this  day. 
You  know  what  a  gracious  gift  from  God  the  Jiinger  has  been  to  our 
Church.  This  crown  of  the  Brethren,  this  witness  of  the  Saviour's 
death  and  meritorious  suffering,  this  restorer  of  the  Brethren's  Church, 
of  Choir  grace,  of  the  blessings  to  be  appropriated  from  Jesus'  life 
as  man,  this  apostle  to  so  many  nations  of  the  earth,  including  heathen 
tribes,  this  founder  of  the  village  of  the  Lord,  this  servant  of  all  Chris- 
tendom and  of  the  Diaspora,  this  true  heart  for  each  needy  and  longing 
soul,  this  friend  of  man,  whose  highest  joy  was  to  do  good,  this  man 
has  our  dear  Lord  called  home  from  work  this  morning  in  the  tenth 


North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


hour.  The  Children's  Text  was:  "He  shall  come  with  rejoicing, 
bringing  his  sheaves  with  him"  [Ps.  26,  6]. 

Who  this  desires  shall  say  Amen  thereto. 

His  work  was  wrought  in  God,  Who  blessed  his  plans ;  and  I  shall  never 
forget  his  last  moments,  and  the  conference  which  I  had  with  him  this 
morning.  He  spoke  tenderly  of  his  home-going,  and  of  his  soul's  blessed 
relation  to  the  Saviour,  and  discussed  one  and  another  matter  of  special 
interest.  His  illness  lasted  for  quite  a  while,  and  his  frequent  references 
to  his  expected  call  home  often  filled  us  with  sorrow.  Last  Saturday, 
after  the  Lovefeast,  he  preached  his  last  sermon,  and  on  Monday  morn- 
ing, in  spite  of  his  illness,  he  revised  it  and  the  entire  Wochen,  hurry- 
ing the  more  because  he  felt  so  sick,  and  then  remarked :  "When  work 
is  finished  it  is  good  to  rest."  On  the  same  day  he  attended  the  Love- 
feast  of  the  Single  Sisters,  for  which  he  composed  a  beautiful  doc- 
trinal Choir-hymn,  which  will  be  given  in  the  Wochen.  Soon  after 
the  Lovefeast  he  went  to  bed  with  a  malignant  catarrhal  fever.  Dur- 
ing the  next  days  he  seemed  to  us  as  an  angel  of  God,  whose  heart  was 
fixed  in  John  XVII,  and  his  face  shone.  He  rejoiced  in  all  that 
happened.  He  said  repeatedly  how  glad  he  was  for  the  blessing  that 
he  was  with  those  dearest  to  him,  how  happy  he  was  that  we  loved 
each  other.  Nothing  displeased  or  worried  him.  He  told  us  that  at 
other  times,  when  he  had  been  sick,  he  had  questioned  what  the  Lord 
wished  him  to  learn  thereby;  this  time  there  was  no  questioning, — 
the  Disciple  and  his  Lord  were  fully  in  accord.  Yesterday  afternoon 
he  finished  preparing  for  the  printer  the  Texts  for  next  year,  and 
we  can  consider  these  last  Texts  as  his  parting  blessing,  and  the  last 
conference  as  his  Will  and  Testament.  This  morning  he  held  the 
above-mentioned  conference  with  me ;  and  had  his  three  dear  daughters 
called,  greeted  and  blessed  them.  Then  he  became  much  oppressed,  and 
we  soon  saw  that  the  last  kiss  was  not  far  off.  More  than  one  hundred 
Brethren  and  Sisters  gathered,  weeping,  and  as  they  sang  the  line 

Now  hast  Thou  him,  his  real  self, 

he  passed  to  the  Church  above.  His  last  breath  came  as  the  Church's 
blessing  was  being  pronounced,  with  the  words  "And  give  thee  peace, 
peace,  peace,  Amen!" 

Dear  Brethren  and  Sisters!  Our  Lord  has  made  a  great  gap  in 
our  ranks,  but  He  is  the  Elder  of  His  Church.  Let  each  one  speak 
with  Him,  commend  to  Him  His  people,  and  pray  for  me  and  my  fel- 
low workers,  that  He  may  lead  us  by  His  Spirit,  bless  our  Church  with 


Remains  of  Count  Zinzendorf  Lying  in  State  in  the  Salon  of  His  Home  in 
Herrnhut,  Saxony,  May  9  to  16,  1760 
Drawn  by  Albrecht  Dietrich 
From  a  picture  belonging  to  Miss  Adelaide  L.  Fries 


Eecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


543 


His  presence  during  the  period  we  are  now  entering,  keep  all  the 
Arbeiter  and  Diener  of  His  people  in  one  mind,  and  let  a  double  por- 
tion of  His  Jiinger's  spirit  rest  upon  us.  Treasure  in  your  hearts  the 
Jiinger's  doctrine  concerning  the  sufferings  and  death  of  Jesus,  and 
the  foundation  principles  of  the  Church,  Congregation,  Choirs,  and 
Diaspora,  which  our  Lord  put  into  his  heart. 

The  Jiingerin  greets  you  from  her  sick-bed;  she  is  very  weak,  and 
we  had  expected  that  she  would  be  called  home  before  the  Jiinger. 
All  my  associates  greet  you;  and  I  remain  ever 

Your  true  Brother  in  the  sufferings  of  Jesus, 

Johannes. 

Herrnhut,  May  9th, 
1760. 

Gemein  Nachrichten. 
[Editorial.,] 

As  was  stated  in  Vol..  I,  the  Gemein  Nachrichten  served  the  purpose 
of  the  Church  publications  of  the  present  day,  keeping  various  por- 
tions of  the  Unity  of  Brethren  in  touch  with  each  other,  and  furnish- 
ing instructive  reading  matter  for  their  numerous  services.  The  varying 
content  of  the  Nachrichten  is  indicated  by  the  various  names  used.  The 
Jungerhaus  Diarium  was  a  diary  of  the  religious  activities  of  the 
Jiinger, — Count  Zinzendorf, — and  the  men  closely  associated  with  him 
in  this  service,  and  it  gives  not  only  the  register  of  meetings  held, 
but  also  numerous,  rather  lengthy,  sermon  extracts,  synopses  of  talks 
historical  and  doctrinal,  brief  notes  as  to  the  movements  of  ministers 
and  missionaries,  occasional  specially  composed  hymns,  etc.  The  Diary 
was  divided  according  to  weeks,  whence  the  name  Wochen,  so  often 
used.  These  "Wochen  were  copied  and  sent  to  nearer  and  more  distant 
congregations  of  the  Unity;  in  Wachovia  one  copy  was  passed  from 
congregation  to  congregation,  and  finally  deposited  in  the  Archives. 

The  Wochen  of  1760  give  full  details  of  the  last  weeks  of  Count 
Zinzendorf,  his  final  illness,  death  and  burial.  Being  not  directly  a 
part  of  the  history  of  North  Carolina  the  account  is  not  translated 
in  full  though  it  is  a  touching  and  rather  dramatic  narrative  of  which 
a  resume  may  be  interesting. 

During  the  Count's  last  hours  bystanders  were  particularly  struck 
by  his  radiant  face,  his  joyful  acceptance  of  the  call.  He  had  some- 
times spoken  of  a  death  struggle  as  "unliturgical,"  and  his  nephew, 
Heinrich  XXXI  Eeuss,  called  Ignatius,  commented  on  the  fact  that 
when  the  great  oppression  lifted  the  Count  "breathed  three  times, 


544  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


quietly  laid  back  his  head,  closed  his  eyes,  and  passed  as  a  prince  of 
God,"  "in  a  manner  worthy  of  a  priest  and  Liturgus."  The  final  bless- 
ing, referred  to  by  Bishop  von  Watteville,  is  given  in  full  in  the 
Wochen,  and  may  be  thus  translated : — 

O  Father,  rejoice  in  him,  for  he  belongeth  to  the  Son; 
Holy  Spirit,  sanctify  him; 

xlnd  Thou  Who  hast  redeemed  us  from  sin,  now  hast  Thou  him,  his 
real  self. 

The  Lord  bless  thee  and  keep  thee; 

The  Lord  make  His  face  shine  upon  thee  and  be  gracious  unto  thee ; 
The  Lord  lift  up  His  countenance  upon  thee  and  give  thee  peace, 
peace,  peace,  Amen! 

Bishop  Johann  von  Watteville,  who  had  married  the  Count's  daugh- 
ter, Benigna,  took  the  news  of  the  Count's  home-going  to  his  wife, 
Anna  Mtschmann,  who  lay  seriously  ill  in  another  room,  so  ill,  indeed, 
that  it  had  been  thought  that  she  would  be  the  first  to  pass  away. 
She  received  the  announcement  with  tears,  but  remarked,  "Of  you  all 
I  have  the  happiest  prospect,  for  I  shall  soon  go  to  him."  Next  morn- 
ing, in  spite  of  extreme  weakness,  she  had  herself  carried  into  his  room, 
and  was  left  alone  with  him  for  a  while.  Then  the  remains,  arrayed  in 
the  white  surplice  and  crimson  girdle  which  he  wore  when  officiating 
at  the  Holy  Communion,  were  laid  in  the  violet-colored  casket,  which 
was  placed  in  the  salon  of  his  home  in  Herrnhut,  where  it  remained 
in  state  for  six  days,14  watched  in  turn  by  groups  of  the  Brethren  at 
night  and  of  Sisters  during  the  day,  hundreds  of  friends  and  acquaint- 
ances, men,  women  and  children,  coming  to  pay  their  last  tribute  of 
love  and  respect.  On  the  afternoon  of  the  9th,  official  announcement 
of  the  death  was  made  by  Bishop  von  Watteville  to  the  assembled  con- 
gregation, and  Br.  Layritz  read  the  letter,  written  by  von  Watteville, 
which  has  been  translated  above;  on  the  10th  express  messengers  were 
sent  in  various  directions,  bearing  copies  of  the  letter,  and  announce- 
ment of  the  funeral. 

On  the  morning  of  May  16th  the  casket  was  moved  into  the  Gemein 
Saal,  where  again  hundreds  of  visitors  passed  by,  including  a  company 
of  Royal  Grenadiers  sent  by  Gen.  von  Beck  from  Zittau,  their  presence 
having  been  requested  in  case  of  disorder  though  it  was  not  needed, 
for  the  more  than  two  thousand  present  at  the  funeral  behaved  with 

14  Rev.  Joseph  Miiller,  former  Archivist  of  Herrnhut,  writes  that  the  picture  of  Zinzendorf's 
lying  in  state,  reproduced  in  this  volume,  was  drawn  by  Albrecht  Dietrich,  who  was  in 
Herrnhut  when  the  Count  died.  Dietrich  was  born  in  Culmbach  in  1730;  came  to  the 
Brethren  in  Marienborn  as  a  twelve-year-old  orphan;  and  was  trained  as  a  draughts- 
man, being  naturally  gifted  in  drawing.    He  died  in  1802,  at  Niesky. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


545 


the  utmost  propriety  and  respect.  At  five  o'clock  the  company  assem- 
bled on  the  Square,  in  orderly  groups  according  to  Choir;  then,  while 
the  trombonists  played,  twelve  Brethren  brought  the  casket  from  the 
Saal ;  it  was  borne  to  the  Hutberg  by  thirty-two  ministers  of  the  Unity 
of  Brethren,  some  of  them  from  neighboring  congregations,  some  from 
Holland,  England,  Ireland,  Liefland,  Greenland,  etc.,  who  happened 
to  be  in  Herrnhut.  All  of  the  forty-four  Brethren  wore  brown  suits; 
the  children  and  most  of  the  Sisters  wore  white.  The  widow  watched 
the  procession  from  a  window  in  the  Sisters  House,  to  which  she  had 
asked  to  be  carried. 

Eor  thirty  years  and  more  Anna  Nitschmann  was  the  leader  among 
the  women  of  the  Unity,  and  her  most  dramatic  story  appears  here 
and  there  in  the  pages  of  the  Wochen  and  Beilagen.    Born  of  well- 
to-do,  middle-class  parents  in  Moravia,  she  early  learned  the  intensity 
of  life,  for  her  father  and  brother  were  among  those  who  bore  impris- 
onment and  torture  for  their  adherence  to  the  traditions  of  the  Ancient 
Unitas  Eratrum.     Abandoning  home  and  property  for  the  sake  of 
religious  freedom  the  family  slipped  out  at  dead  of  a  winter  night,  and 
emigrated  to  Saxony,  where  they  took  part  in  the  reorganization  of 
the  Unity.    It  is  a  great  temptation  to  tell  the  unparalleled  story  in 
detail,  but  it  has  little  to  do  with  the  history  of  North  Carolina,  so 
suffice  it  to  say  that  the  little  shepherdess  of  Moravia  was  one  of  the 
children  who  shared  in  the  blessing  of  Aug.  17,  1727;  began  religious 
activity  among  the  girls  of  her  own  age;  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen 
and  a  half  was  elected  Chief  Eldress  of  the  women,  by  her  gifts  and 
consumate  tact  soon  winning  the  esteem  and  affection  of  all,  even  those 
who  had  disapproved  of  this  apparently  untimely  elevation  to  high 
office.    She  organized  the  Choir  of  Single  Sisters,  the  beginning  of 
the  Choir  System  frequently  referred  to  in  these  pages;  and  when  she 
was  about  seventeen  the  Chief  Elder  died  (his  successor  was  in  the 
Mission  service  in  the  West  Indies,  and  it  took  many  months  to  notify 
him  of  his  election  and  bring  about  his  return  to  Herrnhut),  and  for 
an  entire  year  Anna  Nitschmann  was  acting  Chief  Elder,  "she  ruled 
the  Unity  as  once  Deborah  and  Huldah  ruled  Israel,  and  no  one  thought, 
much  less  said,  a  word  against  it."    She  presided  in  Conferences,  gave 
the  deciding  vote  on  important  questions,  gave  the  formal  instructions 
to  those  assuming  office,  helped  to  formulate  the  doctrinal  position  of 
the  Renewed  Unity,  confirmed  candidates  for  the  Communion,  and  gave 
the  parting  blessing  to  the  dying.,   The  ministry  of  the  Unitas  Eratrum 
had  not  yet  been  re-established,  but  in  a  little  book  in  the  Salem  Arch- 
3 


546  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


ives,  containing  a  list  of  the  ordinations  of  men  and  women  in  the 
Eenewed  Unity,  the  page  containing  the  names  of  Aeltestinnen  der 
Gemeine  und  Chore  follows  that  of  the  Bishops,  and  Anna  Nitschmann 
die  Jungerin,  heads  the  list. 

Apart  from  her  general  service  of  the  Unity  her  special  contribution 
to  America  came  when  the  Brethren  decided  to  begin  a  settlement  in 
Pennsylvania.  Bishop  Spangenberg  found  that  Province  split  among 
many  sects,  all  at  variance  with  each  other,  and  uniting  only  when 
some  one  else  was  to  be  opposed.  The  only  chance  to  make  friends,  he 
found,  would  be  through  the  efforts  of  a  woman,  who  would  go  to  the 
farms,  share  in  the  work,  and  win  the  hearts  of  the  people  by  tact  and 
the  sweetness  of  her  personality,  and  after  thorough  discussion  a  Synod 
appointed  Anna  Nitschmann,  as  the  only  woman  having  the  necessary 
qualifications,  and  she  spent  two  successful  years  in  Pennsylvania,  mak- 
ing possible  the  settlement  there,  and  so  indirectly  the  settlement  of  the 
Brethren  in  North  Carolina. 

After  the  death  of  Countess  Zinzendorf  the  Count  was  fairly  crushed, 
and  when  a  year  had  passed  his  friends  advised  him  to  marry  again; 
he  agreed,  but  said  he  would  consider  no  one  except  Anna  Nitschmann, 
who  had  been  for  so  many  years  so  vitally  connected  with  the  work  of 
the  Unity.  Their  wedded  life  lasted  only  three  years,  and  her  widow- 
hood only  twelve  days;  and  when  she  died,  May  21,  1760,  five  days 
after  the  Count  was  buried,  her  funeral  obsequies  were  a  parallel  of 
his.  She  too  was  dressed  in  the  white  surplice  with  crimson  girdle 
which  she  wore  when  serving  in  the  Holy  Communion;  her  casket  was 
of  violet  color ;  and  for  seven  days  she  lay  in  state  in  the  salon  of  the 
Zinzendorf  home,  watched  by  groups  of  Sisters,  relieved  by  the  Brethren 
for  a  few  hours  each  day.  On  May  28th  twenty-four  of  the  ministers 
of  the  Unity  bore  her  to  the  Hutberg,  and  laid  her  on  the  left  of  the 
Count,  his  first  wife  being  on  his  right.  Only  about  two  hundred  out- 
side visitors  were  present,  but  the  members  of  the  Unity  were  there 
en  masse,  as  they  had  been  at  the  burial  of  the  Count.  It  is  easy  to 
see  from  the  records  that  the  honor  paid  was  not  because  for  three  years 
she  had  been  the  wife  of  the  Jiinger,  but  because  she  was  die  Jungerin, 
honored  and  beloved  for  her  own  sake,  a  veritable  "Handmaid  of  the 
Lord."  A  letter  announcing  her  death  reached  Bethlehem  with  that 
announcing  the  departure  of  the  Count,  and  copies  of  both  were  sent 
to  Wachovia,  where  they  are  preserved  in  the  Archives. 

The  Beilagen,  above  referred  to,  supplemented  the  Wochen,  for 
whereas  the  Wochen  took  to  the  congregations  the  records  and  messages 
from  headquarters  the  Beilagen  gave  the  reports  from  the  widely 


Anna  Nitschmann 
From  a  portrait  in  the  Bethlehem  Archives 
Painted  in  oils  by  Valentine  Haidt 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


547 


scattered  congregations  of  the  Unity,  so  keeping  them  in  touch  with 
each  other.  Probably  the  best  way  to  show  the  scope  of  the  Beilagen 
is  to  give  a  table  of  contents  of  those  sent  out  in  1760. 

I.  Eeports  from  Greenland.  Diary  of  New  Herrnhut,  Aug.  1758 
to  July,  1759.  Two  letters  from  Greenland;  from  the  men  and  the 
women.  J ourney  of  Br.  and  Sr.  Bohnisch  from  Greenland  to  Herrnhut. 
From  the  Missionaries  in  Abyssinia.  Br.  Hocker's  Journey  from  Gedda 
to  Cairo.  Br.  Pilder's  letter  from  Livorno. 

II.  Report  of  Br.  Johannes  to  the  Jiinger  concerning  the  state  of 
our  congregations  and  members  in  England  and  Ireland. 

III.  Reports  from  America, — from  Bethlehem,  Nazareth,  and  the 
_-dian  congregation  of  Nain.  [Given  by  title  only,  probably  because 
this  copy  was  to  come  to  America  where  these  originated.]  Extracts 
from  the  Diaries  of  English  and  Irish  congregations.  Memorabilia 
of  the  year  1759  of  the  English  and  Irish  congregations. 

IV.  From  the  German  congregations,  January  and  part  of  Feb- 
ruary, 1760.  Reports  from  our  Diaspora  in  the  Lutheran  Church; 
from  the  Reformed  and  Menonite  Diaspora;  Memoir  of  Rudolph 
Fischer.  Memoir  of  Christian  Ludwig  Nitchmann,  at  Barby.  Re- 
ports from  the  Negro  congregations  in  St.  Thomas,  Santa  Cruz,  St. 
Jan,  Jamaica  and  Antigua. 

V.  Address  made  by  Count  Zinzendorf,  March  17,  1760,  when  the 
Jiingerin  had  a  Lovefeast  for  the  Single  Sisters  in  her  salon,  it  being 
the  anniversary  of  her  election  as  Chief  Eldress  of  the  Unity  thirty 
years  before. 

VI.  Diaries  from  German  congregations.  From  the  Diaspora, — 
Copenhagen,  Holstein,  Pomerania,  Riga,  Lettland,  Esthonia,  etc.  From 
America ;  by  title  only.  Extracts  from  the  Diary  of  Br.  Nathanael's 
journey  from  St.  Cruz  to  Jamaica,  and  thence  to  Herrnhut. 

VII.  Ministers'  Conference  in  Herrnhut,  April  16,  1760. 

VIII.  Reports  from  English  congregations.    From  German  con- 
gregations.,   Several  Memoirs  are  included. 

IX.  Addresses  to  the  Choirs,  June  1st,  1760,  the  first  since  the 
death  of  the  Jiinger  and  Jiingerin. 

^  X.,  Reports  from  German  congregations.  From  North  America; 
titles  only.  Memorial  sermon  for  the  departed  Ordinarius  of  the 
Brethren,  preached  in  the  church  at  Berthelsdorf,  July  11,  1760,  by 
M.  Burchard  Georg  Miiller,  Lutheran  minister  at  Gross  Hennersdorf. 
Memoir  of  Count  Zinzendorf.  Addresses  to  the  Choirs  during  the  31st 
week.    First  Conference  concerning  the  Diaspora. 


548  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


XI.  Addresses  to  the  Choirs.  Extracts  from  the  Diary  of  Herrnhut. 
Reports  from  certain  Diaspora  stations.,  Memoirs.  Reports  from  the 
heathen— Berbice,  St.  Thomas,  St.  Jan.  Ministers'  Conference  in 
Herrnhut,  Aug.  26,  1760. 

XII.  Eeports  from  German  congregations.  Extracts  from  Copen- 
hagen Diary.  Extracts  from  English  and  Irish  Diaries.  Extracts 
from  Bethlehem  and  Nazareth  Diaries;  title  only.  Extracts  from 
Diary  of  Antigua. 

XIII.  Reports  from  English  and  Irish  congregations,  June  and 
July,  1760.  From  the  German  congregations,  and  Holland.  From 
various  Diaspora  posts.  From  America;  title  only.  Addresses  to  the 
Choirs  in  the  41st  week. 

XIY.  Extracts  from  the  Herrnhut  Diary,  May  to  end  of  Sept. 
1760.  Twenty-nine  Memoirs.  From  other  German  congregations.  Ad- 
dress on  Gemein  Tag,  Oct.  27,  1760.  Addresses  to  the  Choirs  in  the 
45th  week.  Addresses  to  the  Choirs  in  the  47th  week.  Ministers'  Con- 
ference in  Herrnhut,  Nov.  19th,  1760. 

XV.  Reports  from  German  congregations  for  October.  From  the 
English  and  Irish  congregations,  August  and  Sepember.  From  the 
heathen,  certain  reports  from  1759.  From  the  Diary  of  Br.  Matthew 
Stach  in  Greenland.  Addresses  to  the  Choirs  in  the  49th  week.  Ad- 
dresses to  the  Choirs  in  the  50th  week.  Doctrinal  sermon  to  candi- 
dates for  the  Holy  Communion. 

XVI.  Reports  from  North  America ;  titles  only.  From  St.  Thomas 
and  St.  Crux.  Extracts  from  Greenland  Diary.  Memorabilia  of  the 
European  congregations  for  the  year  1760. 

Circulation  of  the  Beden  did  not  begin  until  about  1767.  This  was 
a  collection  of  sermons  preached  by  various  leaders  of  the  Unity, 
though  not  necessarily  of  recent  date,  sermons  by  the  Jiinger  being  in- 
cluded. Valuable  as  they  are  for  setting  forth  the  doctrinal  position 
of  the  Brethren,  it  is  not  necessary  to  give  them  space  in  this  volume. 


1762 


Letter  Spangenberg  to  Ettwein. 
[Translated  for  its  human  interest  rather  than  any  historical  value.,] 

Bethlehem,  April  17,  1762. 

My  dear  Ettwein, — 

What  has  happened  that  you  have  received  no  personal  letter  from 
me  for  so  long  a  time  I  do  not  know;  my  notes  show  that  I  wrote  to 
you  at  the  same  time  that  I  wrote  the  other  letters.  Where  has  it  gone? 
Or  where  is  it  lying  ?  Ah !  Three  weeks  ago  I  went  to  the  Archives,  and 
there  I  found  not  one  but  a  number  of  letters,  addressed  to  me,  to  the 
departed  Father  Nitschmann,  and  others,  from  Br.  West,  Lung,  and 
others,  in  Labrador.  They  probably  came  during  my  absence'  and 
were  laid  in  a  pile  to  be  sent  or  given  to  me,  and  then  were  forgotten; 
most  of  them  had  not  been  opened.  And  sometimes  a  letter  goes  quite 
the  wrong  way ;— some  years  ago  I  received  a  letter  sent  from  Bethlehem 
to  Nazareth,  which  had  gone  by  way  of  St.  Thomas ! 

When  a  Brother  offends  me  I  feel  it,  of  course,  for  I  am  Homo, 
Humani  nihil  a  me  aliermm  puto,  but  if  it  is  an  official  matter  I  do 
not  make  him  suffer  for  it.  If  you  had  hurt  me  I  would  have  thought  :— 
he  is  a  good  fellow,  a  bit  hasty,  sometimes  a  little  thoughtless,  but 
who  knows  that  he  has  not  already  regretted  it  ?  I  will  continue  to  love 
him.  When  you  scolded  because  we  had  not  sent  you  a  messenger, 
my  first  thought  was :  "That  is  rather  unnecessary,"  but  I  forgave  you 
on  the  spot.  Then  I  thought :  "It  serves  me  right,  for  I  have  some- 
times written  so  to  others;"  and  I  was  ashamed  of  myself,  and  said  no 
more  about  it. 

Many  thanks  for  the  beautiful  map  you  sent  me,  of  the  Wachau 
and  its  neighbors.  I  shall  use  it  with  pleasure,  and  it  will  be  useful 
in  conferences. 

Matters  of  which  I  would  particularly  write  you  will  find  in  the 
letters  to  the  Conference,  etc.  and  in  the  copies  I  send  of  the  consulta- 
tions with  Graff,  von  Gammern,  etc. 

Dear  Sister  Ettwein,  the  faithfulness  with  which  you  cared  for  my 
wife  during  her  illness  I  shall  never  forget  so  long  as  I  have  power 
to  remember  aught;  be  heartily  greeted  by  us  both!  He,  the  Eternal, 
the  Only,  reward  you,  and  keep  you  near  to  Him. 


550  JlsToeth  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


But  oh!  my  dear  Brother  Gottlieb,15  my  beloved,  my  old,  true  friend! 
How  shall  I  speak  of  him  ?  He  is  among  us  no  more.  When  I  think  of 
him  it  is  as  though  a  wound  were  torn  open  that  has  just  begun  to 
heal.  But  the  Lord,  has  taken  him  into  His  rest,  and  blessed  be  His 
name ! 

Whatever  you  do,  dear  Brother,  do  not  let  it  come  to  an  entire 
break  with  any  Brother  or  Sister;  do  not  throw  down  the  bridge,  but 
leave  a  way  by  which  they  can  return  when  they  come  to  themselves. 

I  close  this  brief  letter  with  many  hundred  wishes  of  blessing  for 
you,  and  am 

Your,  I  think  through  His  grace  your  ever  faithful, 

Joseph. 

P.  S.  The  Accounts  I  will  take  with  me,  or  will  send  to  the  general 
Directorium,  and  will  leave  a  copy  here. 


» Probably  Rev.  Gottlieb  Pezold,  a  leader  among  the  Moravians  in  Pennsylvania,  who  died 
at  Dititz,  Pa.  April  1,  1762. 


1763 


Letter,  Spangenberg  to  Ettwein. 

[It  will  be  remembered  that  on  bis  tour  of  exploration  in  1752 
Bishop  Spangenberg  "took  up"  a  number  of  detached  tracts  before  he 
found  the  Wachovia  Tract  in  the  three  forks  of  Muddy  Creek.  The 
following  extract  relates  to  certain  of  those  smaller  tracts,  on  the 
Catawba  Kiver.] 

Herrnhut,  July  29,  1763. 

You  can  say  to  all  persons  on  the  Catawba  Eiver  that  the  Brethren 
do  not  wish  to  take  or  hold  even  a  hand-breath  of  all  the  tracts  sur- 
veyed for  them  there.  We  have  our  total,  that  is  100,000  acres,  in 
Wachovia.  Earl  Granville,  indeed,  promised  that  he  would  give  the 
Brethren  the  refusal  of  those  Catawba  tracts,  but  we  do  not  desire  it. 
If  you  know  some  one  there  you  can  tell  him  this  positively.,  Whether 
Mr.  Churton  or  Mr.  Corbin,  or  some  one  else,  may  have  a  claim  on  them 
I  do  not  know;  that  will  appear  if  some  one  has  the  land  surveyed,  and 
offers  the  Deed  for  record. 

Letter,  Spangenberg  to  the  Conference  in  Bethabara. 

[These,  and  the  following,  extracts  refer  to  the  appointment  of  Fred- 
eric William  Marshall  as  Oeconomus  of  Wachovia.] 

Herrnhut,  July  28,  1763. 

Dear  Brethren  and  Sisters, — 

That  so  little  has  been  written  from  here  has  come,  primarily,  be- 
cause we  were  planning  to  have  an  important  conference  concerning 
Wachovia,  and  writing  was  postponed  from  time  to  time,  waiting  on 
that.  Yesterday  and  the  day  before,  rather  unexpectedly,  we  were  able 
to  have  the  conference,  so  I  lose  no  time  in  informing  you  of  what,  in 
general,  you  should  know. 

The  most  important  thing  is  that  Br.  Friedrich  Marschall  has  been 
appointed  by  our  dear  Lord  as  Oeconomus  of  the  Wachau;  and  as  he 
has  duties  in  Pennsylvania,  which  will  prevent  him  from  being  con- 
stantly in  Carolina,  Br.  Ettwein  has  been  appointed  Vice  Oeconomus, 
to  serve  during  his  absence;  he  has  our  whole  heart  with  him,  and  the 
Saviour  has  confirmed  him  also  through  the  lot.  *  *  *  The 
American  Oeconomie  Conferenz,  already  serving  in  Bethlehem,  of  which 


552  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Br.  Marschall  is  a  member,  will  continue,  as  hitherto,  to  care  for  the 
"Wachan  and  its  affairs;  and  yon,  on  your  part,  will  seek  to  maintain 
a  constant  correspondence  with  Bethlehem.  You  will  be  able  to  send 
and  receive  many  letters  by  the  hands  of  friends  and  neighbors  as  they 
travel  to  and  fro,  if  you  give  them  a  stipulated  douceur  for  the  service. 
If  it  is  generally  known  that  you  will  give  such  reward  many  will  men- 
tion their  intention  of  going  and  offer  their  service,  who  otherwise 
would  probably  say  nothing  about  their  trip.  For  instance,  if  a  man 
delivers  your  letters  in  Bethlehem,  and  receives  a  piece-of-eight  as 
"trinkgeld,"  and  if  the  man  who  brings  you  letters  from  Bethlehem 
also  receives  a  certain  sum,  men  will  be  found  who  will  serve  you. 
And  as  you  have  acquaintances  in  Charlestown,  and  vessels  frequently 
sail  from  there  to  Philadelphia,  you  will  often  be  able  to  send  letters 
by  water  to  Pennsylvania.  And  if  you  can  learn  from  what  point  in 
Virginia  the  post-rider  goes  direct  to  Philadelphia,  that  will  be  a  way 
you  can  send  letters,  if  necessary,  at  less  expense  than  by  an  express 
messenger. 

Your  letters  to  Europe  need  not  all  go  by  way  of  Bethlehem,  for  if 
you  have  opportunity  to  write  by  way  of  Charlestown  and  London,  it 
will  be  well  for  you  to  do  it,  as  you  have  done.  And  in  that  case  it 
would  please  the  Conference  if  you  would  have  two  copies  made  of 
your  Diary,  one  for  Europe  and  one  for  Bethlehem.  If  you  have  only 
a  good  opportunity  towards  Bethlehem  then  send  the  two  copies  to 
Br.  Marschall,  and  as  soon  as  possible  he  will  forward  one  by  Phila- 
delphia or  New  York  to  Europe;  otherwise  your  Diary  and  letters  for 
Europe  should  go  by  way  of  Charlestown  and  London.  We  then, 
with  God's  help,  will  do  our  utmost  to  answer  you,  either  by  way  of 
London  and  Charlestown,  or  by  Pennsylvania;  and  if  the  Conference 
here  wishes  to  send  some  Kesolution  direct  to  you  it  will  also  send  a 
copy  to  Br.  Marschall  and  the  Bethlehem  Conference. 

Letter,  Marshall  to  Ettwein, 

Bethlehem,  Nov.  28,  1763. 

My  tenderly  beloved  Ettwein, — 

Probably  with  this  you  will  have  received  the  letter  from  Europe, 
by  which  you  are  informed  that  the  position  of  Oeconomus  of  Wachovia 
has  been  given  to  me,  its  duties  to  be  carried  on  from  here,  and  that 
you  are  Vice  Oeconomus.  The  Saviour  places  us  again  under  one  yoke. 
Gladly  would  I  have  begun  my  work  by  coming  to  Wachovia  in  Br. 
Jacob  Loesch's  company,  and  I  think  those  in  Germany  would  be  glad 


Eecoeds  of  the  Moravians  in  JSTorth  Carolina 


553 


if  this  could  be  done,  but  the  unnatural  and  unhuman  treatment  of  our 
people  on  account  of  the  Indian  War  makes  it  impossible,  and  I  cannot 
even  set  a  time  in  the  future  when  I  can  come.  [Then  he  gives  an 
account  of  the  attempt  to  fasten  on  the  Moravian  Indians  the  blame 
for  certain  outrages  committed,  and  the  trial  of  the  Indian  Brother, 
Eenatus,  which  ended  in  his  acquittal.,]    *    *  * 

Concerning  Wachovia  we  see  from  the  Minutes  of  the  Conference 
held  in  Europe  that  in  the  middle  of  the  Tract  a  place  is  to  be  se- 
lected for  a  new  town,  which  shall  be  the  chief  town  of  Wachovia. 
*  *  *  Bethabara  has  not  had  the  same  appointment  from  the 
Saviour,  but  happened  accidentally,  because  of  the  wretched  hut  which 
was  found,  and  which  could  not  well  be  left  because  of  the  lateness  of 
the  season.  For  His  people's  sake  the  Saviour,  indeed,  has  not  left  it 
without  His  blessing;  but  all  circumstances  indicate  that,  at  least  for 
the  present,  He  does  not  desire  it  to  grow,  for  it  looks  as  though  it  would 
die  out.    *    *  * 

Br.  Jacob  Loesch  came  with  the  intention  of  ending  his  days  in 
Pennsylvania,  and  with  that  in  view  to  secure  quarters  for  his  family 
for  next  summer,  but  he  is  like  an  old  coachman  who  hears  the  crack 
of  the  whip.  He  heard  of  the  proposed  changes ;  perhaps  he  will  be  one 
of  those  who  begin  the  new  town ;  at  least  he  has  himself  decided  to  stay 
there  a  while  longer,  and  I  am  glad. 


1764 


Letter,  Marshall  to  Ettwein. 

Bethlehem,  Aug.  19,  1764. 

My  much-loved  Ettwein, — 

Yesterday  I  returned  from  a  visit  to  our  Country  Congregations.  As 
far  as  Lititz,  Fathanael  [Seidel]  was  with  me.  There  we  met  George 
Loesch,  who  told  of  your  well-being,  and  now  I  find  him  here.  His 
intention  is  that,  as  soon  as  he  has  returned  to  his  father's,  he  will  go 
to  you,  with  Adam  Loesch.  He  will  therefore  arrive  quite  a  while 
before  us,  and  I  take  advantage  of  the  opportunity  to  send  to  you  and 
all  of  you  the  greetings  of  our  entire  Conference.    *    *  * 

Concerning  our  journey  to  you  we  have  as  yet  had  no  conference, 
as  I  only  came  home  yesterday,  but  we  will  probably  leave  the  begin- 
ning of  October. 

But  one  thing  I  would  ask,  it  is  this.—  That  you  will  prevent  any  of 
the  places  from  putting  off  Choir  Festivals  or  other  services  because 
of  the  expected  visit.  Such  postponements  have  often  spoiled  the  whole 
matter,  and  instead  of  being  able  to  hold  conferences  the  entire  time 
has  been  filled  with  services.  So  I  would  beg  that  everything  be  done 
in  the  usual  way,  and  nothing  postponed  for  us.  Then  I  need  not 
take  part  in  preaching  and  holding  services,  any  more  than  I  do  here, 
for  the  duties  of  a  Senior  Civilis  are  different  from  those  of  a  pastor 
and  preacher,  and  are  steadily  becoming  more  accurately  defined. 

I  shall  also  be  glad  if  you  and  Br.  Graff  will  prepare  the  business  in 
advance,  so  that  I  be  not  troubled  with  matters  to  which  I  cannot 
attend. 


THE  LOT 


[The  following  exjjlanation  of  the  use  of  the  lot  forms  the  preface 
to  a  MS.  book  in  which  the  record  of  the  lots  tried  in  TTachovia  are 
recorded.  It  is  an  extract  from  the  Minutes  of  the  General  Synod  of 
the  Unitas  Fratrum,  held  in  1764.  In  the  earlier  years  of  Wachovia 
all  important  questions  were  settled  in  Bethlehem;  so  the  use  of  the  lot 
in  Wachovia  did  not  begin  until  August,  1757.] 

The  lot  is  given  to  us  as  a  Urim  and  Thuminin,  and  the  Lord  our 
Saviour  employs  it  in  the  government  of  the  Unity;  and  the  greater 
the  gift  the  more  careful  must  we  be  in  the  use  of  it. 

Xo  one  must  use  the  lot  unless  his  faith  is  strong,  nor  unless  there 
is  need.  In  using  it  a  man  must  not  feel:  "'•'Dear  Saviour,  I  hope 
you  will  think  as  I  do,"  but  must  be  in  such  a  frame  of  mind  that 
with  his  whole  heart  he  can  say:  "Dear  Saviour,  I  know  nothing,  I 
make  no  choice,  show  me  Thy  will  and  I  will  be  obedient  thereto.'7 
The  lot  is  inimitable,  and  has  proved  its  worth  among  us  in  manv 
thousand  cases,  but  in  its  use  it  is  highly  important  that  a  man  be 
closely  united  to  Him.  If  a  man  be  not  joined  to  Him  in  heart  he  will 
not  fare  well  if  he  tries  to  imitate  it.  The  Holy  Ghost  teaches  us  how 
we  shall  use  the  lot,  and  we,  as  children,  must  willingly  follow  His 
direction. 

It  is  the  more  important  to  use  the  lot  with  the  greatest  circumspec- 
tion, as  its  misuse  would  place  us  in  utmost  danger,  and  might  have 
the  most  unfortunate  results.  The  lot  is  a  blessing  if  a  man,  in  com- 
munion with  our  dear  Lord,  first  carefully  considers  a  question,  and 
finding  it  impossible  to  decide,  and  unable  to  help  himself,  asks  help 
of  Him ;  so  is  he  the  more  thankful  when  the  Lord  gives  an  answer. 

It  is  of  the  highest  importance,  when  the  lot  is  used  in  Conference, 
that  the  matter  be  thoroughly  discussed  before  a  question  is  asked; 
for  example,  before  anyone  is  proposed  for  Reception  his  mind  and  his 
outward  circumstances  shall  be  fully  learned  from  the  Choir  officers 
and  the  important  points  considered.  Xo  one  shall  be  proposed  for  the 
Holy  Communion  unless  we  are  assured  that  he  has  received  the  for- 
giveness of  his  sins,  and  has  obtained  life  through  the  wounds  of  Jesus. 

The  lot  must  never  be  used  as  a  matter  of  convenience.  And  that 
we  may  act  with  more  assurance  a  blank  lot  shall  also  be  used  when 
we  ask  the  Saviour  about  something.  Much  depends  on  the  words  in 
which  the  question  is  framed,  so  it  is  well  to  write  out  the  question 
before  the  lot  is  drawn,  and  to  record  it  in  the  Minutes  in  the  exact 


556  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


words.  The  blank  lot  will  indicate  either  that  the  matter  is  not  yet 
ready  for  the  question,  or  that  a  better  proposal  can  be  found;  there- 
fore the  wording  should  be  studied  until  there  seems  no  ambiguity  in 
it  in  the  mind  of  any  one  present. 

No  one  must  use  the  lot  for  a  matter  which  is  not  in  his  own  hands. 

We  will  not  limit  the  freedom  of  a  Brother,  and  therefore  will  neither 
forbid  nor  authorize  any  one  to  use  the  lot  for  himself,  not  even  a 
minister.  Each  man  is  himself  answerable  for  his  private  use  of  the 
lot.  An  Oeconomus  shall  not  try  the  lot  alone  concerning  congregation 
matters,  but  it  shall  be  done  in  the  Conference.  If  any  one  doubts 
whether  he  shall  go  to  Communion  the  Choir  Pfleger  shall  not  try  the 
lot,  as  that  is  the  duty  of  the  Aeltesten  Confer enz,  though  if  there  are 
special  reasons  given  him  he  shall  respect  the  confidence. 

It  will  be  well,  if  Brethren  or  Sisters  wish  to  ascertain  the  will  of 
the  Lord  in  any  matter,  that  they  bring  it  before  the  Aeltesten  Con- 
ferenz,  for  this  will  strengthen  their  faith,  and  will  keep  them  from  try- 
ing the  lot  in  private..  j 

It  is  important  that  the  lot  and  the  results  reached  through  it  are 
not  discussed  outside  the  Conference  before  the  proper  time,  for  neg- 
lect of  this  precaution  has  often  had  evil  results. 

Each  Aeltesten  Conferenz  shall  record  the  lots  in  a  book,  apart  from 
the  Minutes,  so  that  they  can  easily  see  whether  any  matter  has  already 
been  so  decided,  without  having  to  look  through  the  Minutes  of  several 
years. 

[Lots  drawn  prior  to  1764  were  copied  from  the  Minutes  of  the 
Aeltesten  Conferenz  before  current  entries  were  made.] 


1764.   WACHAU  OR  DOBBS  PARISH 


[The  following  is  translated  from  a  manuscript,  bearing  the  above 
title,  which  is  unsigned  but  can  have  been  written  by  no  other  than 
Christian  Gottlieb  Reuter,  the  surveyor  of  Wachovia.  It  contains  his 
observations  as  to  the  native  trees,  shrubs,  plants,  animals,  birds,  snakes, 
insects,  etc.,  which  he  found  in  this  section  of  North  Carolina,  and 
notes  their  uses,  where  they  had  any,  so  far  as  he  knew,  which  inci- 
dentally brings  in  quite  a  bit  of  old-time  medicine.  It  also  lists  the 
plants,  etc.,  which  the  Brethren  had  introduced  into  Wachovia.  The 
manuscript  is  particularly  difficult  to  read,  partly  because  of  the  char- 
acter of  the  script  and  the  ornate  capitals,  and  more  because  of  the 
abbreviations  and  certain  colloquial  endings,  gen  instead  of  chen  for 
instance.  Many  of  the  names  are  in  German,  with  the  English  equiva- 
lent of  that  day  written  in  the  margin,  some  are  in  phonetic  English, 
some  in  German  only.  In  the  translation  both  German  and  English 
names  are  retained,  when  both  appear  in  the  manuscript,  in  other 
cases  that  form  is  used  which  Reuter  employed,  except  where  the 
meaning  of  a  German  name  is  very  apparent, — Apfel,  for  example. 
Untranslated  German  names  are  indicated  by  brackets  in  the  transla- 
tion. The  German  names  are  retained  because  in  many  cases  the 
description  given  is  not  sufficiently  detailed  to  ensure  accurate,  scien- 
tific identification,  and  in  a  few  instances  the  paralleled  English  name 
is  otherwise  applied  than  it  would  be  today.  This  in  itself  is  of 
interest,  though  the  greater  value  of  the  manuscript  lies  in  the  point 
of  view  of  an  educated  European  of  the  Eighteenth  Century, — a  close 
observer,  though  possibly  neither  a  botanist  nor  zoologist, — who  was 
absorbed  in  the  study  of  the  New  World,  with  its  flora,  fauna  and 
folk-lore.  ] 

1)  The  Wachau  is  not  hilly,  but  really  mountainous,  though  the 
mountains  are  not  higher  than  those  on  which  Herrnhaag  is  built, 
or  Bethlehem  [Pa.].  The  ridges  are  so  joined  together  that  no 
matter  where  I  stand  it  is  possible  to  go  to  any  other  part  of  the  land 
that  I  wish  without  crossing  a  stream,  though  the  path  may  resemble 
the  moves  of  a  piece  in  a  game  of  draughts.  And  as  the  mountains 
are  all  about  the  same  height  it  is  easy  to  understand  that  one  can 
get  two  different  profiles  of  the  land.  The  ridges  give  an  almost 
straight  horizontal  line,  and  that  is  why  the  country  looks  practically 
level  when  seen  from  the  Arrarat  Mountains  or  from  the  Pilot.  But 
the  other  and  more  correct  profile  can  easily  be  pictured,  especially 


558  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


when  one  takes  a  map  and  traces  the  hundreds  and  thousands  of 
valleys,  some  of  them  long  valleys  taking  one,  two  or  three,  or  even 
seven  and  eight  hours  to  traverse.  The  mountains  are  not  high,  as 
already  stated,  and  are  generally  steep  on  one  side  and  of  gradual 
slope  on  the  other.  On  account  of  the  many  mountains,  and  the  usual 
steepness  of  one  side,  and  the  deep  and  hoggy  streams,  it  is  difficult  to 
make  good,  direct  roads,  or  at  least  it  takes  an  expert  to  lay  them  out. 

2)  Concerning  the  land. 

When  the  land  has  been  settled  it  will  be  said  that  it  is  a  fruitful 
land,  but  the  Brethren  have  been  the  first  to  cultivate  it,  and  beyond 
what  they  have  used  it  all  lies  wild.  Therefore  all  that  can  be  said  ie 
that  it  is  land  on  which  everything  grows  that  is  planted.  It  has 
wood  for  building  and  for  burning;  good  water;  stone,  and  clay  for 
brick  in  sufficient  quantity.  Soft  or  boggy  land  is  called  swamp,  there 
is  plenty  of  this  in  the  valleys  and  along  the  creeks,  and  it  is  the  true 
meadow  land,  though  I  prefer  the  following  if  it  can  be  watered, 
(b)  Bottom  is  the  low,  flat,  dry  land  along  the  creeks,  and  it  has  usually 
the  finest  and  strongest  trees  of  the  forest,  oak,  poplar,  mulberry, 
hickory,  maple,  ash,  and  birch,  and  it  is  the  best  land  for  fields  and 
meadows.  The  interesting  thing  about  these  Bottoms  and  Swamps  is 
that  they  are  so  precisely  defined,  that  the  bed  of  a  stream  usually 
has  them  for  banks  on  each  side,  (c)  Lowland  is  properly  the  lower, 
sloping  land,  but  there  is  very  little  of  this  in  the  Wachau,  for  the 
Lowland  is  Bottom,  and  then  the  Upland  follows  immediately,  (d) 
Upland  is  all  the  land  that  is  neither  Swamp  nor  Bottom,  (e)  Ridge 
is  the  high  part  of  the  Upland,  and  is  very  often  spoken  of,  for  it 
is  the  custom  here,  so  far  as  possible,  to  lead  the  road  along  a  Eidge. 
So  it  comes  to  pass  that  in  the  network  of  ridges  there  is  scarcely  a 
hundred-acre  piece  to  be  found  that  has  no  water,  and  yet  a  man  who 
does  not  know  the  land  may  travel  for  many  miles  and  not  see  a 
single  drop. 

3)  About  Trees  and  Shrubs. 

1)  Oak,  that  is  (a)  White  Oak;  the  strongest  tree  (with  the  ex- 
ception of  some  poplars).  The  best  building  wood;  also  very  good  for 
burning,  and  the  potter  particularly  likes  it  because  it  makes  few 
coals  and  burns  almost  entirely  to  ashes.  It  generally  grows  on  poor 
soil,  and  where  it  is  thickest  there  the  Upland  is  not  so  good.  It 
has  good  acorns. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  559 

(b)  Swamp  Oak,  also  a  White  Oak,  which,  grows  very  large  in  the 
Bottoms.    The  axle  of  a  water-wheel  is  generally  made  from  it. 

(c)  Post  Oak  appears  to  be  a  kind  of  stunted  White  Oak,  but  there 
are  some  fine  trees.  Gives  good  wagon-wood.  Grows  on  the  poorest 
land. 

(d)  Black  Oak  has  a  bark  that  looks  black.  Has  a  long,  slender 
trunk,  and  is  therefore  preferred  for  building  timber.  Has  large 
acorns,  but  they  are  not  as  sweet  as  those  of  the  White  Oak.  Also 
grows  on  the  best  land. 

(e)  Spanish  Oak;  the  bark  looks  bluish  rather  than  black.  The 
character  of  the  wood  places  it  next  to  Black  Oak  for  building  pur- 
poses. The  interesting  fact  about  this  tree  is  that  in  spring  it  can 
be  tapped,  and  a  vinegar  made  from  the  sap  which  can  be  used  for 
salad,  and  acts  like  any  other  vinegar,  and  is  as  good  as  that  made 
from  wine. 

(f)  Black  Jack  Oak  has  wood  like  a  stunted  Black  Oak,  but  the 
leaves  are  stronger.    Grows  on  poor  land. 

(g)  Chestnut  Oak  has  wood  and  leaves  almost  like  a  Chestnut 
Tree,  but  the  nut  is  a  very  thick  acorn. 

(h)  Willow  Oak  has  small,  pointed  leaves,  like  a  Willow.  Has 
small  acorns;  is  a  strong  wood  and  good  for  building.  Grows  in 
the  Bottoms.    Has  the  best  bark  for  tanning  i  sole  leather. 

(i)  Ground,  Oak  is  a  low  bush  bearing  acorns  like  hazelnuts. 
From  this  has  come  the  saying  that  in  America  the  hogs  grow  so  large 
that  they  can  eat  the  acorns  from  the  trees. 

2)  Hickory  grows  on  the  best  land,  and  is  the  most  common  tree 
in  the  Wachau,  for  it  grows  nearly  everywhere.  Has  a  beautiful, 
straight  trunk ;  has  leaves  and  odor  almost  like  the  Walnut  of  Europe, 
and  bears  nuts  of  a  similar  flavor.  The  nuts,  however,  have  hulls, 
and  are  as  hard  as  almonds.  The  wood  is  used  by  the  Millwright ;  is 
also  the  best  fire-wood.  There  are  several  varieties: — (a)  Sliver  Hick- 
ory ;  the  trunk  grows  almost  like  a  fir  in  height,  and  quite  straight,  the 
bears  climb  it  well.  It  has  the  best  nuts,  (b  and  c)  are  two  varieties 
of  white  and  red  Hickory;  the  first  has  bitter  nuts,  grows  mostly  in 
the  Upland.  (Note  in  margin.  Bitter  Hickory  hulls  and  alum  dye 
yellow.    White  Hickory  has  the  bitter  nuts.) 

3)  Walnut  grows  in  the  best  Bottom  land,  and  is  of  two  kinds, 
(a)  Black  Walnut  is  the  best  and  most  valuable  wood  in  this  country 
for  joiner's  work ;  it  is  a  rbeautif ul  brown.  The  nuts  are  indeed  wal- 
nuts, with  outer  hulls  which  are  used  in  dyeing,  but  the  nuts  cannot 


560  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


be  opened  with  a  knife,  as  there  is  no  division  in  the  shell,  (b)  White 
Walnut  is  also  good  cabinet  wood,  but  not  equal  to  the  above. 

4)  Poplar  has  the  strongest  and  tallest  straight  trunk,  so  that  often 
four  or  five  logs  for  planks  can  be  cut  from  one  trunk,  and  most  of 
our  boards  are  made  from  this  wood ;  it  is,  however,  a  soft  wood,  which 
easily  swells  and  shrinks ;  and  when  burned  it  makes  no  coals.  It  bears 
no  fruit,  but  in  spring  has  a  beautiful  blossom. 

5)  Ash.  A  tree  much  like  Walnut  or  Hickory;  grows  in  the  Bot- 
toms; is  good  wood  for  wagon-making;  and  is  very  good  fire-wood, 
particularly  liked  by  the  baker.    It  is  a  protection  against  snakes. 

6)  Chestnut.  The  nut  is  good  raw,  and  is  generally  eaten  that 
way.  One  expects  to  find  the  tree  on  the  poorest  land ;  the  wood  is  good 
for  shingles,  rails  and  fences,  as  it  weathers  well;  it  is  not  good  fire- 
wood on  account  of  the  sparks  it  throws  out.  A  palatable  coffee  can 
be  made  from  the  chestnuts.  They  are  cut  into  small  pieces,  which 
can  be  ground  in  a  coffee-mill;  the  bits  are  dried  in  the  sun  or  on  a 
warm  plate  to  preserve  them,  and  are  parched  like  coffee  when  they  are 
to  be  used. 

(b)  Chincapin  is  a  bush  with  leaves  and  wood  like  a  Chestnut. 
The  nut  also  is  like  a  chestnut,  though  small  as  a  hazelnut,  and  the  bush 
bears  heavily.  All  sorts  of  creatures  eat  the  nuts,  especially  turkeys 
and  bears.    It  blooms  like  a  Chestnut. 

7)  Beech,  (a)  Red  Beech  grows  only  in  the  valleys.  It  also 
bears  nuts,  but  the  wood  is  not  as  good  for  burning  as  the  European 
■variety,  though  the  distiller  likes  to  use  it.  (b)  Horn-beam  or  White 
Beech  also  grows  only  in  or  around  the  valleys,  (c)  Water  Beech  does 
not  look  like  a  Beech,  though  it  is  a  handsome  tree.  The  wood  does 
not  split  well;  the  potter  makes  his  wheel  from  it,  and  for  firkins  it  is 
without  parallel.  It  grows  quickly,  has  a  great  mass  of  green  leaves, 
and  the  wood  takes  a  drawing-knife  well. 

8)  Birch  grows  only  near  the  streams;  makes  large  trees. 

9)  Maple.  A  tree  of  medium  size  and  of  attactive  shape.  The 
leaves  are  between  Birch  and  Beech.  Grows  only  in  valleys,  and  is  the 
first  to  bud  in  the  spring.  It  has  a  red  blossom,  but  no  fruit. 
The  sap  is  so  sweet  that  some  sugar  can  be  boiled  from  it;  and  so 
plentiful  that  some  use  it  for  a  drink  at  the  time  it  is  rising.  It  flows 
best  on  clear,  cool  nights  in  spring.  (Marginal  note.  The  wood  is 
good  on  a  turning-lathe,  and  makes  good  charcoal.) 

10)  Sugar  Tree.  Much  like  the  Maple.  Some  make  sugar  from  the 
sap,  but  it  is  more  expensive  than  to  pay  1  shilling  for  ordinary  sugar., 


Eecoeds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


561 


Not  many  of  these  in  the  Wachau,  only  a  few  on  the  south  side  of  the 
Dorothea,  Wach  and  Ens. 

11)  Gum.  (a)  Sweet  Gum  is  a  fine  tree,  much  like  White  Oak. 
A  rosin  flows  from  the  tree,  when  an  opening  is  made,  which  furnishes 
a  good  rough  powder;  it  is  said  that  this  may  be  Liquid  Storax.  The 
wood  is  not  good  for  much  except  very  thin  boards,  (b)  The  plain 
Gum  tree  has  better  wood,  but  no  gum.  However,  neither  sort  is  much 
used,  since  there  are  better  woods. 

12)  Linden  is  a  pretty  tree;  grows  in  the  Bottom.  Nothing  has 
surprised  me  more  than  that  so  far  I  have  seen  no  Linden  blossoms. 

13)  Mulberries,  black,  grow  in  the  good  Bottom  lands;  nearly 
every  valley  has  some. 

14)  Willows  make  pretty  trees  in  the  Bottoms;  and  in  the  Swamps 
send  up  sprmts  which  are  used  in  the  making  of  baskets  and  the  like. 

15)  Umbrella  Tree.  The  Indians  call  it  Ka-hu.  The  Germans 
call  it  Cucumber  Tree,  because  the  fruit  looks  like  a  small  cucumber. 
Some  call  it  Laurel  Tree,  and  that  is  probably  the  more  correct,  for 
it  has  seeds  like  a  laurel,  though  they  grow  more  like  a  pine  or  fir  cone. 
It  is  the  most  attractive  tree,  and  would  be  an  ornament  to  any  lawn. 
It  has  large,  white  blossoms;  the  fruit  is  red;  and  the  leaves  are  more 
than  a  foot  long  and  proportionately  broad.  The  wood  is  very  soft. 
Grows  only  in  good  Bottoms. 

16)  Paw-Paw  grows  in  the  best  Bottom  lands;  is  no  sturdy  tree, 
and  at  most  one  foot  through.  It  has  beautiful  leaves,  almost  like  the' 
above,  and  fruit  like  a  pear  or  cucumber,  so  that  it  can  easily  be 
mistaken  for  the  Cucumber  Tree.  The  fruit  is  ripe  when  the  weather 
becomes  cold  ;  has  a  pleasant  taste.    The  bark  makes  good  cord  or  bast. 

17)  Persimmon  Tree  or  Persummens  as  it  is  called  here.  Has 
fruit  which  is  good  to  eat  after  the  frost  has  touched  it.  There  are 
no  large  trees.  It  has  a  gum,  and  some  years  ago  a  premium  was 
placed  on  this,  to  be  paid  to  whoever  gathered  it. 

18)  Plums  grow  chiefly  in  the  little  valleys;  have  small,  blue  plums 
which  taste  sweet  and  are  borne  abundantly. 

19)  Pine  grows  in  certain  places  on  the  Upland,  where  the  soil 
is  not  of  the  best,  but  is  sandy.  Wagon  tar  is  made  from  it,  and  fine 
boards. 

20)  Elms  are  fine  trees;  grow  in  the  Bottoms  along  the  brooks,  and 
look  amost  like  birches. 

21)  Dog's  Wood  is  so  called  because  it  stinks.  It  grows  around 
the  valleys,  does  not  become  large,  but  is  hard,  and  is  good  on  the 
turning-lathe.    Has  leaves  much  like  a  pear. 

4 


562  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


22)  Black  Horses  [Black  Haw]  also  grows  in  the  valleys,  and  at- 
tains about  the  size  of  an  apple-tree.  The  fruit  looks  like  the  Sheep- 
berry,  and  is  good  and  wholesome  to  eat.    Blossoms  like  the  Elder. 

23)  Sourwood  has  leaves  much  like  a  lemon  tree;  has  a  taste  like 
mineral  water.  Bears  sprays  of  white  flowers  that  look  like  lilies-of- 
the-valley  and  with  almost  the  same  odor.  The  bees  seek  them  eagerly. 
Grows  on  the  poorest  Upland,  and  is  about  as  large  as  Plum  trees. 

24)  Wild  Cherries.  The  tree  is  not  very  large.  The  cherries  are 
black  and  small,  but  can  be  eaten.    Grows  in  valleys. 

25)  Sassafras  grows  on  good  Upland,  in  the  Bottoms,  and  nearly 
everywhere  in  Wachau.  It  makes  good  trees.  The  leaves  are  much 
the  shape  of  a  grape-leaf ;  bears  yellowish  flowers  like  orange-blossoms, 
which  are  followed  by  red  berries.  All  has  an  odor,  leaves,  wood  and 
blossoms ;  and  it  is  much  used  in  medicine  to  purify  the  blood.  Birds 
eat  the  berries. 

26)  Plane  Tree.  There  are  a  few  in  the  large  Bottoms  toward  the 
south. 

27)  Witch-Elm.    Even  fewer. 

28)  Elder  grows  in  sunny  spots  in  the  Bottoms  and  along  the  creeks. 
There  is  one  kind  which  has  berries  that  remain  red,  and  these  are 
good  to  eat  raw. 

4)    Wild  woody  plants  and  bushes. 

1)  Grape-vines  are  the  most  plentiful,  and  are  found  on  Bottoms 
and  Uplands,  but  are  of  various  kinds.  Most  have  blue  grapes;  a 
few  remain  red,  but  are  very  good ;  white  I  have  found  only  once,  but 
there  are  such.  The  Bottom  Grape-vines  sometimes  grow  up  one  side 
of  an  oak-tree  and  down  on  the  other,  with  branches  one  hundred  feet 
long  and  eight  inches  thick;  this  kind  has  small  grapes.  Another 
small  kind,  called  Fox  Grapes,  also  grows  on  trees  in  the  Bottoms, 
and  hangs  so  full  of  grapes  that  sometimes  a  whole  basket-full  can  be 
picked  from  one  vine ;  from  these  the  real  "Bottom  wine"  is  made,  but 
it  is  very  dark  red,  and  thick.  The  Upland  Grapes  are  the  best,  and 
as  already  said  various  kinds  of  wine  and  vinegar  can  be  made  from 
them. 

2)  Bramble-berries  (Brombeeren)  grow  in  the  valleys  and  in  cul- 
tivated fields. 

3)  Raspberries  (Himbeeren)  also  in  the  valleys,  but  not  so  plenti- 
ful as  Bramble-berries. 

4)  Hazel  Nuts  grow  in  the  valleys  in  sufficient  numbers. 


Eecoeds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  563 

5)  Hip-Trees  (Hagebutten)  grow  here  and  there,  but  not  so  large 
as  in  Germany.    I  mean  the  red  variety;  there  is  also  a, i White  Thorn. 

6)  Hops  grow  in  sunny  Bottoms;  our  cultivated  ones  are  taken 
from  them. 

7)  (Pfaffen  Biesel)  grows  in  rich  Bottoms.  Has  a  beautiful,  red 
growth.    The  wood  is  good  for  measuring  rods. 

8)  (Lorbeeren)  are  plentiful  in  the  Bottoms;  are  red  when  ripe. 

9)  Box  Tree  or  Laurel,  grows  on  stony  hills,  or  by  brooks  in  cool 
places.  Is  good  wood  from  which  to  carve  all  sorts  of  things.  Stays 
green  in  winter. 

10)  Holly  Tree  (Stech,  Palme)  grows  in  rich  Bottoms;  stays  green 
in  winter;  makes  a  good  tea  for  use  in  fevers. 

11)  Alder  Tree  (Erie)  grows  no  larger  than  a  bush;  grows  in  cold, 
wet  places.    The  skins  are  used  for  dyeing  black. 

12)  Bilberry  (Heidel  Beeren)  on  Uplands,  and  not  on  the  best 
soil. 

13)  Bog  Boot  comes  up  each  year,  and  bears  black  berries.  See 
Sumach. 

14)  White  Thorn  grows  in  the  Bottoms;  is  a  Hawthorn. 

15)  Touch  -me-not  is  a  shrub  bearing  yellow  blossoms  like  a  cow- 
slip; when  they  are  ripe  a  light  touch  makes  them  pop  open.  The 
flowers  dye  yellow. 

16)  Sensitive  Brier  is  a  thorn  bush  resembling  vetch;  bears  blue 
flowers  in  spring  and  yellow  flowers  in  the  fall.  Has  the  peculiarity 
that  when  one  touches  only  one  leaf  all  the  leaves  on  the  bush  close. 
Grows  most  freely  on  dry  land. 

17)  Sumach.  Is  a  rich,  red,  shrub-like  plant,  with  broad,  rich 
leaves  which  the  Indians  smoke  like  tobacco.  It  grows  on  fertile  Up- 
lands, and  in  winter  dies  down  like  other  plants.  The  wood  is  a  well- 
known,  good,  black  dye.    Ink  can  also  be  made  from  it. 

18)  Green  Brier,  a  small  thorn,  of  which  the  leaves  remain  green 
in  winter.  It  has  long  branches,  like  a  grapevine,  which  are  so  full 
of  thorns  that  when  one  gets  into  them  it  is  difficult  to  extricate  one's 
self.  Grows  chiefly  in  the  Bottoms.  Some  believe  that  the  Crown  of 
Thorns  of  the  Saviour  was  made  from  such  thorns.  The  leaves  are 
very  good  to  lay  on  old,  scorbutic  sores. 

19)  Of  poisonous  plants  there  are  several  which  should  be  included 
here. — (a)  The  vine  which  so  often  grows  up  the  Sweet  Gum.  (b) 
Another  vine  which  bears  small  black  grapes  which  a  stranger  might 
easily  mistake  and  eat  for  real  grapes,  (c)  A  third  kind  has  a  pretty, 
yellow  blossom  shaped  like  a  white  lily. 


564  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


20)  Reeds  grow  in  the  poorest  Bottoms,  and  are  often  20  ft.  high. 
Are  good  winter  forage  for  the  cattle  that  roam  in  the  woods.  In  addi- 
tion they  furnish  our  pipe-stems.  Every  seventh  year  they  bear  seeds 
like  small  oats;  I  have  also  seen  kernels.  On  account  of  the  many 
cattle  in  the  Wachau  the  Eeeds  are  becoming  somewhat  less  plentiful. 

21)  All  trees  sometimes  appear  as  bushes,  that  is  recognized,  but 
Ground  Oak,  Chincapins  and  Willow  are  properly  included  in  this 
list. 

22)  (Klein  Kirschen)  grow  no  higher  than  Bilberries  on  dry  grass 
land. 

23)  Red  Bud  has  saplings.  In  spring  bears  beautiful  violet-red 
flowers,  followed  by  pods  and  little  beans.  The  wood  is  red  streaked. 
Grows  in  good,  warm  soil. 

24)  Ling-Weed  is  covered  with  white  flowers  that  have  a  pleasant 
odor. 

5)    Fruit  Trees  and  woody  plants  that  have  been  brought  here,  and 


that  do  well. 

1) 

Apple  Trees,  very  many. 

2) 

Pear  Trees,  sl  few. 

3) 

Peaches,  very  many. 

4) 

Apricots,  a  few. 

5) 

Sweet  Cherries,  a  few. 

6) 

Sour  Cherries,  a  few. 

7) 

Quinces. 

1) 

White  Grapes. 

2) 

Gooseberries. 

3) 

Garden  Currants. 

4) 

Clove  Gilliflower. 

5) 

Roses. 

6) 

Privet. 

6)    Wild  Plants. 

1)  Calves  Foot  (Aaron)  is  good  for  asthma  and  lung  trouble;  the 
dried  roots  are  taken  in  honey  or  syrup.  It  is  plentiful  here  in  rich 
places  in  Bottoms  and  meadows.  There  are  two  varieties, — that  of 
the  Uplands  is  the  prettier  and  has  three  leaves,  that  of  the  meadows 
is  the  thicker. 

2)  Angelica  grows  very  plentifully  here  on  the  hills,  in  rich  soil. 
Is  reputed  to  be  an  antidote  for  poison. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  565 

3)  Andrew  Cross  is  a  Snakeroot,  which  like  all  Snakeroots  is  most 
efficacious  when  boiled  in  milk  and  drunk  and  also  applied  externally. 
It  is  a  small,  dark  green  plant,  with  leaves  that  form  an  Andrew's 
Cross,  whence  the  name. 

4)  (Allermanns  Earnisch),  like  a  large  nettle.  Grows  in  rich 
places  in  Bottoms  and  Uplands;  is  useful  in  curing  wounds. 

5)  (Adernessel).    There  are  not  many. 

6)  Scapurslane  (Back  Bung)  grows  in  the  meadows  along  the 
water. 

7)  Bertram  Snakeroot  has  leaves  almost  like  the  White  Lily.  It  is 
a  pretty  plant;  has  a  stem  with  a  white  club.  The  bulb  is  used  as  a, 
laxative. 

8)  Bears  Breech  (Baren  Klau).  The  root  laid  on  a  snake-bite 
causes  the  swelling  to  subside;  this  followed  by  Bog-Root  cooked  in  milk 
and  drunk  brings  a  cure. 

9)  (a)  Belly  Root  or  Belly  Weed  grows  rapidly  in  old  fields.  The 
plant  looks  almost  like  a  young  cherry  tree ;  has  a  bunch  of  blossoms  at 
the  top  which  turn  scarlet.  It  has  a  strong  root,  which  is  good  for 
colic  or  stomach-ache,  (b)  Brionia  is  a  strong  laxative,  (c)  Brown 
Betonia  cures  when  applied  externally,  and  is  also  good  as  a  tea. 

10)  Pimpernell  grows  in  the  woods  but  not  in  the  meadows.  Here 
resembles  the  Tansy. 

11)  Fenugreek  (Bockshorn),  like  Maiden  Hair  or  Fern,  grows  in 
rich,  clear  places,  has  a  small,  brown  stem,  and  roots  that  are  black  on 
the  outside.    The  plant  is  used  as  a  tea  for  colds,  coughs,  etc. 

12)  Boneset  is  so  called  because  the  Indians  use  it  as  splints  in 
binding  a  broken  arm  or  leg.  The  plant  looks  much  like  Willow,  and 
has  white  on  stem  and  leaves.  It  grows  in  large  patches,  but  is  not 
often  found;  most  frequently  on  the  roots  of  fallen  trees. 

13)  Buffalo  Clover  is  a  particularly  large  clover,  of  which  these 
animals,  that  is  the  Buffaloes,  are  very  fond. 

14)  Plantain  (Breiter  Wegerich)  exists  in  sufficient  quantities,  and 
grows  fairly  large  on  rich  soil.  In  the  spring  the  leaves  can  be  cooked 
like  cabbage. 

15)  Blue  Lilies  are  almost  the  first  flowers  that  bloom  in  the  spring 
here.  They  remain  quite  small,  and  smell  like  Violets.  On  the  con- 
trary the  Wood  Violets  here  have  no  odor. 

16)  Water  Cress  grows  more  or  less  in  all  springs  here.    Is  par- 
ticularly good  for  lung  trouble. 

17)  Nettles.  (Brennessel).  (a)  The  plain  Nettle  grows  in  rich 
Bottoms  or  in  open  places,  but  stings  little  or  not  at  all.    (b)  Bog  Root 


566  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


looks  much  like  Sumach;  has  a  black,  long-shaped  berry  resembling 
Elder-berry.  It  is  a  sappy  plant,  with  a  red  stem.  The  leaves  laid  on 
a  swelling  are  better  than  Elder;  also  the  roots  when  crushed  and  ap- 
plied. Cooked  in  milk  and  drunk,  and  the  residue  applied  to  the  bite, 
it  cures  snake-bite,  (c)  (Butter  Poppeln),  see  Mallow,  (d)  (Bru- 
nelle,  Zimmermans  Krautel). 

18)  Acorus,  or  Calamus,  now  grows  wild  in  sufficient  quantity  in  the 
meadows,  but  was  first  brought  here  by  the  sainted  Kalberlahn. 
Whether  it  grows  wild  in  other  places  I  do  not  know. 

19)  Cancer-Weed  grows  on  the  Uplands;  has  leaves  almost  like 
Brown  Thistle,  which  have  stems  bearing  small  blue  flowers  like  those 
on  Ground  Ivy.  It  is  the  best  remedy  for  a  cancer  which  is  just  be- 
ginning. The  whole  plant  including  the  root  is  broken  up,  and  is 
rubbed  on  the  sore,  which  should  heal  in  three  days,  (b)  Carpenter 
Leaf  grows  in  the  meadows,  and  is  good  for  healing  fresh  wounds;  the 
small  leaves  look  like  peach  leaves. 

20)  Fluellin  (Ehren  Preis)  grows  erect  here;  has  somewhat  woolly 
leaves. 

21)  Strawberries  grow  very  well  here,  but  seldom  on  ground  that 
has  never  been  cultivated. 

22)  Holy  Herb    (Eissen  Kraut.) 

23)  Erbert's  Snakeroot.  Has  pretty  leaves  like  little  Aloes,  and  in 
the  midst  a  stem  about  l1/^  ft.  high  on  which  a  knob  grows  like  on 
onions. 

24)  Thoroughivax  (Durchwachs)  has  yellowish  white  flowers.  Is 
good  for  healing. 

25)  Thistles  are  of  various  kinds,  some  large  and  thick. 

26)  (Dictam  W eissen).  The  roots  are  often  used  by  women  in 
illness. 

27)  Fern.  A  good  handful  of  the  brown  wool  or  hair  from  the 
stems  cooked  in  milk  and  drunk  cures  dysentery. 

28)  Fern  Snakeroot  grows  in  the  richest  Bottoms;  has  a  leaf  like 
fern  or  parsley.  It  is  the  best  Snakeroot,  and  the  hunter  likes  to 
carry  it  with  him.  If  any  one  is  bitten  by  a  snake  the  first  thing  done  is 
to  bind  the  limb  above  the  bite,  then  a  piece  of  this  root  is  chewed,  the 
juice  is  swallowed  and  the  chewed  piece  is  applied  to  the  wound, 
which  should  be  cured  within  two  hours.  If  the  hunter  can  get  it 
fresh  he  prefers  it  that  way,  and  the  oftener  and  harder  he  can  chew 
it  the  better,  for  the  poison  makes  him  very  dry.  If  a  man  is  at  home 
and  can  take  one  part  of  this  and  two  parts  of  Milk  Snakeroot,  and 
cook  them  in  milk,  the  patient  can  be  cured  even  though  his  entire  body 
has  swelled. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


567 


29)  Fox  Weed  (Lause  Kraut).  The  plant  resembles  Masterwort. 
Cooked  and  used  as  a  wash  it  removes  lice. 

30)  Maiden  Hair  grows  in  shady,  rich,  clear  places;  looks  much 
like  the  Little  Fern  or  (Englesiiss).  The  roots,  fastened  in  a  cloth, 
are  good  for  red  or  watery  eyes.    Makes  a  wholesome  tea. 

31)  (a)  Five  Finger  Grass,  (b)  (Floh  Kraut)  grows  along  roads 
etc.  It  is  a  small,  red,  stemlike  weed.  The  sap  is  expressed,  and  cures 
wounds  and  galled  horses. 

32)  Wild  Tansy    (Ganssrich)  grows  in  good,  grassy  places. 

33)  Grass  Snakeroot  looks  much  like  the  grass  for  mowing.  It 
has  small,  yellow  flowers,  and  grows  from  a  bulb.  This  bulb  is  used 
to  rub  on  a  snake-bite,  and  is  one  of  the  best. 

34)  Golden  Root  grows  something  like  yellow  Violets,  and  has 
small,  yellow  blossoms.  The  plant  has  an  Anise  smell,  and  is  much 
used  for  tea.  We  have  used  this  tea  sometimes  for  our  Sabbath  Love- 
feasts. 

35)  (Geiss  Bart)  is  a  small  plant  which  generally  grows  in  thick- 
ets. It  is  yellow-green  in  color,  but  looks  almost  like  a  sappy  Five 
Finger  Grass,  or  like  Elder  leaves.    In  the  spring  it  is  cooked  as  greens. 

36)  Crow's  Foot,  or  Eanunculus. 

37)  (Halbe  Gaul)  grows  plentifully  in  the  meadows.  It  is  not 
wanted  in  hay,  but  can  be  cooked  as  greens. 

38)  Colt's  Foot  (Hassel  Wurzel)  prefers  rich,  shady  places.  It 
has  leaves  like  a  Mallow.  The  roots  have  a  very  strong  odor,  and  are 
used  with  success  as  a  medicine  for  sheep.  Pernicious  use  is  also  made 
of  it  by  men. 

39)  Hypocaquana  is  a  Snakeroot  which  is  often  used  by  the  apoth- 
ecary.   It  is  a  laxative. 

40)  Horse  Weed,  or  Richland  Weed,  grows  around  fallen  trees  and 
in  Bottoms.  It  looks  much  like  a  strong  Nettle  or  young  Bog  Root. 
It  has  a  strong  stem,  which  some  use  for  drinking  reeds.  The  plant 
is  applied  to  swellings  on  men  and  horses,  that  is  after  the  swelling  has 
been  pressed. 

41)  (a)  Heart  Snalceroot,  the  English  call  it  Milk  Snakeroot.  The 
leaf  looks  like  a  heart,  or  a  large  Sorrel  leaf.  It  is  cooked  in  milk 
with  Fern  Snakeroot,  or  alone,  and  is  a  powerful  antidote  for  the  bite 
of  a  snake. 

(b)  Hedge  Mustard  (Hederich)  is  a  weed,  like  rape;  grows  in  the 
grain.    Can  be  eaten  as  greens. 

42)  Jessamin  grows  on  the  Uplands;  is  redish. 


568  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


43)  Indian  Physic  resembles  (Klebe  Kraut),  with  three,  or  at  the 
most  four  leaves  together  at  intervals  along  the  stem.  The  roots  are 
numerous,  and  a  good  handful  put  into  a  quart  of  water  and  boiled 
down  to  a  pint  furnishes  a  fine  purgative. 

44)  Indian  Balsam,  a  large  Mallow;  is  healing. 

45)  Indian  Tobacco  has  leaves  much  like  Brown  Betonia,  though 
rougher.  The  veins  of  the  leaves  are  brown  and  strong,  almost  like 
those  of  a  Thistle.  It  is  used  for  healing,  one  or  more  leaves  being  laid 
on  the  wound.  The  Indians  use  it  for  healing  their  pocks.  It  is  also  a 
Snakeroot. 

46)  Indian  Beans  resemble  garden  Beans,  though  they  are  small. 
They  grow  abundantly  in  the  woods,  especially  on  good  soil.  Cattle, 
horses  and  sheep  eat  them  eagerly. 

47)  Winter  Cherries  (Juden  Kirschen)  here  are  good  to  eat.  Some 
stay  green,  others  turn  red. 

48)  Woodbine  (Je  langer  je  lieber).  A  small,  blue  blossom,  so 
called  because  of  its  subtile  beauty.  Otherwise  it  is  only  a  flowering 
grass.    Amora  dulcis. 

49)  Wild  Indigo  grows  abundantly  here  on  poor  land.  I  have  not 
heard  that  any  use  is  made  of  it,  but  it  is  good  to  keep  away  flies  when 
stuck  around  horses. 

(b)    Indian  Hemp  much  resembles  the  Pleurisy  Root;  is  bitter. 

50)  A  plant  of  which  I  do  not  know  the  name  has  leaves  much  like 
the  White  Lily,  but  thicker  and  more  tender;  is  better  to  eat  than 
Spinach,  and  many  experiments  have  been  made  with  it  at  Bethania. 
It  has  blue  flowers  that  from  a  distance  look  like  the  Blue  Lily  that 
grows  here.    It  grows  in  fertile  soil. 

51)  Clover,  white  and  red. 

52)  Burdock,  (Kletten,)  a  good  deal. 

53)  (Kroten  Balsam). 

54)  Iron  Wort  (Krotten  Kraut). 

55)  (K'dss  Pappele). 

56)  Wild  Cress  grows  in  the  yards  here,  though  it  has  another 
name.  It  is  very  good  in  cases  of  fever.  The  Indians,  and  others,  take 
this  plant  and  Indian  Physic  and  let  it  stand  over  night  in  Child  Bum. 
Then  they  undress  the  patient,  place  hot  stones  under  him  and  pour 
water  over  them  and  make  him  drink  the  Bum,  and  let  him  sweat 
until  the  sweat  has  something  of  the  odor  of  the  herb.  Then  they  put 
him  to  bed,  and  let  him  continue  to  sweat. 

57)  (Klebrich)  has  triple  leaves  like  the  Bean.  In  Germany  peo- 
ple use  it  for  coloring  Easter  Eggs  yellow. 


Eecokds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  569 

58)  Love-Ache  (Liebstockel) .    The  wild  is  like  the  cultivated. 

59)  Lady  Shoes,  some  call  it  Indian  Shoes.  It  is  a  Snakeroot,  and 
the  Indians  know  how  to  use  it  for  many  things.  Has  a  yellow  or 
white  blossom  which  is  exactly  the  shape  of  a  wooden  shoe.  Grows 
in  rich  Uplands. 

60)  Lusch  grows  in  swamps  and  wet  places.    The  cooper  uses  them. 

61)  Lilies,  see  Blue  Lilies. 

Lady  Finger,  a  kind  of  Fleabane,  but  not  sharp.    The  leaves 
always  have  some  black  on  the  stems. 

62)  May  Apple,  much  like  Bear  Breech.  Has  a  star-leaf  with  six 
points.  Produces  a  small  apple  like  a  potato,  or  the  size  of  a  small 
hen's  egg,  which  is  good  to  eat.  It  is  used  as  a  purgative,  and  also 
furnishes  a  strong  purge  for  horses. 

63)  Mutter  Wort;  aromatic;  grows  about  an  ell  high;  has  pointed 
leaves  like  Willow,  but  bluish  and  rough.  Has  a  pleasant  odor,  like 
Balsam. 

64)  (Meister  Wurzel)  is  a  kind  of  large  (Funffingerkraut),  but 
pointed,  and  it  seeds  itself  like  Celery  or  Parsley.  Is  good  for  wounds 
and  also  for  diarrhoea. 

65)  Milk  Weed  or  Plurisy  Root  prefers  stony  ground;  has  leaves 
like  an  Orange  tree,  and  a  brown  stem.  It  grows  about  one  foot 
high,  and  at  the  top  has  one  or  more  bunches  of  pretty,  white,  little 
flowers.  It  is  good  for  plurisy  and  sore  throat, — a  little  of  the  root 
cooked  and  drunk  does  wonders. 

66)  Mechoacana  has  a  stem  like  Bindweed,  but  few  leaves  and  they 
are  brown.  Has  roots  like  Sweet  Potatoes,  and  when  they  are  dried, 
or  a  syrup  cooked  from  them,  and  this  is  taken  it  serves  as  a  laxative, 
and  has  almost  more  value  than  Rhebarbara. 

67)  Milk  Snakeroot,  see  Heart  Snakeroot. 
(Maus  Oehrgen),  see  White  Plantain. 

68)  Night-Shade  is  a  well-known  weed  in  gardens.  It  has  black 
berries  which  often  kill  the  hogs  that  eat  them,  but  otherwise  it  is 
a  proved  remedy  for  old,  open  scorbutic  sores  or  salt  rheum,  the  leaves 
being  continually  applied. 

69)  Agrimony  (Odermannig)  looks  much  like  Wild  Tansy,  grows 
abundantly  on  Uplands  and  Bottoms.    Has  a  strong  odor ;  is  good. 

70)  Mallows  (Papeln).  There  are  all  kinds  here,  especially  the 
(Butter  Papel)  which  can  be  used  in  spring  as  salad. 

71)  Bush  or  Bulrush  (Binsen).  The  pith  is  good  for  wicks  in 
night-lights. 


570  JnTokth  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


72)  Plurisy  Boot,  see  Milk  Weed. 

(b)    Hen  Bane  or  Hogs  Bane  (Bilze).    The  seed  is  good  for 
tooth-ache,  when  it  is  smoked.    It  also  makes  good  oil. 

73)  Wild  Creeping  Thyme,  (Quendel),  pretty  and  large. 

74)  (Quechen) ,  enough;  it  is  a  grass. 

75)  (Baden)  grows  in  wheat  and  rye,  often  very  abundantly. 

75)  (Badix  Cardomumae)  smells  almost  like  Cardamom.  Has 
small,  slender  leaves  like  Pine  needles.  Grows  on  barren  Upland. 
Its  use  is  unknown. 

76)  (Both  Wurzel),  like  Hops  and  Bramble  Berry  branches,  puri- 
fies the  blood;  also  makes  good  tea. 

77)  Bohert's  Plantain  is  the  best  Snakeroot.  It  looks  like  small 
Tobacco;  grows  on  Upland  in  soil  that  is  not  the  best,  and  usually 
there  is  much  at  one  place.  The  quickest  and  simplest  use  of  it  by 
men  and  cattle  is  to  crush  leaves  and  roots,  shake  it  in  water,  and  so 
take  it,  or  eat  it.    In  spring  it  has  a  blossom  larger  than  a  Daisy. 

78)  (a)     (Bosen,  see  Hagebutzen). 

(b)    Bichland  Weed,  see  Horse  Weed. 

79)  (Schein  Blumen)  grow  on  poor  soil;  see  White  Plantain. 

80)  Solomon  s  Seal,  looks  much  like  white  Dictam,  and  has  a  root 
like  it,  but  it  has  a  white  spray  which  toward  fall  bears  red  berries, 
like  currants,  which  taste  good  and  are  refreshing.  The  Indians  use 
the  plant  and  the  root  for  many  things. 

81)  (Sau  Bortel)  is  a  fleshy  weed  which  grows  on  cultivated  land, 
and  especially  in  gardens.  The  negroes  are  accustomed  to  cook  it, 
and  to  make  salad  from  it;  it  smells  good  and  might  have  a  piece  of 
smoked  pork  cooked  with  it.  It  is  also  good  raw  as  salad.  Many 
virtues  are  ascribed  to  it, — it  is  said  to  be  good  for  scanty  urine,  for 
worms,  to  induce  sleep ;  it  is  cooling  and  wholesome. 

82)  Shwas  Weed  looks  like  Goose-grass.  Plant  and  root  put  into 
beer  and  cooked  a  little  makes  a  drink  which  is  good  for  pain  in  the 
limbs  and  for  female  troubles. 

83)  Sarsaparilla  grows  in  rich  land  and  Bottoms.  It  is  a  little 
bush,  with  a  leaf  like  Linden  or  (Allermans  Harnisch),  but  the  leaves 
are  very  thin  and  tender.  Has  three,  four  or  more  strong  roots  as 
thick  as  a  finger;  smells  almost  like  crushed  Juniper  berries.  It  is 
much  used  by  the  apothecary  here  as  in  Europe. 

84)  ( Sauerrampfer )  is  found  in  sufficient  quantities.  The  house- 
keepers often  cook  sorrel  broth. 

85)  Spanish  Fig.  I  have  seen  this  in  Europe  in  pleasure  gardens. 
It  has  thick,  prickly,  sappy  leaves,  thick  as  a  finger,  and  as  long  and 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  571 

broad  as  a  hand.  On  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf  grows  a  yellow  bud 
from  which  the  fig  develops.  Here  they  are  generally  found  on  large 
rocks. 

86)  (Schaaf  Bieb,  Schaaf  Garbe)  makes  a  good  breast  tea.  Some 
eat  it  in  the  morning  with  bread  and  butter. 

87)  (Schiss  Milden)  can  be  eaten  as  greens. 

88)  (Schneit  Gras)  grows  on  sour  soil. 

89)  ( 8 chafer  Heu )  prefers  old  fields. 

90)  {Schaaf  Zunge)  grows  in  meadows;  has  a  pretty,  green  leaf 
much  like  cabbage. 

91)  Black  Snakeroot  looks  much  like  Angelica.  Is  very  useful  in 
healing  swellings  and  wounds.  It  is  cooked  in  water,  and  the  swelling 
washed  with  that,  and  a  salve  for  wounds  is  also  made  from  it.  It  is 
much  used  by  the  common  folk. 

92)  Seneca  Sndkeroot  grows  about  a  span  high,  has  a  white  blos- 
som, and  leaves  like  the  Bilberry,  and  a  strong  root.  It  is  the  best 
Snakeroot,  and  the  one  most  used  by  the  apothecary,  and  therefore 
many  hundreds  of  pounds  are  shipped  away.  Its  effects  as  a  purga- 
tive are  most  near  to  nature.  N".  B.  Practically  all  plants  which  the 
Indians  are  known  to  use  as  medicine  are  called  "Snakeroot." 

93)  (Stein  Klee). 

94)  (Saner  Klee).  A  salt  is  made  from  this  which  is  used  in 
medicine. 

95)  Sow  Thistle  is  a  fleshy,  tender  Thistle;  the  leaves  have  milk 
when  they  are  young.  The  cattle  eat  it  gladly,  and  the  leaves  can  be 
cooked  with  other  greens. 

96)  (a)    ( Schmilmen)  is  a  grass  which  grows  in  poor  ground. 

(b)  Samses  Snakeroot  is  a  small  plant,  resembling  Bilberry. 
Has  strong,  white  roots,  which  are  well-known.  If  one  is  bitten  by  a 
snake  one  chews  out  and  swallows  the  sap,  and  lays  the  rest  on  the  bite. 

97)  Tea.  The  first  seed  was  brought  here  from  Virginia  or  Mary- 
land. The  leaves  are  much  like  real  Tea,  and  it  is  claimed  that  it 
really  is  the  Chinese  Tea  plant,  if  one  only  knew  how  to  cure  it. 
Many  attempts  have  been  made  and  abandoned.  'Now  it  grows  wild 
here  and  there,  almost  like  Bilberries.  It  bears  yellow  flowers  in 
spring.    The  sheep  eat  it  gladly. 

98)  (Taube  Ness  el).    There  are  not  many. 

99)  (Toll  Beere)  is  a  kind  of  Bilberry,  only  larger.  I  have  eaten 
as  many  as  twenty  of  the  berries  at  one  time,  and  they  strengthen  one 
as  though  they  had  spirit  in  them,  therefore  too  many  might  intoxicate. 
Whether  they  are  dangerous  I  do  not  know. 


572  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


100)  Devil's  Bit  (Teuffels  Abbiss)  or  Unicorn  is  a  small  plant, 
resembles  Plantain,  and  bas  a  similar  stem,  tbe  flowers  of  the  spike 
are  however  quite  white.  The  roots  have  a  relatively  strong,  aro- 
matic odor,  and  taste  like  Calamus  bitters.  The  root  is  always  as 
stumpy  as  if  it  had  been  bitten  off.  The  Indians  dry  the  roots  and 
carry  them  with  them,  and  eat  a  little  if  the  stomach  is  out  of  order  or 
if  they  have  no  appetite. 

101)  Century  Plant  grows  abundantly  here  on  the  Uplands.  The 
people  who  have  come  hither  from  Europe  use  it  much  as  a  tea  for 
fever. 

102)  Teedny,  like  small  Balsam,  has  a  strong  odor.  The  Indians 
use  it  with  Indian  Physic  in  a  drink  and  then  sweat  after  their 
fashion, — see  56. 

103)  Cockle  Weed    (Trespes)  is  degenerate  Rye  or  "Wheat. 

104)  (a)  Virginia  Snakeroot)  is  small,  has  leaves  like  Indian 
Beans,  a  white  flower  much  like  Seneca  Snakeroot,  and  fibrous  but 
aromatic  roots.  Is  a  blood  purifier  and  for  sweating.  The  interesting 
thing  about  the  leaves  is  that  in  the  middle  it  always  shows  where 
more  are  coming,  and  when  there  are  no  more  the  stem  hangs  over. 

(b)    Of  Violets  there  are  many,  but  they  have  no  odor. 

105)  White  Plantain  (Weisser  Wegerich)  is  so  called  because  the 
outside  of  the  leaf  is  white.  Also  called  (Maus  Oehrgen).  Has  white 
blossoms  like  the  yellow  (Schein  Bliimgen).    Is  good  for  sweating. 

106)  (Wilde  Lieb  Stockel),  see  Lieb  Stockel. 

107)  (Weisse  Dictam),  see  Dictam. 

108)  Bind  Weed,  (Winden). 

109)  (Wilde  Wicken)  is  abundant  in  the  woods. 

110)  (Wild  Kraut),  like  a  Burdock,  is  good  for  healing  wounds. 
It  also  makes  good  oil.  The  flowers  fried  in  butter  and  applied  to  in- 
fected wounds  cures  them. 

111)  Wild  Corn  or  Rye.  I  have  found  some  here  on  the  creeks, 
and  have  since  read  in  the  Nachrichten  that  much  grows  along  the 
Ohio  and  Mississippi. 

(b)  (Wilde  Pastinak)  is  poisonous. 

(c)  Chicory.    (Weg  Wart). 

112)  (Zaun  Bieben),  or  Brionia,  is  a  powerful  laxative.  The 
plant  is  a  Bind  Weed. 

113)  (Zimmermans  Kraut  el  f  Braunelle)  has  no  equal  for  the  curing 
of  fresh  wounds,  and  takes  its  name  from  the  fact  that  men  felling  trees, 
if  they  cut  themselves,  use  it  at  once.  The  young  leaves  can  be  eaten 
as  salad. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


573 


Remarks  on  Herbs  and  Flowers.    [Written  in  English.] 

The  best  way  to  use  Flowers  and  Herbs  is  to  infuse  them  in  Rum, 
Wine,  Beer,  or  in  hot  Water  like  Tea,  and  drink  of  them  two  or  three 
Times  a  Day,  and  continue  so  doing  for  some  Weeks  patiently.  Sev- 
eral sorts  one  Nature  being  mixt  together  will  work  more  powerfully. 

Note.— If  the  Disorder  proced's  from  over  Heat  in  the  Blood  the 
Herbs  should  be  made  into  Tea  but  if  from  Cold  use  Rum  or  Wine. 

7)    Cultivated  Plants  and  Grain. 

1)  (Allant  Wurzel);  in  Medicinal  Garden.  Used  to  make  ele- 
campane wine. 

2)  Althae.    Med.  G. 

3)  Antivien.    Salad  in  vegetable  garden. 

4)  (a)    Appelsine;  a  kind  of  melon  with  a  pleasant  odor ;  veg.  gar. 

(b)  Anise;  grows  like  Coriander  or  Celery. 

(c)  Artemisia  (Beyfuss).    (Johannes  Kraut);  in  Med.  G. 

5)  Beans  of  all  kinds;  in  vegetable  garden. 

6)  (Beyfuss)  is  a  laxative;  in  Med.  G. 

7)  Red  Cabbage,  curly. 

8)  Red  Cabbage,  in  heads. 

9)  Basilicum,  is  a  kind  of  Marjoram;  in  Med.  G. 

(b)  Cotton  has  leaves  almost  like  Buckwheat. 

(c)  Bellidor. 

(d)  Betonian;  in  Med.  G. 

10)  Celery;  a  salad. 

11)  Camillen;  in  Med.  G.  Mor:  Camomill:  rom. 

12)  Cappes. 

13)  Coriander  grows  much  like  Cress  or  Anise. 

14)  Cardui  benedictus;  in  Med.  G. 

15)  Callabasch,  a  kind  of  Gourd.  All  sorts  of  vessels  can  be  made 
from  them;  the  hunters  use  them  for  powder  flasks. 

16)  Cucumber. 

17)  Dill. 

18)  (Erdrauch),  in  Med.  G. 

19)  English  Grass,  in  the  meadows,  is  good  forage. 

20)  Peas,  that  is  field  Peas,  do  not  do  well,  for  the  birds  eat  them. 

21)  Fennel,  in  the  garden  and  wherever  it  is  planted. 

22)  Flax,  does  well,  and  the  linseed  brings  a  good  price. 

23)  Fox  Tail,  el  flower. 
Fumaria;  in  Med.  G. 


574  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


24)  Barley.  Summer  and  Winter  Barley;  four-row,  two-row,  and 
field  Barley. 

25)  Garden!  Rhubarb;  leaf  like  a  Mallow;  in  Med.  G-. 

26)  Yellow  Turnips. 

( Gundermann )  ;  in  Med.  G. 
Yellow  Violets;  in  Med.  G. 
Scabiosa;  in  Med.  G. 

27)  (Haber  Wurzel). 

28)  Oats;  two  kinds,  one  beautifully  large. 

29)  Hemp;  used  more  than  formerly.  Among  other  virtues  a  good 
drink  for  the  sick  can  be  made  from  the  seed ;  it  is  called  Hemp  Milk. 

3'0)    Cockscomb;  a  red  flower. 

31)  Hops.    We  have  a  special  Hop-garden. 

Hoar-hound;  in  Med.  G.    Boots  and  leaves  are  used  as  an  an- 
tidote for  poison  and  Battlesnake  bites,  and  are  called  Caesar's  Cure. 

32)  Millet;  so  far  little  use  has  been  made  of  it. 

33)  Buckwheat;  does  well. 

34)  Indian  Pink;  a  flower. 
Currants;  in  vegetable  garden. 

35)  Cabbage  of  all  kinds  for  cooking. 

36)  (Kirbel)  so  far  has  not  done  well. 

37)  Mint;  in  garden  and  also  in  Med.  G. 

38)  Garlic. 

39)  Head  Lettuce. 

40)  (Kapper  Rosen  or)  in  Med  G.  Pappao.  rubr. 

41)  (Krinkmagen  ) 

42)  Caraway  is  already  sown  in  the  meadows. 

43)  Rye  is  more  used  in  the  distillery  than  for  bread. 

44)  Cress;  in  garden. 

45)  Pumpkins ;  in  field  and  garden. 

46)  Cabbage;  three  kinds. 

47)  Irish  Potatoes. 
Valerian;  in  Med.  G. 

48)  White  Lilies. 

49)  Leek;  is  good  in  soup. 

50)  ( Loffel  Kraut )  ;  good  as  salad. 
Lavender,  like  Bosemary;  inj  the  Med.  G. 
(Lieb  Stockel);  in  Med.  G. 

(Lung en  Kraut ),  Marrubium;  in  Med.  G. 

51)  (Mangolt )  is  good  as  greens,  and  the  stem  is  cooked  in  vinegar. 


Kecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


575 


52)  Marjoram. 

53)  Melissa;  good  breast  tea. 

54)  Hollyhock. 

55)  Horse-radish. 

56)  Poppy,  from  which  opium  is  made. 

57)  Melitot;  in  Med.  G. 

58)  Milk  Thistle;  in  Med.  G. 

59)  (Milden);  in  garden. 

60)  Melons,  are  of  two  kinds, — Water  Melons  and 

61)  Mush  Melons,  the  latter  eaten  with  sugar  or  pepper. 

62)  Millefolium;  in  Med.  G. 

63)  Neyer  Corn  grows  like  Indian  Corn,  but  the  grain  is  more  like 
rice  and  is  bitter.    It  is  planted  for  use  in  making  brooms. 

64)  (Nelken)  or  (Grass  Blumen.) 

65)  (Ndgelgen)  ;  blue  flowers  on  a  small  tree. 

66)  Yellow  Narcissus;  a  flower. 

67)  Parsnips. 

68)  Sweet  Potatoes;  They  have  good  roots  which  taste  much  like 
mashed  chestnuts. 

69)  Perfoliata;  in  Med.  G. 

70)  Rue;  in  garden  and  also  in  Med.  G. 

71)  Red  Roses.    The  (Schreck  Korner)  is  in  the  Med.  G. 

72)  Rosemary;  Hungary  Water  is  made  from  it. 

73)  Summer  Radishes. 

74)  Radishes. 

75)  Turnips. 

76)  Rice.  So  far  only  an  attempt  has  been  made  with  this;  it  was 
found  that  in  rich  land,  prepared  as  for  vegetables,  it  bore  well. 

77)  (Rheinfarren)  ;  in  Med.  G. 

78)  (Rittersporn)  ;  in  Med.  G. 

79)  Sage;  also  in  Med.  G. 

80)  (Sau  Bohnen)  ;  not  much  use  is  made  of  this. 

81)  Mustard  prefers  a  somewhat  shady  place,  but  grows  like  a 
weed. 

82)  Salad,  of  all  kinds,  Baltic,  Head  Lettuce,  etc. 

83)  Spanish  Cress;  in  Med.  G.    Has  round  leaves. 

84)  Spanish  Pepper  is  raised  in  the  vegetable  garden,  and  is  here 
used  in  food. 

85)  Chives. 

86)  Spinach. 


576  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 

87)  Stone  Peas  grow  almost  wild;  they  are  angular  in  shape.  The 
birds  never  bother  them,  but  little  use  is  made  of  them. 

88)  (Spitz  Wegerich) ;  in  Med.  G.  As  it  does  not  grow  wild  here 
it  ought  to  be  one  of  the  best  remedies  for  snake-bite. 

89)  Asparagus. 

90)  (Shorlach);  in  Med.  G. 

91)  Black  Root;  in  Med.  G.    Eadix  Niger. 

92)  (Sclata),  a  kind  of  Sage;  in  Med.  G. 

93)  Sun  Flower. 

94)  Salsify. 

95)  (Stab  Kraut);  in  Med.  G. 

96)  White  Grapes  are  in  the  vegetable  garden,  and  a  small  vine- 
yard of  them  has  been  begun  near  God's  Acre. 

97)  Tobacco. 

98)  (Timian). 

99)  Turkish  Grass;  a  special  grass,  cut  for  ornament. 

100)  Violets;  in  Med.  G.    They  are  white  and  have  the  true  odor. 

101)  Water  Melons  are  very  sweet  and  juicy. 

102)  Wormwood. 

103)  Wheat.    This  is  the  proper  grain  for  bread. 

104)  (Wunder  Baum)  was  planted  here  at  first,  but  now  has  run 
wild  around  the  town,  and  is  scarcely  cultivated  any  more,  though  it 
may  yet  prove  valuable.  The  berries  are  so  oily  it;  is  said  the 
Jews  have  made  their  holy  oil  from  them. 

105)  Corn  was  and  is  the  grain  most  generally  used,  and  the  people 
of  this  country  live  on  it.  Here  not  much  is  raised,  though  much  is 
bought  and  sold. 

106)  Wild  Saffron;  in  Med.  G. 

107)  Hyssop. 

108)  Sugar  Peas. 

109)  Onions. 

8)    Fungi  or  Mushrooms. 

1)  In  the  first  place. — In  this  country  men  do  not  bother  to  pro- 
vide themselves  with  a  supply  of  tinder,  since  it  can  be  cut  from  all 
kinds  of  trees,  and  it  catches  a  spark  as  well  as  the  best  in  Europe. 
They  call  it  Punk,  and  Hickory  and  Maple  Punk  are  the  best. 

2)  It  is  not  the  custom  to  eat  Mushrooms  here,  though  there  are 
several  kinds  which  are  edible. 

3)  Champinion  are  very  common. 

4)  Oak  Ageric,  are  yellow,  and  fairly  numerous. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  577 


5  )    ( H  err  en  Pilsen ) . 

6)  (Kuh  Pilsen). 

7)  (Hirsch  Schwame). 

8 )  ( Hahnen  K'dmme ) . 

9)  (Morgeln),  pointed  and  broad. 

10)  (Fliegen  Schwame),  with  red  and  white  spotted  heads.  The 
birds  here  do  not  die  after  eating  them,  so  they  are  evidently  not 
poisonous. 

11)  (Pfijferling),  fairly  numerous. 

12)  (Pofis). 

9)  Stone. 

1)  Building  stone  can  be  found  everywhere. 

2)  Whet-stone;  on  the  Little  Johanna.  The  place  is  called  Whet- 
stone Hill;  is  three  miles  from  Bethabara. 

3)  Mill-stones;  on  the  Ens,  near  Sweetens'  place. 

4)  Sand-stone;  found  here  and  there. 

5)  Flint-stones;  very  large ;  especially  in  Pine  woods. 

6)  Material  for  Grave-stones  is  found  around  Pine  trees,  and  here 
and  there  throughout  the  country.  It  is  like  Marble  or  the  better 
grades  of  Liverstone,  and  cuts  well. 

7)  Ironstone  can  certainly  be  found  here  and  there,  especially  on 
Bear  Creek,  where  the  magnet  is  strongly  attracted. 

10)    Wild  Animals. 

1)  Bears  are  rather  large,  more  than  300  lbs.  in  weight.  Bear 
meat  is  considered  very  wholesome,  and  Bear  fat,  with  salad,  is  as 
good  as  Olive  Oil.  In  my  opinion  the  Bear  is  remarkable  because  he 
eats  everything  that  cattle  eat  and  all  that  men  eat.  Then  he  is  a 
robber  animal,  eats  swine  and  cows  and  anything  he  can  get.  He  eats 
grass,  acorns,  chestnuts,  grain,  nuts,  grapes,  honey,  milk,  bread,  cooked 
vegetables,  in  short  everything  that  a  man  eats. 

2)  Deer  are  numerous,  but  what  are  here  known  as  (Hirsche)  are 
really  large  (Rehe),  and  those  that  are  (Hirsche),  properly  speaking, 
are  here  called  "Elks."  These  latter  have  moved  away,  and  it  is  the 
same  in  Europe,  for  the  (Hirsche)  leave  the  places  where  the  (Rehe)  are. 

3)  Wolves,  black  and  gray. 

4)  Foxes,  Black,  gray  and  red.        B.  Black  is  always  the  best. 

5)  Painter,  or  Panther,  has  the  color  of  a  Deer,  and  is  of  about  the 
same  size,  not  counting  feet.    It  has  large  claws,  with  which  it  climbs 

5 


578  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


trees,  and  head  like  a  cat.  It  is  a  cruel  beast,  eating  only  fresh  meat, 
will  not  eat  carrion,  nor  what  has  been  dead  only  a  short  time.  But 
they  are  not  numerous,  and  so  soon  as  one  is  seen  it  is  killed. 

6)  Wild  Cats  are  also  rather  large,  and  kill  many  young  deer. 

7)  Raccoon  resembles  a  Badger  ;  likes  to  eat  corn  and  other  grain. 
The  flesh  is  eaten,  and  the  hair  makes  good  hats,  second  only  to  Beaver. 

8)  Possum,  a  poor  creature  with  crooked  legs;  has  a  head  like  a 
dog;  can  not  run  fast,  but  climbs  trees.  When  it  has  young  it  puts 
them  back  into  its  body,  into  a  special  bag,  so  that  they  cannot  be  seen, 
and  then  it  slips  away  with  them;  when  it  stops  they  peep  out,  and 
then  come  running  out  again.  For  all  that  it  is  a  beast  of  prey  and 
likes  to  eat  chickens  and  eggs. 

9)  Hare  [Babbits]  are  a  delicate  meat,  but  do  not  grow  large. 

10)  [Skunk]  (Piss  Katzen)  is  a  creature  which  looks  like  a  pretty, 
little  cat,  generally  black  and  white,  but  it  has  a  bushy  tail  like  a 
squirrel.  He  who  comes  too  near  it  is  horribly  repaid  by  what  it 
throws  out,  which  is  a  foul  fluid  which  it  has  in  a  special  sac  in  its 
body.  The  Indians  eat  its  flesh  and  consider  it  a  delicacy.  The  fat 
is  very  useful  as  a  salve  for  crushed  or  dislocated  limbs;  but  it  must 
be  killed  quickly  and  suddenly  before  it  can  spray  you. 

11)  Squirrels  are  often  larger  than  the  Hare  here;  are  grey  and 
black.  Some  have  short  wings  like  a  Bat,  with  the  help  of  which 
they  make  long  jumps  from  tree  to  tree. 

12)  Fence  Mouse,  a  quite  small  Squirrel,  found  on  fences  and  in 
hedges. 

13)  Beaver  are  the  size  of  a  fat  Poodle. 

14)  Otter  live  mostly  in  water  like  the  Beaver,  but  the  hair  is  not 
good  for  hats,  and  as  it  is  not  the  custom  to  wear  furs  here  the  skins 
are  sold  and  shipped. 

15)  Musk  Rats;  water  animals;  like  young,  fat,  Poodle  dogs. 
Brown  like  Beaver;  smell  like  musk.  The  skins  are  generally  sold  for 
young  Beaver. 

16)  Tortoise;  there  are  two  kinds.  One  is  found  chiefly  on  dry 
land,  in  the  woods;  it  has  shells  on  top  and  underneath,  and  can  en- 
tirely close  itself  up.  The  other  has  a  shell  above  but  only  a  piece  on 
the  belly;  has  a  long,  thick  tail,  a  repulsive  head,  and  a  bad  bite, 
being  able  to  bite  through  a  fairly  thick  stick  with  one  snap.  They 
generally  stay  in  the  water,  though  they  also  go  on  land.  They  weigh 
as  much  as  20  lbs.,  and  eat  ducks,  chickens,  and  anything  they  can  get. 
The  Indians  eat  them. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


579 


17)  Mink  is  a  water  animal,  much  like  a  Musk  Rat  but  smaller 
and  not  so  dark  a  brown.  Its  mouth  is  like  a  Mouse's  with  sharp  teeth 
in  front,  and  it  eats  many  fish,  but  it  can  breathe  in  the  water  as 
well  as  a  Musk  Rat  or  Beaver.    The  hair  is  also  good  for  hats. 

11)    Wild  Fowl  and  Birds. 

1)  Turkeys,  many,  and  delicate  eating  when  they  are  young. 

2)  Ducks,  often  numerous.  Some  breed  in  the  woods  and  along  the 
mill-race. 

3)  Pheasants,  rare. 

4)  Wild  Geese,  come  every  year. 

5)  Partridges,  many;  small,  but  delicate  of  flavor. 

6)  Wild  Pigeons,  numerous,  especially  in  winter. 

7)  Turtle  Doves. 

8)  Fly-catcher;  small,  and  not  good  to  eat. 

9)  (Wasser  Hinckel). 

10)  Crows  and  Rooks. 

11)  Falcons,  and  all  kinds  of  small  birds  of  prey. 

12)  Kite,  or  Hawk. 

13)  Turkey  Buzzard,  a  bird  that  eats  carrion;  is  as  large  as  a 
Turkey,  and  has  the  same  kind  of  feet. 

14)  Heron,  large,  blue,  and  one  kind  is  entirely  white. 

15)  Owls,  very  large,  like  (Uhu),  and  also  smaller  kinds. 

16)  (GiUtzen). 

17)  Whip-poor-will,  resembles  a  Cuckoo,  but  only  calls  at  night. 

18)  Mocking-bird,  is  certainly  a  Nightingale. 

19)  Thrasher,  a  light  brown  bird,  larger  than  the  above.  Sings 
sweetly. 

20)  Cat-bird,  black  and  white;  sings  well,  but  also  mews. 

21)  (Rinschelen),  do  not  sing  well  but  have  red  heads. 

22)  Starlings  make  much  noise. 

23)  Thrushes,  I  think  they  must  be,  though  the  male  is  blood-red. 

24)  Red  Heads,  larger  than  the  above;  are  black  and  white,  do 
much  harm  to  the  corn. 

25)  Black  Woodpeckers. 

26)  Green  Woodpeckers. 

27)  Red  Woodpeck  ers. 

28)  Nut-hatch. 

29)  Titmouse. 

30)  Wagtail. 

31)  Wren. 


580  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


32)  Swallow. 

33)  Sparrows,  are  small. 

34)  Finches. 

35)  Siskin. 

36)  Honey  Bird  is  the  smallest  of  the  birds;  looks  green;  has  a 
long  bill,  and  a  throat  like  a  hair. 

12)  Domestic  Animals  and  Fowls. 

1)  Horses.  2)  Cows  and  Oxen.  3)  Sheep.  4)  Swine.  5)  Dogs. 
6)  Cats.  7)  Geese.  8)  Ducks.  9)  Chickens.  10)  Pigeons.  11) 
Bees. 

13)  Fish. 

1)    (Shott-fish.    2)    Eock-fish.    3)    Pike.    4)    Perch.    5)  Eels. 

6)  White-fish.    All  kinds  of  small  fish.    The  Yadkin  swarms  with  fish. 

7)  Crawfish. 

14)  Snakes. 

Snakes  properly  belong  with  the  "Worms  or  Vermin,  but  I  have  un- 
dertaken to  make  a  separate  chapter  for  them  because  they  are  more 
often  mentioned  than  many  other  cratures,  they  are  feared  more  than 
is  natural,  and  unusual  precautions  are  taken  against  them.  Indeed 
nearly  all  creatures  keep  away  from  them,  (field  cattle  excepted,)  al- 
though many  master  them,  and  they  are  killed  by  dogs,  swine,  bears, 
etc.,  as  well  as  men.  Besides  they  are  so  various,  so  different  in  type, 
color,  etc.,  that  they  can  be  classified  in  families  or  breeds.  And  so 
there  are: — 

1)  Rattlesnakes,  which  men  fear  the  most.  In  appearance'  they  are 
streaked  brown  and  blackish,  like  wood  mosaic.  In  place  of  a  tail 
they  have  horn  rattles,  as  many,  it  is  said,  as  they  are  years  old.  I 
have  seen  them  with  thirteen  rattles,  the  snake  about  four  and  a  half 
or  five  feet  long,  and  thick  as  an  arm.  If  anything  goes  too  near 
them  they  rattle  the  rattles  on  their  tails,  and  it  sounds  like  a  watch 
running  down,  and  just  as  regular.  Their  bite  is  dangerous,  and 
while  many  men  and  animals  are  cured  some  die.  Their  skin  and  fat 
are  used  in  medicine,  and  some  people  eat  the  snake.  Like  all  snakes 
they  are  cold  blooded,  and  when  the  fat  is  cooked  it  smells  like  fish-oil. 

2)  (Pastart)  looks  like  a  Rattlesnake,  and  its  bite  is  just  as  bad, 
but  it  has  no  rattles. 

3)  Copper  Snake  is  not  so  brown  as  the  Rattlesnake,  and  I  have  not 
seen  large  ones. 


Eeooeds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


581 


These  three  Snakes,  whose  bite  is  so  dangerous,  are  viviparous,  and 
so  soon  as  the  young  come  forth  they  begin  to  bite,  even  though'  they 
are  no  larger  than  a  bit  of  linen  thread. 

4)  Black  Snakes  are  the  largest  and  swiftest;  they  climb  trees  and 
take  birds'  eggs  out  of  the  nests.  Their  bite  is  not  dangerous,  and  does 
no  more  harm  than  a  thorn.    They  lay  eggs. 

5)  (Bldsser)  is  a  black  or  slate-colored  snake.  If  one  goes  too  near 
to  it  the  snake  raises  itself  and  puffs  itself  out  until  it  is  quite  thick. 
It  is  said  to  blow  out  poison,  and  therefore  be  worse  than  a  Rattle- 
snake, but  I  have  not  heard  of  any  harm  being  done,  and  think  that  this 
is  probably  not  true. 

6)  Striped  Snakes  are;  streaked  white,  yellow,  red,  green  and  black. 
There  are  a  good  many  of  them,  but  I  have  never  heard  that  their  bite 
was  harmful. 

7)  Water  Snakes  are  ash-gray,  fairly  large,  and  lie  out  of  the 
water  a  good  deal.    I  have  not  heard  of  their  biting.    They  lay  eggs. 

8)  Green  Snakes  are  not  large.  They  sit  on  the  hedges,  and  look 
like  leaves.  They  have  no  teeth  and  cannot  bite,  and  from  this  comes 
the  saying  that  "The  bite  of  a  Green  Snake  may  be  dangerous." 

9)  Horn  Snakes.  These  strike  with  the  tail,  where  they  have  a 
hard  sting,  like  a  needle.  Some  years  ago  the  doctors  offered  20  shil- 
lings for  one  sting.  There  are  not  as  many  of  these  as  of  the  kinds 
already  named,  but  they  are  worse,  and  their  sting  is  considered  in- 
curable. It  may  be  that  the  flesh  where  the  injury  is  can  be  cut  out 
immediately.  It  is  said  that  when  the  Horn  Snake  gets  angry  it  will 
drive  its  sting  into  a  tree,  and  the  tree  will  die  within  twenty-four 
hours. 

a)  It  is  noticeable  in  all  Snakes  that  when  they  lie  stretched  out, 
or  when  they  run,  they  cannot  bite,  but  only  when  they  are  coiled, 
and  it  appears  as  if  the  poison  only  goes  into  their  teeth  when  they 
are  angry. 

b)  ^  Snakes  gladly  eat  milk,  eggs,  bread,  meat,  and  in  general  clean 
food,  including  fish  and  birds,  indeed  they  even  eat  each  other,  and 
especially  the  Black  Snake,  which  has  been  seen  eating  a  Rattlesnake. 

c)  Birds  of  prey,  also  ducks,  chickens  and  swine,  eat  snakes. 

^  d)  Snakes  do  not  have  their  teeth  for  eating,  but  for  protection, 
like  a  Wasp  his  sting,  otherwise  they  would  poison  their  own  food. 
As  nothing  but  their  bite  is  poisonous  they  can  be  angered  so  that 
they  will  bite  themselves,  and  then  they  die  quickly.  When  a  Snake  bites 
something  inanimate,  like  clothing,  it  does  not  poison  it;  but  if  the 
Snake  bites  a  piece  of  sappy,  green  wood,  and  one  sticks  the  bitten 


582  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


part  into  the  ground,  the  poison  rises  under  the  hark  and  runs  out  at 
the  top.  If  one  who  has  heen  bitten  will  suck  the  poison  out  with 
his  mouth  it  will  cure  him,  and  what  he  sucks  out  will  not  harm  him. 

e)  The  tradition  is  that  if  the  Snake  can  be  poisoned  by  getting 
part  of  it  in  the  mouth  it  will  run, off  and  die.  It  is  said  that  once 
a  Snake  bit  an  Indian,  and  he,  being  angry,  bit  the  Snake,  which  soon 
thereafter  died  miserably.  v 

f)  Snakes  do  not  run  or  glide  after  men  to  bite  them,  but  only 
bite  when  they  are  accidentally  or  intentionally  attacked. 

g)  In  dry  weather  one  sees  few  or  no  Snakes ;  and  when  one  meets 
many  Snakes  it  is  a  sure  sign  of  rain,  for  the  warm  air  drives  them 
out  of  their  holes. 

h)  Many  use  the  Snake  as  medicine.  First:  Kattlesnake  fat 
melted,  and  used  as  a  salve  for  pain  in  the  limbs.  Second:  the  skin 
stripped  off  and  used  for  the  same  purpose.  Third :  a  piece  of  it  laid 
in  water,  and  the  water  drunk;  used  for  fever.  Fourth:  a  Kattle- 
snake tooth  which  is  not  poisonous,  that  is  when  the  Snake  was 
killed  before  it  became  angry,  is  used  by  the  Indians  for  tooth-ache; 
they  stick  the  tooth  with  it. 

i)  The  Snakes  have  a  great  dislike  for  the  Ash  tree.  If  a  fire  is 
built  around  a  Snake,  with  a  gap  left,  and  an  Ash  branch  is  laid  across 
the  gap,  the  Snake  will  run  through  the  fire  rather  than  across  the 
Ash.  If  Ash  leaves  are  laid  around  a  Snake  he  will  die  inside  the 
circle.  Many  similar  things  are  told,  but  I  have  not  seen  any  of  them 
tried. 

k)  All  Snakes  must  attract  each  other.  In  Jersey,  in  Monmouth 
County,  in  the  year  1761,  several  men  dug  up  a  nest  of  Snakes  on  a 
hill,  near  a  spring.  There  were  52  Eattlesnakes  and  19  Black  Snakes. 
The  Eattlesnakes  had  life  enough  to  rattle,  but  not  to  defend  them- 
selves.   They  were  all  in  one  clump,  twined  about  each  other. 

15)    Insects,  and  running  and  creeping ,  Vermin. 

Here,  as  everywhere,  there  is  also  Yermin,  for  instance,  a)  Mice, 
b)  Rats,  c)  Moles,  d)  Frogs.  There  are  Frogs  of  various  kinds,  one 
particularly  which  is  very  large,  and  is  called  Bull-frog  because  when 
it  croaks  it  makes  a  sound  much  like  the  bellow  of  a  bull,  e)  Tree- 
frogs,  see  Toads,  f)  Tortoise,  of  two  kinds.  The  larger  are  in  the 
water  and  have  an  entire  shell  over  the  back,  while  underneath  there 
is  only  so  much  as  a  broad  bar.  These  Tortoise  are  bad  and  destructive, 
in  that  they  kill  and  eat  geese,  ducks  and  chickens,  h)  (Staugen). 
i)  Bugs,    k)  Fleas.    1)  (Eydern).    m)  Spiders,  and  some  with  bite 


Eecoeds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


583 


as  bad  as  a  Rattlesnake.    I  nave  beard  of  one  instance  since  I  bave 
been  bere.    A  spider  bit  a  cow  belonging  to  Cbristel  Frey,  sbe  wallowed 
on  the  ground  with  pain,  the  flesh  became  discolored  as  from  a  snake- 
bite, and  the  remedies  used  were  the  same,  n)  Ticks,  of  which  the  young 
or  Seed  Ticks,  may  be  counted  among  the  minor  plagues  of  this  land  in 
summer,  for  one  can  hardly  go  into  the  woods  without  getting  full  of 
them.    If  they  have  not  bitten  in,  a  man  can  wet  his  hand,  and  pass 
it  over  the  place  where  they  are  crawling,  they  will  cling  to  the  hand 
and  can  then  be  washed  off.    But  if  they  have  burrowed  into  the  flesh 
it  is  customary  to  thoroughly  smoke  the  place  with  smoking  tobacco, 
or  to  rub  it  with  green  tobacco  leaves,  or  with  the  wild  indigo  which  at 
that  season  grows  nearly  everywhere.    Unless  something  is  done  restless 
nights    follow,    o)    (Erdfldh)    p)    Earthworms,    q)    Crickets,  r) 
Snails,  with  shells  and  without,    s)  Lice,    t)  Worms,    u)  Ants,  v) 
Leeches,    w)  Ground  Squirrels,  are  a  kind  of  small  squirrel,  and  can 
be  eaten,    w) Glow-worms,  which  glow  in  the  dark;  and  numberless 
other  similar  creatures,  even  x)  Wild  Silk-worms,  which  hang  their 
cocoons  on  sassafras  and  white  oak  trees,  and  eat  those  leaves.  They 
are  exactly  like  the  Silk-worms  that  are  raised,  and  the  cocoons  are  as 
large  as  a  hen's  egg,  but  the  trouble  is  that  no  one  has  been  able  to 
learn  how  to  unwind  the  silk  from  the  cocoon;  they  are  stronger  than 
the  usual  Silk-worms,  and  the  English  have  offered  a  large  bounty  to 
anyone  who  will  find  out  how  to  unwind  this  silk. 

16)    Flying  Vermin  and  Insects. 

a)  Locusts.  A  kind  of  large  grasshopper,  which  makes  a  noise 
with  its  wings  which  resembles  the  rattle  of  a  Rattlesnake,  and  some- 
times, therefore,  frightens  one.  It  is  supposed  that  this  is  the  Locust 
which  John  the  Baptist  ate,  for  the  Indians  still  eat  them,  as  do  nearly 
all  animals;  bears,  swine,  chickens  and  ducks,  especially,  fatten  on 
them,  and  it  is  said  that  horses  and  cattle  also  eat  them.  These  Lo- 
custs do  the  trees  much  harm,  and  where  they  have  been  the  woods  look 
as  though  there  had  been  a  hail-storm.  It  seems  certain  that  they  come 
only  once  in  seven  years,  and  then  sometimes  more  and  sometimes  less. 
The  country  people  are  superstitious  about  them,  and  when  the  Locusts 
come  they  look  on  their  wings  to  see  whether  war  or  a  good  time  is 
predicted.  There  are  usually  black  lines  on  their  thin  wings,  and 
the  people  read  them  as  letters,  and  say  that  W  means  war,  P  means 
Peace,  and  so  on. 

b)  (Eumeln)  are  wild  Bees  that  make  honey,  but  build  in  the 
ground  and  only  a  few  together.  They  are  larger  than  ordinary  bees 
and  sting  very  hard. 


584  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


c)  Wasps  are  of  various  kinds,  and  the  small  yellow  ones  are  the 
worst. 

d)  Grasshoppers,  green,  black,  etc. 

d)  Gnats  and  Midges. 

e)  Beetles. 

f)  (Weinschrdter). 

g)  Flitter -mouse. 

h)  Bats. 

i)  Mire-heetles. 

k)  Hornets.    And  all  sorts  of  others  that  one  does  not  know. 

17)  Things  that  at  present  are  not  in  the  Wachau. 

1)  Kohlrabi.  2)  Millet  and  Eice.  3)  (Kleine  Kirschen.)  4) 
Plums.  5)  Olives.  6)  Juniper.  7)  (Schleen).  8)  Lentils  and 
Vetch.  9)  Peas,  which  have  not  done  well  here  because  the  birds  eat 
them.  10)  Spelt,  which  looks  much  like  bald  barley,  but  is  reddish. 
11)  Kape,  from  which  oil  is  made.  12)  European  Walnuts.  13)  Al- 
monds, though  I  think  Almonds  would  do  well  here.  14)  Goats.  15) 
Asses.  16)  Caning.  17)  Roebuck.  18)  Wild  Hogs.  19)  Storks. 
20)  Mountain-fowl.  21)  Moor-fowl.  22)  (Gramets  Vogel).  23) 
Larks.  And  many  others  are  not  here.  24)  Carp.  25)  Herring. 
26)  Red  Herring,  for  which  I  have  sometimes  longed.  I  have  heard 
that  in  the  lakes  in  the  Indian  country  there  are  many  Carp.  27) 
Lime-stone.    28)  Slate.    29)  Marble.    30)  Fine  Sand-stone. 

18)  Premiums  have  been  offered  in  the  following  lines  for  cultivating 

the  Land  and  encouraging  the  people. 

1758.  Three  Premiums  were  offered  for  the  planting  of  Olive  Trees, 
viz.  he  who  planted  1,000  trees  should  have  £40 :,  for  800  trees,  £30 :, 
and  for  600  trees  £20.  In  1760  the  Society  in  London  offered  a  larger 
amount  for  the  same  quantities,  namely  £50:,  £40:,  and  £30:,  "and 
a  Certificate  under  the  Hand  of  the  Governor  of  the  Province  that  a 
sufficient  proof  had  been  made  before  him  that  the  Number  of  Trees 
mentioned  in  the  said  Certificate  are  under  actual  improvement  and 
cultivation." 

1758.    A  Premium  of  £100:  was  offered  for  the  largest  quantity  of 
Cochineal  said  quantity  to  be  not  less  than  25  lbs. ;  and  for  the  next 
largest  amount  the  Premium  was  to  be  £50.    This  offer  was  to  hold 
good  in  all  British  Colonies,  and  also  in  Jamaica. 
3  Item.    Por  Log  Wood,  planted  and  enclosed,  £40 :  for  500  trees. 


v 


Eecoeds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


585 


Item.  For  the  largest  quantity  of  Myrtle  Wax,  above  500  lbs.  £30:, 
for  the  second  largest  quantity,  £20:,  and  for  the  third  £10. 
1761.  On  1  lb.  of  Opium  from  Poppy  seed,  2  sh.  6d.  The  best  method 
of  making  Turkish  Opium  is  said  to  be  this  .-—When  the  Poppy  seed- 
pod  is  almost  ripe,  but  still  soft  and  full  of  sap,  four  or  five  incisions  are 
made  with  a  knife  around  about  half  of  the  pod.  At  each  incision  a  few 
drops  of  milky  sap  come  out,  and  soon  harden.  Next  day  this  is  care- 
fully scraped  off  with  a  knife,  and  this  is  the  best  Opium.  Then  the 
other  half  of  the  pod  is  wounded;  and  the  drops  are  gathered  on  the 
following  day.  If  the  pod  is  cut  in  the  morning  it  is  possible  to  gather 
the  Opium  that  evening.  After  all  the  Opium  has  been  gathered  it  is 
worked  and  pounded  on  a  board  with  a  little  water,  and  then  it  is 
shaped  into  cakes  or  rolls  for  sale. 

Also  in  1761  a  Premium  of  2  sh.  6d.  was  placed  on  each  pound  of 
Persimmon  Gum.    It  is  said  that  in  order  to  procure  the  gum  one 
breaks  off  a  branch,  or  makes  an  incision  in  the  bark  of  the  tree,  and 
then  it  comes  out  in  quantity  during  the  spring  and  summer. 
1765.    In  Philadelphia  there  is  a  Company  that  for  three  years  paid 
32  shillings  a  bushel  for  Mustard,  and  published  this  method  of  culti- 
vating it.— A  well  lying  piece  of  land,  garden  or  field,  shall  be  ploughed 
two  or  three  times,  well  harrowed,  and  cleared  of  grass.    Then  sow  the 
seed  as  thick  or  somewhat  thicker  than  turnip  seed,  for  the  birds  will 
eat  some  of  it.    (In  fall  is  the  best  time  to  plant,  though  it  can  be  done 
successfully  in  spring  also.)    Leave  the  seed  uncovered,  for  the  next 
rain  will  cover  it  in  the  best  way.    Supposing  that  it  is  sowed  in  the 
fall  prepare  the  field  in  this  way.    If  it  is  to  be  sowed  in  the  spring 
plough  the  field  in  clean  furrows  five  inches  apart,  so  that  one  can  pass 
between  to  weed  and  to  gather  the  seed.    The  plants  should  stand  one 
foot  apart  in  these  furrows,  and  if  they  come  up  closer  they  must  be 
thinned.    This  is  all  that  needs  to  be  done  and  then  a  man  can  expect 
a  good  harvest.    If  manure  is  lacking,  old  hog-dung  mixed  with  ashes 
is  the  best. 

1764.  January  13th,  "by  an  Act  of  Assembly  at  Willmington  for  en- 
couraging the  Culture  of  Hemp  and  flax  and  other  purposes."  For 
each  Hundred,  that  is  112  merchantable,  pounds  of  Hemp,  the  person 
who  raised  it  shall  receive  16sh.  8d,  Bounty  or  Premium.  For 
each  Hundred  of  Flax,  13sh.  4d.  He  must,  however,  bring  a  Cer- 
tificate that  he  himself  has  raised,  retted  and  cleaned  it,  and  then  he 
must  bring  an  affidavit  from  the  ship's  Captain,  and  have  the  name  of 
the  ship,  showing  that  the  Hemp  has  really  been  exported,  and  this 


586  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


lie  must  show  to  the  Treasurer  of  "the  District  where  the  Hemp  or 
Flax  hath  been  inspected."    In  effect  for  five  years. 

The  Assembly  offered  this  Premium  to  encourage  greater  production, 
but  there  is  also  a  Premium  offered  by  England,  but  I  imagine  this 
could  only  be  secured  by  merchants,  since  it  is  "for  the  largest  quantity 
of  Hemp,  but  not  less  than  20  tons,  £100:,  for  the  second  Premium 
£50:  for  10  tons,  etc. 

Additional  Premiums  offered  are: — 

Potash,  50  tons  £100 :,  £50 :,  £40.,    N.B.  1  ton  is  20  hundred  weight. 
Pearl  ash,  30  tons,  £100.   KB.   What  is  Pearl  ash? 

Silk.  In  Georgia,  1  lb.  Cocoons,  2d.  In  North  Carolina  and  Penn- 
sylvania, 1  lb.  raw  silk,  2  sh.  6d. 

Plums.    500  lbs.,  £50. 

Wine.  5  tons  of  red  or  white  wine,  from  grapes  on  a  man's  own 
plantation,  £100.    In  effect  for  seven  years. 

Sturgeon.  100  five-gallon  kegs,  £50.  They  are  found  in  the  Roa- 
noke River. 

Aloes.    100  plants,  £50. 

Cinnamon.    200  trees,  £100.    There  are  many  in  Guadalupa. 

Safflower.  (I  think  that  flower  is  meant  which  is  planted  so  thickly 
about  Breslau.)    For  500  lbs.  £15. 

Mango.  An  East  Indian  fruit,  like  a  melon  or  large  cucumber. 
A  gold  piece  for  100  of  them. 

Scammony.  (A  plant  that  purges  and  drives  out  the  gall.)  The 
hardened  sap  from  the  roots  of  this  plant,  20  guineas  for  the  first 
20  lbs.,  15  ditto  for  15,  10  guineas  for  10  lbs. 

Sweet  Grass.  1  ton,  £100:,  %  ton,  £50:,  etc.  Grows  toward  the 
south,  by  the  sea. 

Barilla.  (I  do  not  know  what  it  is,  it  may  be  a  grass  the  Spanish 
call  Kali.)  25  acres,  £25.  It  seems  that  this  grass  makes  particularly 
good  meadows. 

Note  concerning  Potash  burning. 

Pine,  fir,  spruce,  cedar,  cypress,  in  short  all  the  evergreens,  give  no 
potash,  but  Turpentine  runs. 

Potash  is  a  vegetable  salt,  and  may  be  secured  from  certain  foliage 
trees  which  grow  in  North  America. 

All  foliage  trees  give  Saltpetre,  but  the  large  forest  trees,  which  shed 
their  leaves  in  winter,  like  the  oak,  beech  and  ash,  when  they  are  be- 
ginning to  die  of  old  age  and  will  soon  be  burnt,  give  the  largest 
quantities. 


Eecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


587 


1766.    Concerning  Vineyards. 

A  writer  in  a  Virginia  newspaper  of  Feb.  18,  1762,  reports  on  proper 
cultivation,  and  says  among  other  things :  "The  method  of  the  Spanish 
is  better  for  us  than  the  Trench,  for  the  Spanish  are  in  the  same 
latitude  that  we  are,  while  the  French  are  sixteen  degrees  further 
north." 


1765 


[During  the  early  years  of  the  "Wachovia  Settlement  all  important 
questions  concerning  it  were  settled  by  the  central  Boards  of  the  Unity 
from  Herrnhut,  Germany,  Zeist,  Holland,  or  London,  England,  accord- 
ing to  where  they  were  sitting  at  the  time.  In  the  Salem  Archives 
there  is  a  blank-book  into  which  Frederic  William  Marshall  copied  such 
portion  of  the  Minutes  of  certain  conferences  as  he  thought  of  suf- 
ficient importance.  The  following  extracts  are  translated,  as  bearing 
upon,  the  ownership  of  the  land,  and  other  financial  questions.] 

Herrnhut,  Aug.  16,  1765.  Conference  of  a  Committee  from  the  Di- 
rectorium  and  Unity  Yorsteher  Collegium,  met  to  consider  the  affairs 
of  Wachovia. 

We  have  received  the  notes  of  our  Brethren  in  Zeist  concerning  Br. 
Marshall's  report  and  Br.  Joseph's  suggestions,  and  would  have  pre- 
ferred to  wait  for  Br.  Joseph's  return  before  holding  this  Conference 
concerning  Wachovia,  but  as  Br.  David  JSTitchmann  is  soon  to  leave,  and 
it  might  be  well  to  send  certain  word  by  him,  the  Directorium  took  up 
the  matter  yesterday,  and  the  Saviour  instructed  them,  through  the  lot, 
that  the  Wachovia  Conference  should  be  held  today. 

It  is  considered  best  that  Wachovia  shall  be  held  by  one  person, 
and  this  person  shall  give  a  bond  to  the  Unity  concerning  his  owner- 
ship. 

Provision  must  be  made  at  once  for  a  succession  in  the  ownership, 
and  a  suitable  person  must  be  selected,  who  shall  be  named  as  heir  in 
Br.  Hutton's  will. 

We  have  been  instructed  that  the  accounts  of  Wachovia  shall  be 
kept  in  the  same  form  as  that  used  in  Europe. 

The  Saviour  approved  the  proposal  that  the  Lot  Owners  [of  the 
Nord  Carolina  Land  und  Colonic  Establissement]  shall  receive  fee 
simple  title  to  their  land,  but  that  the  Proprietor  of  Wachovia  shall 
have  an  option  on  them  for  a  certain  time. 

Each  Lot  Owner  shall  pay  £3 :  Quit  Bent  on  his  2000  acres.  It 
does  not  follow  that  the  same  shall  apply  to  each  purchaser,  for  in  other 
cases  it  shall  depend  on  the  Contract  made  at  the  time. 

It  was  decided  that  all  land  for  three  miles  around  Salem  shall  be 
held  for  the  Unity;  also  the  lots  numbered  11,  21,  and  22,  on  the  map 
sent  by  Br.  Marshall. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


589 


If  Unity  land  is  sold  it  shall  be  with  right  of  option  in  case  the  pur- 
chaser desires  to  sell  again. 

The  Saviour  approved  that  land  may  be  either  sold  or  leased  to 
persons  settling  in  Wachovia. 

In  respect  to  the  common  house-keeping  in  Bethabara  it  seems  best 
that  it  continue  until  the  central  town  is  built  and  the  businesses  and 
professions  and  trades  are  moved  thither. 

We  are  hardly  in  position  to  make  a  plan  for  the  beginning  and 
further  progress  of  building  in  the  new  town,  but  it  is  approved  that 
each  resident  build  for  himself,  according  to  his  circumstances.  To 
build  Salem  at  the  expense  of  the  "Unity  is  impossible ;  but  we  will  have 
to  build  several  houses  at  first,  so  that  Brethren  and  Sisters  may  be 
under  roof  while  building  their  own  homes. 

The  Choir  Houses  in  Salem  shall  not  be  built  first,  but  several 
family  houses,  of  which  the  Single  Brethren  can  occupy  one  or  more 
until  their  Choir  House  is  built. 

A  house  for  the  Oeconomus  must  be  built  at  once,  for  he  will  soon 
move  to  Salem. 

It  is  our  opinion  that  Bethabara  should  be  a  farming  community, 
not  a  commercial  center,  as  otherwise  there  is  danger  that  building 
and  growth  there  might  stand  in  the  way  of  the  new  town.  But  as 
some  additional  building  is  needed  in  Bethabara,  and  with  the  under- 
standing that  such  new  building  is  not  to  interfere  with  the  building  of 
the  new  town,  the  lot  was  tried  with  the  two  proposed  places  and  a  blank, 
and  the  lot  drawn  directed  that  the  place  selected  during  Br.  Joseph's 
visit  there  was  still  preferred., 

Furthermore  it  was  determined  by  lot  that  we  are  to  let  our  Brethren 
and  Sisters  in  America  know  that  the  Saviour  wills  that  Salem  is  to  be 
the  place  in  Wachovia  for  commerce  and  the  professions,  and  they  are 
to  be  moved  thither  from  Bethabara. 

Br.  Marshall  is  to  be  considered  as  holding  two  offices  in  Wachovia ; — 
a)  as  Oeconomus  and  member  of  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz  since  he  is 
responsible  for  the  calling  and  installing  of  the  Master-workmen,  and 
arranging  their  establishments;  b)  as  representative  of  the  Unity  Vor- 
steher  Collegium,  to  look  after  the  interests  of  the  Unity  as  a  whole,  and 
to  look  after  and  sell  land. 


North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Letter  of  Instructions  from  the  Directing  Board  of  the  Unity  to  a  com- 
pany of  Brethren  leaving  for  Wachovia.  They  reached 
Bethahara,  Jan.  30,  1766. 

[English.] 

To  our  heartily  beloved  Br.  and  Sr.  Schnepf,  &  the  Brn.  Peterson, 
Brezel,  Priem,  Schille,  Birkhead,  Hurst,  Jn.  Schmidt,  &  Stock- 
burger,  &  the  rest  of  our  dear  Brn.  who  go  with  them  to  Wachau, 
we  wish  Grace,  Salvation,  &  Blessing  out  of  the  Fulness  of  the 
Lord  Jesus. 

Dear  Hearts ! 

We  have  not  had  the  Opportunity  to  see  your  whole  Company  to- 
gether before  your  Voyage  to  Wachau,  &  to  speak  thoroughly  with  you 
about  the  Work  whereto  you,  according  to  His  Counsel  of  Love  over 
each  that  belongs  to  His  People,  are  called.  Yet  as  we  believe  that  it 
will  not  be  welcome  only,  but  profitable  &  needful  to  you,  to  know 
our  Mind  concerning  you,  &  to  go  with  our  Heart  &  Blessing ;  therefore 
we  have  found  it  good  to  send  you  these  Lines,  and  therein  to  show 
you  in  Love  how  it  is  in  our  Heart  concerning  you.,  We  also  desire  you, 
not  only  to  read  this  Letter  together  at  the  receiving  of  it,  but  also  at 
Times  to  read  it  again,  &  think  much  about  the  Contents  of  it,  &  child- 
likely  speak  with  our  dear  Saviour  touching  the  same. 

The  Apostolic  Method,  where  they  only  told  their  People  what  they 
were  to  do  for  the  Lord's  sake,  &  then  recommending  them  to  the  Lord 
&  to  the  Word  of  His  Grace,  let  them  go  their  way,  would  indeed  in 
some  Bespects  be  the  easiest  for  us.  In  our  first  Congregation-Times 
many  Brn.  and  Sisters  have  also  been  sent  out  in  this  Manner:  our 
dear  Saviour  has  been  with  them,  they  have  depended  upon  His  Word, 
&  kept  the  Matter  which  was  intrusted  to  them  childlikely  before  their 
Eyes ;  when  they  have  observed  therein  what  was  wanting  to  them  in 
order  to  attain  the  Aim  they  have  looked  to  our  dear  Saviour,  and  their 
Affair  has  gone  prosperously.  We  need  therefore,  if  we  would  expedite 
you  in  this  Manner,  say  no  more  to  you  than  this :  "It  was  so  in  your 
Heart,  to  mention  &  propose  yourselves  to  the  Directory  either  -for 
our  Saviour's  &  His  Congregation's  Service  in  general,  or  particularly 
for  Wachau;  we  have  considered  it  together  before  our  dear  Saviour, 
&  He  has  been  pleased  with  your  Willingness,  &  we  know  thro'  His 
Grace  that  you  go  this  Voyage  to  Wachau  upon  His  Word.,  Go  there- 
fore now  thither  to  the  Brn.  &  Srs.  who  are  there  before  you,  &  serve 
&  help  them  with  the  Gift  which  ye  have  received  from  God:  He,  the 


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591 


Lord,  be  with  you  &  bless  you;  His  Word  be  your  Light  &  Star,  His 
Grace  never  depart  from  you,  etc."  And  if  you  get  no  further  Instruc- 
tion than  this,  &  you  only  suffered  yourselves  to  be  led  by  His  Eyes, 
&  to  be  ruled  &  guided  by  the  Holy  Ghost,  you  would  certainly  not 
fail  of  the  Mark. 

However,  since  this  is  the  first  Voyage  in  your  Lives  which  you  go 
by  Sea,  &  since  you  are  going  to  a  Land  whose  Circumstances  are  pecu- 
liar &  to  you  as  yet  unknown,  &  since  Experience  also  teaches  that 
when  a  Number  of  Bra.  &  Srs.  travel  together  it  is  needful  that  Order 
be  settled  among  them;  therefore  we  will  still  mention  one  &  another 
Point  to  you,  out  of  Love  toward  you. 

1)  When  you  leave  London  &  go  on  board  the  Ship,  let  by  no 
Means  anything  be  left  remaining  which  is  not  done  away;  take  with 
you  on  the  Sea  a  free,  lightsome  &  cheerful  Heart,  a  Heart  anew  be- 
sprinkled &  washed  with  Jesus'  Blood,  a  Heart  that  is  at  Peace  with 
every  body,  &  is  not  conscious  that  any  one  has  anything  against  you, 
a  Heart  bashful  &  poor,  but  warm  in  Jesus'  Blood,  &  inflamed  with 
Love  towards  Him;  which  has  no  Will  but  this  one:  to  please  Him, 
the  Lord,  the  Bridegroom  of  Hearts.  From  whence  you  may  get  this 
we  need  not  tell  you.  You  know  Who  it  is,  Who  doth  so  gladly  give, 
nor  even  a  Worm  would  grieve.  If  you  now  go  with  such  a  Heart  on 
the  Sea,  &  preserve  it  so  thro'  His  Grace ;  then  you  will  certainly  have 
a  happy  Passage,  &  no  Wind,  no  Storm,  no  Sea,  no  Danger,  no  Incon- 
veniency,  nor  anything  else,  will  be  able  to  rob  you  of  your  Peace. 

2)  You  come  together  out  of  different  Congregations,  &  even  have 
not  the  same  Language,  for  you  Germans  do  not  understand  English, 
&  you  English  do  not  understand  German.  Hence  Misunderstandings 
might  easily  happen  among  you.  We  will  therefore  beg  you,  arm  your- 
selves with  brotherly  Love,  that  so  no  Suspicion,  no  Discontent,  nor 
any  such  thing  which  does  not  flow  from  Grace,  but  from  Selfishness, 
may  spring  up  among  you.  Prevent  &  get  the  Start  of  one  another 
with  Love,  Heartiness  &  Officiousness,  &  count  it  always  a  Grace  when 
you  have  Opportunity,  &  are  also  able,  in  anything  to  serve  your  whole 
Company  or  any  individual  Brother.,  As  our  Lord  hath  said,  It  is 
more  blessed  to  give  than  to  receive;  so  it  is  also  agreeable  to  His 
Mind  rather  to  serve  &  minister  than  be  ministered  unto.  If  you 
behave  thus  to  one  another  on  board  the  Ship  every  one  will  perceive 
by  it  that  you  belong  to  our  Saviour,  &  His  Name  will  be  praised 
on  your  account. 

3)  But  yet  that  you  may,  if  notwithstanding  any  Misapprehen- 
sion should  arise  between  you,  be  able  to  speak  thoroughly  with  one 


North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


another,  &  not  perhaps  be  forced  to  make  Use  of  a  Stranger  to  inter- 
pret, we  would  advise,  that  our  German  Brn.  should  learn  English,  & 
our  English  Brn.  German.  The  daily  Intercourse  which  you  have 
with  one  another  will  render  this  easy;  especially  if  you  take  both  the 
German  &  English  Bible  often  in  your  Hands,  &  exercise  yourselves 
unweariedly  in  reading.  This  will  also  afford  you  a  profitable  Occupa- 
tion &  Entertainment  on  board  the  Ship,  &  while  other  Passengers  will 
be  weary  of  their  Life,  because  the  Time  on  the  Sea  will  seem  long  to 
them,  you  will  not  know  how  your  Days  pass  away  so  quickly,  &  will 
remain  always  contented  in  this  respect  also. 

4)  At  London  you  are  in  a  Congregation,  &  there  you  have  par- 
ticularly our  dear  Brn.  Johann  Mtschmann,  Gambold,  Hutton,  West, 
Wollin,  Metcalf  &  others,  who  all  understand  &  can  speak  German,  & 
all  of  them  will  study  the  best  for  you,  &  Br.  Wollin  in  particular  will 
take  the  Trouble  to  find  out  for  you  a  good  Ship,  to  make  an  Agree- 
ment with  the  Captain,  to  procure  you  a  few  fresh  Provisions,  &  the 
like.  We  have  desired  him  to  do  this,  &  he  is  not  unacquainted  with 
such  Matters.  Now  as  long  as  you  are  in  London,  (whether  you  be  in 
the  City  or  at  Chelsea,)  you  are  referred,  &  are  to  hold  to,  Br.  John 
Mtschmann  as  the  Oeconomus,  &  his  Conference.  You  are,  even  other- 
wise, unacquainted  with  the  London  Circumstances,  &  it  is  a  very  great 
Benefit  for  you  that  you  have  Brn.  there  to  whom  you  can  commit  your- 
selves. 

5)  If  your  Stay  in  London  should  be  long,  because  Ship-Matters 
are  sometimes  dilatory,  it  would  indeed  be  heavy  to  you,  not  only  on 
account  of  the  Expenses,  but  also  for  want  of  something  to  employ 
your  Time;  for  the  being  unemploy'd  is  much  harder  to  any  People 
than  the  hardest  Labour.,  Here  we  can  indeed  advise  you  to  nothing, 
because  we  do  not  know  the  Circumstances  there.  But  perhaps  the 
Brn.  in  Lindsay  House  will  know  how  to  find  you  useful  Employment 
in  one  way  or  other;  &  if  you  can  only  prevent  any  Damage,  or  pro- 
cure any  Help  to  the  Unity,  it  is  always  to  be  accepted  with  Thanks. 
We  presuppose,  however,  that  it  does  not  obstruct  or  prove  a  Hinder- 
ance  to  your  proper  Affair  which  you  have  in  Hand. 

6)  Our  dear  Br.  Schnepf  is  appointed  by  our  dear  Saviour  to  be  a 
Helper  in  inward  &  outward  Matters,  as  &  where  soever  it  shall  be 
needful,  in  Wachau;  &  he  will  be  the  same  on  the  Voyage  also.  Eor 
the  rest,  that  the  Single  Brn.  may  not  be  without  Order,  Br.  Petersen 
is  to  be  their  Leader  on  the  Voyage  till  Bethabara,  &  the  2  Brn.  Brezel 
&  Priem  are  his  Helpers.  So  that  these  4  Brn.  Schnepf,  Petersen, 
Brezel  &  Priem  compose  a  little  Conference,  &  from  time  to  time  con- 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


593 


aider  all  Things  which  concern  the  travelling  Company.    Thev  after 

jour -Morning  &  Evening  Blessing,  your  Litany,  &  the  Like.   Fo  wi I 
ont  the  Word  of  God  &  Prayer,  at  whieh  the  Searts  flow  t  get    r  you 
may  easily  suffer  Damage,  or  at  least  will  miss  many  a  Grace  but 
h:s  wrll  be  a  constant  Admonition  to  you,  daily  to  cleanup  eve^ 

ThT^i  'thiSr ;  ev? one  1ould  get  some  thin* a^  ^ 

ye  be  wxll  thmk:  I  must  presently  adjust  &  make  an  End  of  it,  other- 
Wise  I  could  not  come  to  the  Litany. 

8)  Towards  the  Captain  &  Ship's  Crew  be  discreet,  &  as  far  as 
poss.b  e  loving  &  helpful,  &  rather  suffer  something  than  begin  a 
Dispute  wxth  any  one,  were  it  even  but  the  Cabbin  Boy.  But  herebv 
we  do  not  mean  that  you  should  make  yourselves  familiar  &  too  inti- 
mate with  them  xn  their  Way  (their  Way  is  often  but  indifferent 
much  less  that  you  should  look  pleasant  at  Things  which  arc  bad;  this' 
«  not  consistent  With  the  Love  to  our  Saviour.  Bather  turn  your 
Jiyes  &  Ears  away  as  much  as  possible,  &  behave  yourselves  in  this 
respect  as  Children  of  God  ought  to  do.  Love  them  with  Compassion, 
&  serve  them  where  you  can. 

9)  TW  we  expect  that  each  of  you,  where  he  can  be  of  Service  on 
board  the  Ship,  will  readily  lend  his  Hand,  yet  it  will  not  be  amiss  if 
a  couple  of  Brn.,  on  whom  God  has  bestowed  a  particular  Servant's 

rtT  rn  Tng  y°U  f°r  SerVantS"  They  are  ^  *>  *»  to  it 
that  all  be  kept  cleanly  in  your  Apartment;  for  Uncleanliness  not  only 
causes  an  ill  Smell,  &  is  in  that  respect  disagreeable,  but  is  alS0  pre- 
udieial  to  Health  on  the  Seas.  They  likewise  fetch  the  Victuals,  wash 
tie  Vessels  &  keep  them  in  good  Order,  &  look  after  the  Provisions 
which  you  take  with  you  for  your  Use,  that  nothing  thereof  be  spoiled, 
&  the  like.  Whoever  of  you  remains  well  takes  Care  of  the  Sick  & 
serves  them  faithfully,  that  also  in  this  the  Doctrine  of  Jesus  may  be 
advanced  by  you. 

10)  If  our  dear  Father  brings  you  safe  to  Charlestown  (&  that  He 
w  11  do)  then  go  to  Mr.  Bamfield,  a  Merchant  there,  who  know  th 
Brethren  &  loves  to  serve  them,  as  we  hear.  Erom  him  you  will  learn 
what  Course  you  are  to  take  in  order  to  come  to  BethabL.  Perh  ps 
Aere  are  Carriages  there  out  of  that  Neighbourhood,  with  which  yo'u 
might  go,  which  would  be  good  upon  that  account  also  because  it  is 


594  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


otherwise  difficult  to  get  over  some  Waters,  if  one  is  not  on  Horse-back. 
But  if  there  be  no  Carriages  ready,  it  will  be  too  expensive  for  you  to 
stay  for  them  in  Charlestown,  for  in  Charlestown  it  is  very  dear  liv- 
ing, &  besides  the  Time  would  be  lost  which  you  should  usefully  & 
necessarily  spend  in  Bethabara.  Perhaps  it  will  be  best  that  you  pur- 
sue your  Journey  on  Foot,  &  enquire  from  one  Day  to  another  where 
you  may  find  Lodging  for  the  next  Night,  In  this  Case  you  would  leave 
your  Baggage  at  Charlestown  in  safe  keeping  with  our  good  Friends 
there.,  Care  is  also  to  be  taken,  that  when  in  London  your  Things  are 
brought  on  board  the  Ship  they  be  not  put  into  the  Hold  &  many  other 
Things  laid  upon  them,  otherwise  at  your  Arrival  in  Charlestown  you 
cannot  presently  get  them,  but  will  be  obliged  to  wait  till  the  Goods 
piled  upon  them  are  first  unloaded. 

11)  Now  when  thro'  the  Grace  of  our  Lord  &  Saviour  you  come 
safe  &  well  to  Bethabara  to  our  dear  Brn.  &  Srs.  you  are  first  of  all 
to  deliver  the  Letter,  which  is  sent  you  with  this,  to  the  Conference, 
together  with  a  hearty  Salutation  from  the  Directory  of  the  Unity. 
But  then  you  are  afterwards  again  in  a  Congregation,  &  among  our 
and  your  dear  People,  to  whom  we  wish  thousand  Blessings  out  of  the 
Fulness  of  Jesus.  What  each  of  you  from  Time  to  Time  is  to  do  we 
can  not  here  determine,  but  the  Conference  in  Bethabara  will  speak 
with  you  about  it.  Perhaps  it  is  needful  that  some  of  you  help  in 
Bethabara,  because  several  of  our  dear  Brn.  &  Srs.  have  been  called 
Home  by  our  dear  Saviour,  &  we  can  not  however  leave  Bethabara 
uncared  for.  For  with  regard  to  the  other  intended  Congregation 
Places  in  Wachau,  if  Bethabara  is  not  in  a  Condition  to  lend  them  a 
Hand  it  will  go  twice  or  thrice  as  hard  with  them.  Perhaps  some  of 
you  will  immediately  be  made  Use  of  to  help  in  beginning  the  new 
Town  in  Wachau ;  or  if  they  for  their  own  Person  can  not  help  therein 
they  may  supply  the  Places  of  those  Brn.  who  are  to  make  the  Be- 
ginning with  building  Houses,  &  the  like.  In  short  be  like  good  Chil- 
dren, &  faithfully  &  with  all  your  Heart  take  in  Hand  that  which  is 
committed  to  you  in  the  Name  of  the  Conference,  &  do  not  think  much 
beforehand,  but  be  contented  &  chearful  from  one  Day  to  another,  & 
happy  in  your  Work. 

12)  The  House-keeping  at  Bethabara  is  as  .  yet  in  common,  which 
could  not  well  be  otherwise  in  the  Beginning  of  a  Colony,  &  afterwards 
it  has  continued  longer  than  was  our  Intention.  The  Indian  War, 
which  has  lasted  some  Years,  &  the  Calling-home  of  the  late  Disciple, 
after  which  many  Things  must  even  remain  as  they  were  till  the  great 
Synod  of  the  Unity,  were  also  partly  the  Reason  why  it  has  hitherto 


Records  of,  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


595 


•been  left  so  m  Bethabara.  Now  it  is  our  Intention,  by  Occasion  of  the 
intended  building  of  Salem,  to  make  an  Alteration,  but  this  must  be 
done  no  otherwise  than  with  good  Consideration,  &  in  such  a  Manner 
as  is  suitable  to  our  Congregation-Course..  We  gladly  let  ourselves  be 
guided  m  all  Things  by  the  Eyes  of  our  Lord,  &  be  led  by  His  ffood 
Hand.  & 

13)    Here  we  desire  of  you  all  that  you  would  not  enter  into  Discus- 
sion with  any  one  who  is  perhaps  discontented  because  the  Matters 
have  gone  otherwise  than  he  or  we  thought  of.    You  can  not  explain 
to  any  Man,  or  make  it  clear  to  his  Understanding,  why  our  dear  Lord 
has  hitherto  let  it  be  so  &  no  otherwise  with  Bethabara.    We  shall 
afterwards  &  in  the  End  see  that  He  makes  something  good  out  of  it 
though  we  for  the  present  don't  know  how  to  unravel  it.    In  the  mean 
while  till  our  Saviour  Himself  alters  every  thing,  be  you  simple  be- 
fore Him,  &  do  whatever  is  given  you  to  do  with  all  Faithfulness  &  in 
a  childlike  Mind;  thus  it  will  be  a  Blessing  to  you,  &  you  will  lose 
nothing  by  it.    Think  often  what  our  dear  Saviour  has  done  on  His 
dear  People  in  Europe,  &  on  your  own  Hearts,  since  the  last  Synod- 
and  seeing  He  has  directed  us  back  to  the  first  Simplicity,  where  one 
does  not  seek  his  own  but  what  pertains  to  Jesus  Christ,  &  seeing  He 
will  have  the  corrupt  Genius  removed  from  among  His  People-  be 
you  herein  a  good  Example  to  the  Brn.  in  Wachau.    Keep  close  to'our 
dear  Saviour,  and  let  the  Converse  with  Him  be  your  quite  peculiar 
Matter.    Abide  in  the  School  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  &  attend  punctually 
to  His  Voice,  whether  it  be  that  he  warns  you  against  something 
or  stirs  you  up  to  something,  or  clears  up  to  you  the  Man  of  Smarts 
m  His  Bleeding  Form,  or  whatever  other  good  Thing  He  works  in 
your  Hearts;  so  will  you  always  continue  in  a  happy  Course,  &  noth- 
ing will  disturb  in  you  that  Peace  of  God,  which  is  however  better  than 
all  Treasures.    How  it  then  shall  go  further  with  you,  commit  this 
to  the  dear  Father  in  Heaven,  Who  takes  Care  of  even  the  Hairs  of 
your  Head,  that  not  one  of  them  fall  to  the  Ground  in  vain;  and  there- 
with be  easy  &  confident. 

He  forgetteth  none  who  belongeth  to  His  dear  Son,  &  is  a  Member  of 
His  Body. 

Be  herewith  recommended  to  the  Soul  of  Jesus  Christ,  &  to  His 
Corpse  full  of  Wounds,  in  Love  &  Faithfulness,  &  be  once  more  heartily 
greeted  from  the  whole  Directory. 
Herrnhuth,  Aug.  30,  1765, 

Johannes,  Joseph,  DeWatteville, 

Georgius,  Fr.  W.  Neisser  Gregor 

Zeyst,  Sept.  11,    Petrus.  Gerne^ 

Secretary  of  the  Directory. 


1767 


[In  1767  Frederic  William  Marshall  went  from  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  to 
Europe,  to  confer  with  the  central  Boards  of  the  Unity  before  taking 
up  his  residence  in  Wachovia  as  Oeconomus.  Conferences  were  held 
in  Zeist,  Holland,  where  many  things  were  considered,  and  notes  con- 
cerning them  were  written  by  Marshall  in  the  blank-book  already  men- 
tioned. In  the  following  paragraphs  a  summary  is  given  of  some  of 
the  more  important  points,  direct  translations  being  indicated  by  quota- 
tion marks.  It  was  later  decided  not  to  apply  for  a  charter,  but  the 
discussion  is  given  for  the  light  it  throws  on  local  conditions.] 

Negotiations  being  under  way  for  the  purchase  of  the  Wachovia  Quit 
Eents  from  Mr.  Childs,  to  whom  Earl  Granville  had  sold  them,  it  was 
agreed  that  when  this  was  concluded  the  Trusteeship,  under  which 
James  Hutton  held  Wachovia,  should  be  terminated,  and  he  should  be 
given  fee  simple  title,  and  in  return  should  give  Bond  to  hold  the  lands 
for  the  use  of  the  Unity  and  not  as  a  personal  estate. 

"Since  Br.  Marshall  has  been  called  as  Oeconomus  of  Wachovia,  as 
soon  as  he  settles  there  Wachovia  shall  be  served  direct  from  Europe, 
and  not  through  Bethlehem,  as  hitherto.  With  a  resident  Oeconomus, 
and  properly  constituted  Congregation  Boards,  Wachovia  will  no  longer 
depend  on  the  financial  organization  of  Bethlehem,  but  will  deal  di- 
rectly with  the  Yorsteher  Collegium  of  the  Unity.  A  close  connection 
and  correspondence,  however,  is  to  be  maintained  between  Wachovia 
and  Bethlehem,  and  Bethlehem  will  regard  Wachovia  as  her  younger 
sister,  giving  her  all  possible  support  and  assistance,  and  will  upon 
request  release  Brethren  and  Sisters  to  Wachovia,  even  as  Europe  has 
aided  her." 

Consideration  was  given  to  the  question  whether  lots  in  Salem  should 
be  transferred  by  Deed  or  by  Lease  to  those  who  should  build  on  them, 
and  it  was  suggested  that  Life-time  Leases  might  be  best. 

"Several  days  later  Br.  Marshall  said  he  did  not  think  it  wise  to 
give  Life-time  Leases,  for  a  Lease-holder  might  make  ill  use  of  his 
position,  injuring  the  town  and  the  congregation.  It  would  not  help 
the  situation  to  require  him  to  give  a  Bond  for  Performance  of  Cov- 
enant, for  if  a  man  became  undesirable  it  would  be  difficult  to  get 
rid  of  him  unless  he  had  broken  the  law  of  the  land.  On  the  other 
hand  a  one-year-Lease,  while  not  open  to  this  objection  and  therefore 
better  suited  to  our  Constitution,  is  disadvantageous,  because  a  man 
holding  a  Lease  for  a  short  term  of  years  is  not  permitted  to  vote  in 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  597 

Elections.    If  an  effort  is  made  to  secure  a  Charter  for  Salem  the  As- 
sembly must  also  be  asked  to  pass  an  Act  under  which  a  citizen  of 
Salem  worth  £50:  will  be  rated  as  a  Eree-holder  and  allowed  to  vote" 
Br.  Marshall  agreed  to  draw  up  a  form  of  incorporation,  which  would 
insure  the  necessary  rights  and  privileges,  but  enter  as  little  as  pos- 
sible into  details;  the  Directors  approved  of  this,  hoping  thereby  to 
avoid  the  inconveniences  to  be  feared  under  a  Charter  of  the  usual 
form.    "In  this  connection  it  was  suggested:  (a)  that  Br.  Marshall's 
idea  be  followed,  and  the  city  limits  be  made  very  small,  so  that  no 
more  persons  than  we  might  wish  should  be  included;  (b)  that  the 
election  of  three  Select  Men™  shall  be  so  arranged  that  nine  Brethren 
shall  be  nominated  by  a  plurality  vote,  (each  citizen  entitled  to  vote 
casting  his  ballot  for  three  men,)  three  Select  Men  to  be  chosen  by  lot 
from  the  nine,  so  that  the  Lord  has  a  vote  in  the  election  of  these 
officials-    "If  a  Charter  is  sought  for  Salem  care  must  be  taken  that 
it  incorporates  these  provisions,  as  worked  out  by  Br.  Marshall  or 
else  it  must  guarantee  freedom  to  Salem  to  make  rules  from  time  to 
time,  which  shall  be  deemed  legal." 

Br.  Marshall  requested  that  the  lots  of  the  Word  Carolina  Land  und 
tolome  Etabhssement  should  be  definitely  assigned  as  soon  as  he  should 
reach  Herrnhut,  and  this  was  approved  by  the  Directorium. 

Br.  Marshall  reported  that  the  proposed  division  of  the  County  in 
which  Wachovia  lies  would  entail  the  building  of  a  Court-House  for 
the  new  County,  and  it  was  remarked  that  it  would  probably  be  for 
our  advantage  to  have  this  on  our  land.    Marshall  pointed  out  that  it 
was  not  necessary  to  have  a  town  around  a  Court-House,  that  a  jail, 
one  or  two  houses  for  rent,  a  residence  for  the  County  Clerk,  and  the 
Court-House  itself,  were  all  that  were  really  essential;  that  if  a  County 
Town  grew  up  on  the  borders  of  Wachovia  there  was  sure  to  be  rivalry 
between  it  and  Salem,  as  there  had  been  to  some  extent  between  Salis- 
bury and  Bethabara.,   He  suggested  that  if  the  Court-House  were  built 
on  Wachovia  territory  the  sale  of  land  around  it  could  be  restricted, 
and  men  content  to  rent  land  would  probably  not  be  enterprising  enough 
to  interfere  with  Salem  trade.    The  roads  which  would  be  built  to  the 
Court-House  would  be  an  advantage  to  the  Brethren.    "The  question 
whether  we  should  try  to  secure  the  Court-House,  or  should  leave  the 
matter  to  Providence,  was  decided  by  lot:    'We  shall  take  active  meas- 
ures  to  secure  the  building  of  the  Court-House  on  our  land'." 

16  The  words  Select  Men  are  in  English  in  the  Minutes. 


598  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


"It  will  be  well  for  Salem  to  have  a  Seal,  and  Br.  Marshall's  design 
for  one  is  approved."17 

The  Statutes  for  Salem,  drawn  up  by  Br.  Marshall,  were  fully  ap- 
proved. It  was  remarked  that  "the  things  of  the  Lord  must  not  be 
given  into  the  hands  of  men,"  and  therefore  Congregation  Statutes  must 
not  be  considered  as  laws  laid  down  by  the  authorities,  but  as  a  free- 
will agreement  and  covenant,  to  be  signed  above  all  by  the  Ministers, 
then  by  the  Communicant  Brethren,  and  by  the  Sisters  also,  if  desired." 

It  was  agreed  that  immediately  after  Easter  Br.  Marshall  should  go 
to  Herrnhut,  to  confer  with  the  Unity  Vorsteher  Collegium;  that  he 
and  his  wife  should  return  to  Holland  the  end  of  July;  and  that  they 
should  then  go  direct  to  Wachovia,  making  a  visit  to  Pennsylvania  later. 

[Then  follow  several  pages  of  decisions  relating  to  Pennsylvania.] 

In  the  Herrnhut  conferences,  the  Unity  Vorsteher  Collegium  agreed 
to  the  immediate  award  of  lots  to  the  members  of  the  Etablissement ; — 
of  the  32  two-thousand-acre  tracts  indicated  on  the  map  21  were  needed 
for  members  of  the  Etablissement,  were  assigned  by  lot,  and  the  mem- 
bers were  at  once  notified.  There  remained  for  the  Unity  about  40,000 
acres,  not  counting  the  tracts  laid  off  for  Bethabara,  Bethania  and 
Salem.  It  was  agreed  to  reserve  what  might  be  needed  and  sell  the 
rest ;  purchasers  were  to  be  allowed  to  select  their  land  from  that  be- 
longing to  the  Unity  or  to  members  of  the  Etablissement,  and  no  re- 
striction was  placed  on  the  number  of  acres  that  might  be  sold  to  any 
individual. 

Cossart's  heirs  had  released  his  land  to  the  Unity,  but  it  was  a  ques- 
tion whether  to  perfect  his  purchases,  on  which  all  Quit  Rents  were 
still  due,  or  to  take  the  tracts  up  anew.  Matter  left  to  Br.  Marshall, 
to  be  decided  by  him  after  reaching  Wachovia. 

"According  to  the  agreement  with  My  Lord  Granville  and  Mr.  Childs 
the  Quit  Rents  are  now  to  be  paid  to  the  Unity,  they  shall  be  fixed 
at  £3:  per  2000  acres,  according  to  the  custom  of  the  land.  We  will 
have  to  see  what  can  be  done  about  the  interest  on  overdue  Quit  Rents, 
and  if  land  is  sold  it  can  be  included  in  the  price." 

The  relation  of  the  Wachovia  finances  to  the  Unity  Vorsteher  Col- 
legium had  been  outlined  by  a  Committee  appointed  for  the  purpose, 
and  was  accepted  by  the  Collegium,  July  10,  1767. 

17  In  the  Salem  Archives  there  is  a  seal  which  is  probably  the  one  made  under  this  order. 
In  the!  center  is  an  ornamented  shield  bearing  the  word  SALEM,  and  around  it  is  the 
inscription  "Sigilium  Communitatis  Fratrum."  Whether  it  was  ever  used  is  doubtful, 
for  incorporation  was  postponed  until  the  session  of  the  Legislature  of  1856-7,  ninety 
years  after  the  discussion  here  recorded. 


Kecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


599 


"Important  reports  and  statements  of  accounts  must  be  made  out 
in  duplicate,  and  sent  in  different  ships,  one  direct  by  Charlestown  and 
one  by  way  of  Pennsylvania." 

Zeist,  Aug.  26,  1767.  Further  consideration  of  the  incorporation  of 
Salem  confirmed  fears  that  it  would  hamper  the  activities  of  the  Con- 
gregation and  the  Unity  leaders.  "The  reason  for  desiring  a  Charter 
is  that  we  shall  not  be  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  Assembly,  for  if 
we  take  no  part  in  the  election  of  Assembly-men,  Sheriffs,  etc,  we  and 
our  descendents  may  suffer  from  the  injustice  of  our  neighbors,  who 
can  make  laws  that  we  must  obey.  It  is  more  risky  to  be  the  subject 
of  a  republican  state  than  of  a  despotic  government,  as  has  been  made 
evident  in  New  England." 

"The  usual  Charter  of  Incorporation  will  not  suit  for  us,  and  must 
be  modified  to  suit  our  circumstances,  which  would  establish  a  good 
precedent  for  other  Congregations  in  America.  It  has  not  helped 
us  in  Pennsylvania  to  have  a  vote  in  the  Assembly,  but  has  rather 
hurt  us;  however,  time  may  change  that.  And  even  if  we  only  use 
our  right  when  we  need  it,  and  do  not  mix  in  party  matters,  we  will 
not  be  open  to  the  charge  of  exclusiveness,  and  its  dangers.  The  Au- 
thorities are  surprised  that  we  do  not  seek  a  Charter,  and  mistrust 
us  because  we  do  not  ask  for  one."  The  inconvenience  of  having 
a  Magistrate  and  other  civil  officers  in  Salem  was  further  discussed; 
and  it  was  finally  decided,  by  lot,  that  "It  is  not  yet  time  to  seek  a 
Charter  for  Salem." 

Aug.  31.  It  was  agreed  that  Salem  should  be  separated  from  Betha- 
bara  as  soon  as  possible;  also  that  the  Oeconomie  in  Bethabara  should 
be  given  up,  and  the  sooner  the  better.  However,  no  promise  could  be 
given  as  to  just  when  this  could  be  done,  and  the  exact  state  of  the 
case  must  be  explained  to  Brethren  and  Sisters  going  from  here,  that 
when  they  reached  Wachovia  they  would  have  nothing  of  which  to 
complain. 

Getting  copies  of  the  Gemein  Nachrichten  from  Bethlehem  made 
them  later  and  more  expensive  for  Wachovia ;  it  was  resolved  that  with 
the  beginning  of  next  year  copies  for  Wachovia  should  be  written  in 
Bar  by. 

As  services  were  held  for  the  Brethren  in  three  towns  in  Wachovia, 
Br.  Graff  needed  an  assistant,  and  it  was  decided  that  Br.  Schropp 
should  aid  him,  in  addition  to  his  work  as  Vorsteher.  Br.  Shropp  was 
also  to  be  Br.  Marshall's  first  assistant  in  his  work. 


600  2sTorth  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Sept.  12.  "As  Br.  and  Sr.  Marshall  will  leave  next  Monday,  the 
extracts  which  he  has  made  from  the  Minutes  of  the  conferences  were 
read  over,  and  a  few  points  added." 

"Br.  Marshall  will  undertake  to  have  Houses  built  for  the  Single 
Brethren,  and  for  the  Single  Sisters,  in  Salem  as  soon  as  possible;  he 
will  keep  an  eye  on  the  marriages  which  are  needed  from  time  to  time; 
assist  in  the  organization  of  the  Choirs  as  rapidly  as  may  be ;  bring  the 
common  house-keeping  to  an  end  as  promptly  as  possible;  and  arrange 
all  things  in  Salem  according  to  the  custom  of  our  Congregations  and 
Choirs  in  Europe."' 

"An  attempt  shall  be  made  to  conduct  Bethania  as  a  Christian  vil- 
lage, which  in  time  shall  have  its  own  minister  and  its  own  organiza- 
tion." 

"Then  we  wished  our  dear  Br.  and  Sr.  Marshall  much  grace  and 
blessing  in  all  their  important  duties,  in  the  conduct  of  their  affairs, 
and  in  the  building  of  a  city  for  the  Lord." 

Plans  for  Wachovia  Made  by  the  Committee  Appointed  by  the  Unity's 

Vorsteher  Collegium. 

[This  paper  is  in  the  Bethlehem  Archives,  and  is  the  one  referred 
to  as  having  been  approved  by  the  Collegium,  July  10,  1767.  Trans- 
lated in  full.] 

According  to  the  instructions  of  the  U.  Y.  C.  the  undersigned  have 
agreed  upon  the  following  proposals  concerning  the  Oeconomie  of 
Wachovia,  and  the  necessary  division  of  it  between  the  two  parties  in 
interest,  that  is  the  Unity,  or  U.  V.  C,  and  the  special  Wachovia 
Diaconie;  and  in  so  doing  have  carefully  considered  the  opinion  ex- 
pressed in  the  Conferences  of  the  U.  Y.  C;  and  the  results  of  their 
deliberations  are  hereby  presented  for  their  consideration  and  approval. 
1)  It  is  unanimously  agreed  and  determined  that  all  the  land 
bought  from  Lord  Granville,  and  included  in  the  19  Deeds  (exclusive 
of  that  part  held  by  members  of  the  Etablissem,ent,  or  by  those  to  whom 
they  may  dispose  of  it)  is  and  shall  be  unquestionably  the  property  of 
the  Unity;  and  therefore  all  and  every  piece  of  it,  larger  or  smaller, 
which  shall  be  sold  or  rented,  shall  be  sold  or  rented  on  account  of  and 
for  the  benefit  of  the  Unity  and  the  U.  Y.  C. ;  and  all  purchase  or  rent 
money,  locaria  or  ground  rents,  and  Quit  Eents,  must  be  paid  over  to 
the  Unity.  Concerning  the  land  already  occupied  it  is  further  agreed 
that 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


601 


2)  The  2000  acres  of  land  hitherto  farmed  and  used  by  Bethabara 
shall  be  held,  by  the  special  Diaconie  of  Wachovia  for  an  indeterminate 
number  of  years,  and  until  both  parties  agree  to  a  change;  and  the 
Wachovia  Diaconie  shall  pay  for  it  yearly  to  the  U.  V.  C.  a  locaria  or 
Recognition  of  £10:  Sterling,  beginning  June  1,  1766. 

3)  ^  2000  acres  have  been  laid  off  for  Bethania  and  taken  by  the 
residents  there  under  lease,  or  for  rent,  and  the  charge  for  lease  and 
rent  has  been  assumed  proportionately  by  the  residents;  therefore  the 
Wachovia  Diaconie  shall  collect  the  annual  rents,  etc.  in  the  name  of 
the  U.  V.  0.,  the  year  to  begin  with  June  1,  1766,  and  shall  place  them 
to  the  account  of  the  U.  V.  C,  and  shall  annually  remit  the  balance 
to  that  Board. 

4)  In  like  manner  the  Unity  gives  to  the  Wachovia  Diaconie  the 
use  of  the  land  set  apart  for  Salem,  free  of  charge  for  the  five  years 
from  June  1,  1767  to  1772,  as  an  encouragement  and  help  for  the 
building  of  the  town;  after  these  five  free  years  a  small  locarium  shall 
be  paid,  the  amount  to  be  fixed  according  to  circumstances. 

5)  In  addition  the  Wachovia  Diaconie  shall  cheerfully  make  every 
effort  to  pay  the  promised  £60:  Sterling  annual  contribution  to  the 
expenses  of  the  Unity. 

6)  On  the  other  hand  it  is  agreed  and  determined  that  all  which 
the  Oeconomie  at  Bethabara  has  profited  and  won  through  gifts,  dil- 
igence, industry  and  faithfulness,  in  the  way  of  buildings,  stocks,  in- 
ventories, and  improvements,  according  to  the  various  accounts  as  kept, 
shall  be  the  unquestioned  property  of  the  Wachovia  Diaconie,  this  to 
include  all  receipts  for  rented  land  to  June  1,  1766. 

7)  From  these  profits  and  receipts  the  Wachovia  Diaconie  has  be- 
gun and  shall  continue  the  building  of  Salem,  according  to  the  map 
submitted  by  Br.  Marshall  and  approved  by  the  Collegium,  and  as  it 
shall  be  further  developed,  according  to  the  direction  of  our  Lord,  and 
as  the  needs  of  commerce  there  shall  suggest,  so  that  the  whole  town, 
so  to  speak,  may  move  there  at  one  time.,  For  this  beginning  about 
ten  different  buildings  will  be  required,  namely, — 

1)  A  house  which  will  serve  temporarily  for  the  Saal  and  res- 

idence for  the  Ministers. 

2)  A  two-story  house  for  the  Single  Brethren,  which  can 

later  be  used  for  a  family  house. 

3)  A  house  for  the  Single  Sisters  and  Girls. 

4)  A  house  for  the  store  and  warehouse. 

5)  A  house  for  the  tavern. 


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North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


6)  A  house  for  the  blacksmith  and  gunsmith. 

7)  One  for  the  pottery. 

8)  A  house  for  the  apothecary,  etc. 

9)  A  mill  and  saw-mill. 

10)  A  little  farm,  with  a  house,  and  a  barn  for  about  ten  cows. 

8)  But  as  the  development  of  a  Gemein  Ort  at  Salem  calls  for  ad- 
ditional Brethren  and  Sisters,  who  cannot  be  brought  there  without 
considerable  expense;  and  as  the  Wachovia  Diaconie  is  not  in  position 
to  bear  this  expense  without  assistance;  it  finds  itself  obliged  to  ask 
that  IT.  Y.  C.  will  pay  the  transportation  of  those  already  selected  to 
go  with  Br.  and  Sr.  Marshall,  and  others  who  may  later  go  with  the 
approval  of  the  Collegium,  and  further  to  ask  for  the  travel  expenses 
of  the  Sisters  and  Girls  moving  thither  from  Bethlehem,  and  for  their 
proper  establishment,  which  will  require  a  separate  house,  for  which 
the  Diaconie  will  need  a  gift  of  approximately  £250 :  Sterling,  or  £500 : 
Carolina  Currency,  which  amount  the  Diaconie  could  retain  for  this 
purpose  from  the  sale  of  Unity  land,  if  permission  is  given. 

9)  The  Wachovia  Diaconie  will  then  undertake  the  building  and 
settling  of  Salem  as  planned,  under  the  blessing  of  the  Heavenly  Father, 
will  use  every  effort  to  care  for  it,  and  from  time  to  time  will  enlarge 
it  as  opportunity  offers.  And  the  Diaconie  shall  be  allowed  to  use  or 
to  borrow,  at  an  equitable  interest,  the  money  necessary  for  erecting 
such  buildings  as  store,  mill,  etc.,  which  can  be  profitably  rented;  it 
being  definitely  understood 

10)  That  with  the  exception  of  the  above  named  sums  all  money 
which  may  now  or  later  be  borrowed  by  the  Wachovia  Diaconie  from 
the  Unity  or  U.  Y.  C.  shall  be  considered  only  as  a  loan,  for  which  the 
Diaconie  shall  give  a  proper  note  to  U.  Y.  C.  and  for  which  a  just 
interest  (5  per  cent)  shall  be  annually  paid  and  remitted. 

Herrnhut,  July  8,  1767. 

Approved  in  Collegium,  Johannes  Loretz 

July  10,  1767, 

see  the  Minutes  of  the  J.  Sebald  Ringmacher 

Unity's  Yorsteher  Collegium 

of  this  date.  Friedrich  Marschall. 

Joh.  Christian  Quandt. 


1768 


[In  the  Salem  Archives  are  copies  of  a  number  of  Eeports  sent  by 
Frederic  William  Marshall  from  Wachovia  to  the  governing  Boards 
of  the  Unity.  These  Eeports  are  largely  summaries  of  the  events  re- 
corded in  the  Diaries,  but  the  paragraphs  which  give  additional  infor- 
mation are  worth  translating.  The  Eeports  for  1768  are  particularly 
interesting,  in  that  they  give  details  of  his  journey  to  Wachovia,  and 
his  impressions  of  conditions  there  as  he  prepared  to  take  up  his  duties 
as  Oeconomus.] 

Bethabara,  April  14,  1768, 
sent  by  way  of  Charlestown. 

Honored  and  beloved  Brethren, 

According  to  agreement  I  am  sending  you  my  first  report,  in  dupli- 
cate. We  reached  here  on  Feb.  14th,  after  a  three  weeks  journey  from 
Charlestown.,  We  arrived  there  Jan.  24th,  in  fine,  warm  weather,  which 
lasted  until  we  left,  but  then  it  turned  very  cold,  and  as  we  camped 
out  each  night  several  had  their  hands  frostbitten.  My  left  hand 
swelled,  rose,  and  finally  had  to  be  lanced,  so  that  I  arrived  in  Betha- 
bara as  a  patient,  though  the  hand  is  now  entirely  well.  Three  small 
wagons  took  us  and  our  baggage  to  Pinetree,  and  there,  after  a  stay 
of  a  day  and  a  half,  we  secured  others  for  the  rest  of  the  trip,  which 
was  greatly  delayed  by  the  much  rain  and  high  water,  so  that  we  were 
glad  and  thankful  to  reach  our  dear  Brethren  in  Bethabara,  who  had 
been  expecting  us  for  a  long  time. 

Here  I  found  that  Br.  Schropp's  home-going  had  left  a  gap  that 
was  not  easy  to  fill,  especially  as  Br.  Gammern's  home-going  and  Br. 
Ettwein's  transfer  had  recently  made  two  important  changes  in  the 
Oeconomie.  The  Brn.  Graff,  Lorenz  Bagge,  Utley  and  Loesch  had  been 
obliged  to  form  themselves  into  a  Committee  to  do  the  work  of  the 
Vorsteher,  though  they  lacked  information  about  many  things,  and 
they  have  done  their  best ;  Br.  Loesch  had  to  look  after  many  things 
in  addition  to  his  work  as  superintendent  of  the  farm  and  other  busi- 
nesses. 

As  may  well  be  imagined  I  find  many  changes  since  I  was  here  three 
years  ago.  It  would  seem  that  Br.  Schropp  had  a  presentiment  of  his 
coming  departure,  and  was  less  active  than  was  usual  for  him,  and 
very  indulgent.  Whenever  leaders  are  changed  new  things  are  begun, 
which  is  not  wise  in  a  common  house-keeping,  and  may  have  disaster- 
ous  consequences.    Under  the  circumstances,  and  without  full  informa- 


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North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


tion  as  to  the  status  of  affairs,  I  think  it  unwise  for  me  personally  to 
take  over  the  Vorsteher's  office,  but  have  associated  myself  with  the 
Committee  already  acting,  to  which  we  have  added  Br.  Traugott  Bagge, 
as  the  future  book-keeper.  The  advantage  of  this  united  service  is  that 
the  plan  and  intention  of  all  measures  in  relation  to  the  Diaconie  and 
the  farm  interests  are  known  to  many,  and  are  supported  by  them; 
and  the  same  will  be  useful  in  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz,  even  though  it 
takes  more  time  in  discussion. 

The  matter  of  clothing  and  other  necessities,  here  known  as  the 
Congregation  Store,  will  be  attended  to  by  Sr.  Gammern,  as  hitherto. 
I  have  undertaken  the  monthly  conferences  with  the  Master  Workmen, 
when  they  report  their  receipts  and  their  needs.  Br.  TJtley  will  look 
after  certain  details  which  concern  the  daily  order  and  convenience  of 
the  Brethren  and  Sisters.    *    *  * 

In  Salem  I  find  three  family  houses  ready  for  use,  all  made  of  frame- 
work covered  with  clay,18  or  framework  filled  with  brick  and  clay. 
All  are  of  one  story,  with  two  rooms,  a  kitchen  and  a  cellar;  in  addi- 
tion there  is  one  two-story  house,  which  is  not  arranged  as  I  planned 
with  Br.  Schropp,  but  has  a  small  Gemein  Saal  below,  and  above  has 
two  rooms  and  a  kitchen.  The  proportions  of  the  houses  are  good, 
and  with  their  regular  placing  and  their  tile  roofs  they  make  a  not 
unpleasing  appearance.  I  imagine  we  shall  have  to  cover  the  walls 
with  weather-boards,  which  in  this  country  is  the  most  expensive 
method,  and  not  a  good  one  on  account  of  the  sharp  lightning  and  other 
danger  from  fire,  but  without  lime  it  seems  to  be  the  only  thing  we 
can  do. 

The  definite  fixing  of  lines,  which  should  have  been  done  at  first  but 
was  not,  we  will  now  attend  to  as  soon  as  possible,  so  that  the  placing 
of  the  next  buildings  may  be  definite.  We  measured  the  fall  of  nearer 
and  more  distant  springs,  from  which  we  hope  to  obtain  a  sufficient  and 
constant  supply  of  water  for  the  town,  and  as  we  find  that  it  will  not 
be  possible  to  run  it  to  the  entire  Square  and  main  buildings  as  at 
present  intended  we  are  considering  moving  the  Square  several  build- 
ing lots  lower,  where  the  ground  is  more  level,  and  the  plans  would 

18  In  the  Salem  Archives  there  is  a  note-hook  in  which  Marshall  jotted  down,  in  English,  a 
surprising  variety  of  things,  from  personal  accounts  and  items  of  business  to  remedies 
for  chilblains  and  colic.  Most  of  the  entries  were  made  before  he  came  to  live  in 
Carolina,  but  in  the  description  of  the  construction  of  a  house  there  occurs  the  following, 
which  tits  old  walls  in  Salem,  remnants  of  which  are  in  the  Museum  of  the  Wachovia 
Historical  Society.  "Then  laths  %  of  an  Inch  thick  are  nailed  from  post  to  post 
about  five  feet  distant  and  the  Laths  five  inches  distant.  These  are  wrapped  around 
with  a  straw  clay  and  thus  the  Plaistering  may  be  added  with  a  thin  Coat  of  Mortar, 
and  all  Vacancies  are  filled  up.  The  Coat  of  Clay  at  that  rate  will  be  about  3  Inches 
thick."  The  "Straw  Clay"  was  an  actual  mixture  of  straw  and  clay,  both  relatively 
plentiful,  while  lime  for  mortar  was  one  of  the  things  which  the  pioneer  settlers  found 
most  difficult  to  procure. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  Xorth  Carolina 


605 


not  have  to  be  otherwise  changed.  If  the  Square  is  so  moved  the  lower 
edge  of  the  town  will  still  be  70  ft.  ahove  the  Wach,  which  flows  near 
by,  and  the  upper  part  of  Salem  will  be  about  twice  as  high,  so  that 
both  the  lower  and  the  upper  parts  of  the  town  will  be  higher  than 
Bethlehem,  and  no  one  can  question  the  healthfulness  of  the  situation. 
Our  next  matter  for  consideration  will  be  the  building  of  the  Choir 
Houses,  the  store  and  the  tavern,  and  the  arranging  of  the  present 
buildings  for  the  trades  that  will  be  carried  on  in  them.    *    *  * 

Latter  part  of  1768. 

Since  Wachovia  is  not  only  one  of  the  most  distant  of  the  Settlements 
of  the  Brethren,  but  on  account  of  the  scant  opportunity  for  corre- 
spondence is  probably  less  known  than  other  far-off  congregations,  it 
may  not  be  out  of  place  at  the  end  of  this  year  to  give  some  account 
of  what  the  Saviour  has  done  here,  and  some  idea  of  our  plans. 

This  Settlement  was  begun  in  the  year  1753,  with  the  generous  sup- 
port of  the  Lot  Owners  [Xord  Carolina  Land  und  Colonic  Etablisse- 
ment],  and  so  continued  for  five  years.  Two  things  made  development 
of  the  full  plan  difficult.  One  was  that  in  the  center  of  Wachovia, 
where  the  chief  town  should  have  been  placed,  the  land  was  the  poorest, 
and  so  the  first  Colony,  which  arrived  Nov.  17,  1753,  when  winter  had 
already  begun,  took  advantage  of  an  abandoned  house  which  they  found, 
which  stood  on  the  more  fertile  land  which  was  imperatively  needed  for 
their  support.  There  they  cleared  fields,  and  in  time  the  place  became 
Bethabara.  The  second  difficulty  was  the  Indian  War,  which  broke 
out  just  at  the  time  when  the  first  Colony,  which  consisted  of  Single 
Brethren,  had  been  joined  by  the  first  company  of  Married  People. 
Instead  of  spreading  out,  the  war  forced  them  to  use  their  strength 
for  defense  and  guard,  and  for  the  assistance  of  the  people  around  them, 
who  could  not  be  forbidden  to  come  in  large  numbers  for  protection, 
so  that  nothing  could  be  done  about  beginning  the  central  town,  and 
the  settlement  had  to  support  itself  in  a  region  where  there  was  no 
trade  for  many  miles.  But  with  the  blessing  of  the  Lord,  and  in  spite 
of  hindrances,  the  settlement  grew,  not  rapidly,  but  a  little  year  by  year, 
and  if  it  is  small  in  comparison  with  other  congregations  of  the  Unity, 
yet  in  thi3  land,  and  so  far  from  the  sea,  there  is  none  like  it. 

On  Nov.  17th,  as  we  celebrated,  with  a  Lovefeast,  the  anniversary 
of  the  arrival  of  the  first  Brethren,  we  realized  that  during  the  fifteen 
years  which  have  passed  since  the  beginning  of  the  Settlement  we  have 
established,  at  least  in  a  small  way,  all  the  really  necessary  businesses 
and  handicrafts,  which  are  greatly  missed  in  other  localities  here.  In 


606  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


addition  to  our  farm  of  about  two  hundred  acres  of  cleared  land,  we 
have  a  grist  and  saw  mill,  which  can  also  he  used  for  breaking  tan- 
bark  and  pressing  oil;  a  brewery  and  distillery,  a  store,  apothecary 
shop,  tan-yard,  pottery,  gunsmith,  black-smith,  gunstock-maker,  tailor 
shop,  shoe-maker,  linen-weaver,  saddlery,  bakery,  and  the  carpenters, 
joiners,  and  masons,  who  do  our  building,  and  there  is  also  our  tavern. 
Even  if  these  businesses  are  not  particularly  profitable  they  are  indis- 
pensible,  and  with  them  we  can  provide  ourselves  with  most  of  the  neces- 
saries of  life. 

One  hour's  drive  from  Bethabara  the  village  of  Bethania  was  es- 
tablished during  the  war,  partly  by  refugees  who  were  lovers  of  the 
Gospel,  and  partly  by  several  married  couples  from  Bethabara.  Only 
farming  is  carried  on  there,  and  they  have  already  cleared  more  land 
than  around  Bethabara.  It  consists  of  18  family  houses,  arranged 
along  a  street,  in  regular  order,  with  94  inhabitants;  the  buildings 
are  of  about  the  same  size  as  those  at  Bethabara,  and  they  have  an 
increasing  number  of  Diaspora  members  in  the  neighborhood. 

Finally,  four  years  ago,  the  site  for  Salem,  the  chief  Gemein-Ort, 
was  selected  in  the  center  of  Wachovia,  and  three  years  ago  the  first 
wood  was  cut  for  building.  It  is  intended  not  so  much  for  farming 
as  for  the  various  businesses;  and  especially  for  the  Choir  Houses  and 
other  establishments,  and  for  the  supervision  of  all  Wachovia.  So  soon 
as  proper  arrangements  can  be  made  the  store  and  the  handicrafts  will 
move  thither  from  Bethabara.  From  the  beginning  Bethabara  was  not 
intended  to  be  a  center  of  commerce,  so  few  buildings  suitable  for  such  a 
purpose  were  erected,  and  there  is  still  a  common  house-keeping.  The 
profit  from  this  Oeconomie,  which  supports  132  persons,  including  men, 
women  and  children,  is  the  only  source  of  supply  for  the  building  of 
Salem,  and  on  this  fund  will  fall  not  only  the  expense  of  erecting  the 
Choir  Houses  and  the  Gemein  Haus  but  also  the  houses  for  families 
and  crafts,  indeed  all  the  outlay  which  is  usually  derived  from  indi- 
viduals or  through  collections.  While  we  thank  the  Saviour  that  Beth- 
abara did  not  go  to  the  expense  of  building  as  a  regular  Gemein  Ort, 
still  it  is  far  too  weak  for  the  building  of  a  new  town,  the  more  that 
much  of  the  work  will  have  to  be  done  by  outside  labor,  which,  accord- 
ing to  the  job,  will  cost  from  one  florin  to  one  reichsthaler  per  day  for 
each  man,  including  board  and  wages,  and  sometimes  more.  It  is  not 
surprising  that  under  such  circumstances  the  building  of  Salem  has 
gone  slowly,  and  the  transfer  thither  has  been  deferred.    *    *  * 


1769 


[The  "Congregation  Store"  mentioned  under  April  14th,  1768,  was 
quite  distinct  from  the  general  store,  which  served  the  public  in  the 
usual  way.  Marshall's  outline  of  the  scope  of  its  activities  follows,  as 
bearing  upon  the  Oeconomie  which  was  discontinued  when  the  greater 
part  of  Bethabara  moved  to  Salem.] 

April  10,  1769. 

The  Congregation  Store  is  an  old  establishment  in  the  general  Oecon- 
omie, and  can  not  be  entirely  given  up  even  when  the  Oeconomie  ends. 
In  each  Choir  a  Brother  or  Sister  is  appointed,  who  ascertains  what 
clothing  is  needed,  and  to  whom  requests  for  other  necessaries  are 
made.  These  appointed  Brethren  and  Sisters  meet  at  stated  times  for 
conference.  When  all  needs  have  been  considered,  in  view  of  the 
state  of  the  Oeconomie  finances,  a  list  is  given  to  the  Merchant  [in  the 
general  store]  of  all  the  various  things  which  he  shall  bring  from 
Charlestown  for  the  Congregation  Store.  From  these  the  tailor  and  the 
seamstress  receive  what  they  require  for  their  work;  and  the  requests 
include  pins,  shoe-buckles,  combs,  buttons,  tea,  coffee,  sugar,  indeed  all 
kinds  of  necessaries.  The  main  things,  of  course,  are  flax,  cotton  and 
wool,  for  breaking,  swingling,  hackling,  spinning,  weaving,  bleaching, 
coloring,  knitting,  to  make  shirts  and  underwear,  aprons,  straw-sacks, 
bed-covers,  etc.,  etc.,  chiefly  woman's  work,  and  during  Br.  Gammern's 
time  his  wife  had  it  in  charge,  and  afterwards  for  lack  of  a  more  suit- 
able person  she  continued  to  attend  to  it.  Since  she  went  to  Bethle- 
hem my  wife  [Mrs.  Marshall]  has  done  part  of  it. 

In  a  family  of  more  than  130  people  there  are  daily  calls  for  things 
which  a  private  person  could  hardly  get  without  making  confusion,  and 
for  the  present  Br.  TTtley  attends  to  these.  For  instance  one  wants  to 
make  a  chest  or  box  and  needs  a  plank  and  some  nails,  another  wants 
a  pane  of  glass  for  a  window,  a  rope,  some  brick,  etc.,  but  he  does  not 
take  it  from  the  store  or  the  stock  of  building  material  without  men- 
tioning it  to  Br.  Utley. 

[At  a  rather  early  date  it  became  necessary  to  place  the  apprentice 
system  of  Wachovia  on  a  definite  footing,  and  the  two  papers  which  fol- 
low show  the  method  by  which  the  rights  of  Master,  Apprentice  and 
community  were  safe-guarded.    Both  originals  are  in  English.] 


608  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Indenture  of  Apprenticeship. 

This  INDENTURE  made  the  Sixth  Day  of  February  in  the  Year 
of  Our  Lord  One  thousand  seven  hundred  and  Sixty  Nine,  WIT- 
NESSETH, That  Andrew  Kremser,  Son  of  the  late  Andrew  Kremser  of 
Eriedensthal  in  the  County  of  Northampton  in  the  Province  of  Penn- 
sylvania, Yoeman,  HATH  of  his  own  voluntary  Will  placed  and  bound 
himself  Apprentice  to  J acob  Eriedric  Pf eil  of  Bethabara  in  the  County 
of  Rowan  in  the  Province  of  North  Carolina  Shoemaker,  to  be  taught 
in  the  Trade  Science  or  Occupation  of  a  Shoemaker,  and  with  him  as 
an  Apprentice  to  serve  from  the  Day  of  the  Date  hereof  till  the  Seventh 
Day  of  March  which  will  be  in  the  Year  of  Our  Lord  One  thousand 
Seven  hundred  and  Seventy  four;  during  all  which  Term  the  said  Ap- 
prentice his  said  Master  well  &  faithfully  shall  serve,  his  Secrets  keep, 
and  his  lawfull  Comands  gladly  do,  and  behave  in  all  Respects  as  a 
faithfull  Apprentice  ought  to  do  both  to  his  Master  and  all  his. 

And  the  said  Master  his  said  Apprentice  the  said  Trade  which  he 
now  useth  as  a  Shoemaker,  with  all  Things  thereunto  belonging,  shall 
&  will  teach  and  instruct,  or  cause  to  be  well  and  sufficiently  taught 
and  instructed,  after  the  best  Manner  he  can;  and  shall  and  will  also 
find  &  allow  unto  his  said  Apprentice  Meat,  Drink,  Washing,  Lodging 
and  Apparel,  both  Linnen  &  Woolen,  &  all  other  Necessaries  fit  and  con- 
venient for  such  an  Apprentice,  during  the  Term  aforesaid,  &  at  the 
End  of  the  said  Term  shall  &  will  give  to  the  said  Apprentice  One  new 
Suit  of  Apparell. 

In  Witness  whereof  the  Parties  above  named  have  to  these  Presents 
interchangeably  set  their  Hands  &  Seals  the  Day  &  Year  first  above 
written. 

Done  before  me  one  of  His  Majesty's  (  ) 

Justices  of  the  Peace  for  the  Eriedrich  Jacob  Pfeil,  (Seal) 

County  of  Rowan,  (  ) 

The  Day  &  Year  above  mentioned. 
Jacob  Loesch. 

Bond  for  Performance. 
KNOW  ALL  MEN  by  these  Presents 

That  I  Jacob  Erederic  Pfeil  of  Bethabara  in  Rowan  County  in  the 
Province  of  North  Carolina  Shoemaker,  am  held  &  firmly  bound  unto 
Frederic  Marshall  of  Bethabara  aforesaid,  in  the  Sum  of  One  hundred 
Pounds  of  current  Money  of  this  Province,  to  be  paid  to  the  said 


Eecoeds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


609 


Frederic  Marshall,  his  certain  Attorney  Executors  Administrators  or 
Assigns :    To  which  Payment  well  and  truly  to  be  made  I  bind  myself, 
my  heirs  Executors  and  Administrators  and  every  of  them  firmly  by 
these  Presents.    Sealed  with  my  Seal  and  dated  the  Sixth  Day  of 
February  in  the  Year  of  Our  Lord  One  thousand  Seven  hundred  and 
Sixty  Nine  and  in  the  Ninth  Year  of  His  Majesty's  Reign 
THE  CONDITION  of  this  Bond  is,  that  if  the  said  Jacob  Frederic 
Pfeil  doth  not  remove  his  Apprentice  Andrew  Kremser  this  Day  bound 
to  him  out  of  the  Brethren's  Settlements  of  Bethabara  or  Salem,  nor 
bind  him  to  any  other  Master,  without  the  Consent  of  the  said  Frederie 
Marshall  or  his  Heirs  previously  obtained.   AND  during  the  whole  Time 
of  his  Apprenticeship  lodgeth  and  boards  him  the  said  Andrew  Krem- 
ser, in  the  Single  Brethren's  house,  according  to  the  Custom  of  the 
United  Brethren.    AND  if  the  said  Apprentice  should  turn  out  to  be 
of  such  Life  and  Manners,  that  according  to  the  Rules  of  the  Brethren 
he  could  not  be  tolerated  amongst  them,  and  in  that  Case  at  the  Request 
of  the  said  Frederic  Marshall  or  his  Heirs  the  said  Jacob  Frederie 
Pfeil  shall  bind  out  his  said  Apprentice  to  an  other  Master  not  residing 
at  the  Settlement  aforesaid.    OR,  if  the  said  Jacob  Frederic  Pfeil! 
himself  should  remove  from  the  said  Settlements,  and  shall  then  bind 
out  his  said  Apprentice  to  an  other  Master  residing  at  Salem,  and  in 
both  the  last  Cases  shall  content  himself  with  such  Sum  or  Satisfaction 
as  he  shall  be  able  to  get  of  the  said  Apprentice's  new  Master  THEN 
the  above  Obligation  to  be  void  or  else  to  be  and  remain  in  full  Force 
and  Virtue. 

Sealed  &  delivered  in  the  ^  y 

PreseTnce  of  Jacob  Frederic  Pfeil  (Seal) 

Jacob  Loesch  ^  y 

Nicolaus  Lorenz  Bagge. 

[In  1910  Mr.  Samuel  L.  Miller  published  the  history  of  Waldoboro, 
Maine,  formerly  "Broad  Bay  Plantation"  in  the  Province  of  Massa- 
chusetts, from  which  the  "Broadbay  settlers"  came  to  Wachovia  in 
1769  and  the  following  years.  Mr.  Miller's  book  explains  the  name 
Broad  Bay,  which  does  not  appear  on  a  general  atlas  of  Maine.— The 
Town  of  Waldoboro  is  on  the  Medomak  River,  some  eight  or  ten  miles 
above  Muscongas  Bay,  the  effects  of  the  tide  being  felt  as  far  up  the 
river  as  the  town.  Three  miles  below  the  head  of  tide  the  river  ex- 
pands into  the  so-called  Broad  Bay,  which  is  more  than  a  mile  wide; 
below  the  Broad  Bay  the  river  narrows  again. 


610  Worth  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Between  1739  and  1753  a  number  of  German  families  came  over  to 
the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony,  as  it  was  then  called,  drawn  by  the 
attractive  advertisements  of  the  proprietors  of  the  Waldo  Patent;  and 
they  settled  in  the  vicinity  of  Broad  Bay.  It  is  not  necessary  here  to 
recount  their  trials,  and  troubles  with  the  Indians.  In  1760  the  Broad 
Bay  settlers  were  visited  by  the  Moravian  minister,  George  Soelle;  in 
1762  he  became  resident  pastor  of  a  little  congregation  there.  About 
1764  it  was  discovered  that  many  of  the  settlers  were  on  land  which 
did  not  belong  to  Waldo,  and  therefore  the  Leases  he  had  given  them 
were  worthless,  and  there  were  flaws  in  the  titles  of  others,  so  many 
decided  to  move  away.  Vol.  I  of  this  series  of  Records  of  the  Moravians 
gave  details  of  the  arrival  of  some  of  these  people  in  Wachovia,  but 
the  following  is  added  because  of  the  information  it  supplies  about 
conditions  in  the  Broad  Bay  neighborhood.] 

Letter  from  George  Soelle  to  Frederic  William  Marshall. 
[Translated  in  full.] 

Broadbay,  24th  Aug.  1769. 

Dearly  beloved  Brother, — 

From  one  of  your  letters  to  Br.  Ettwein  I  see  that  you  already  know 
that  some  of  the  families  from  this  place  are  minded  to  come  to  you, 
but  their  departure  has  been  so  long  postponed  that  you  may  have 
thought  they  had  changed  their  plans.,  The  reason  for  the  delay,  how- 
ever, lay  not  in  their  desire  but  in  their  affairs  here,  which  were  much 
involved.  Now  they  have  been  able  to  extricate  themselves,  and  are 
ready  to  set  out  on  their  journey  to  you,  in  the  name  of  the  Lord. 

Six  families  will  come  to  you,  if  the  Lord  prospers  their  journey; 
there  are  twenty-seven  souls,  and  time  will  show  whether  they  will 
all  approve  themselves  worthy  of  the  sufferings  of  Jesus,  which  is  the 
prayer  of  my  heart  for  them,  and  a  joy  which  we  desire  for  them  and  for 
Him,  indeed  we  wish  that  not  one  among  them  may  fail  to  become 
His  property,  even  though  now  he  may  be  spiritually  dead. 

I  am  but  a  poor,  short-sighted  man,  and  the  Lord  alone  knows  the 
depths  of  hearts,  yet  I  may  say  that  the  heads  of  the  families  give  evi- 
dence that  in  this  change  they  not  only  seek  better  land  and  material  cir- 
cumstances, but  that  they  honestly  wish  to  be  farther  from  the  tumult 
and  temptations  of  the  world,  that  in  quiet  they  may  learn  more  of  Him, 
Who  loves  their  souls  and  the  souls  of  their  children,  and  that  they 
may  be  His  in  time  and  in  eternity. 


Kecords  of  the  Moravians  in  'North  Carolina 


611 


It  is  not  necessary  for  me  to  go  into  details  concerning  those  who 
are  coming,  for  you  will  soon  learn  to  know  them.  Keceive  them,  and 
let  them  live  near  you;  assist,  uplift,  and  care  for  them  as  your  means 
will  permit.  And  as  the  Saviour  shed  His  blood  for  you  may  it  also 
renew  their  hearts,  in  the  Unity,  to  a  true  life,  that  they  may  become 
a  pleasant  fruit  of  the  death  of  Jesus. 

Br.  Ettwein  offered  to  help  them  settle  on  the  Kennebec  Eiver,  hop- 
ing that  the  Brethren  would  take  up  land  there  and  establish  a  con- 
gregation, (which  it  is  hoped  the  Saviour  will  bring  to  pass,  for  there 
is  much  interest  stirring  in  all  that  section),  but  they  could  not  decide 
to  do  that,  and  held  to  their  resolve  to  go  to  you. 

There  are  some  other  families  here  who  plan  to  follow  these,  per- 
haps  next  year.  Under  the  circumstances  I  am  very  doubtful  whether 
they  are  moved  by  a  strong  desire  for  the  Gospel;  but  I  do  not  yet 
know  what  they  will  do. 

This  month  it  is  seven  years  that  I  have  been  alone  among  the  un- 
cultured crowd,  and  yet  I  have  never  been  left  by  my  Friend-beyond- 
compare.  I  have  sowed,  I  have  watered  the  seed  with  tears,  I  have  as 
yet  seen  little  fruit,  though  not  all  has  been  without  avail.  I  will  go 
forward,  by  His  grace,  so  long  as  it  is  His  will  to  have  me  here,  for 
while  I  should  gladly  be  relieved  I  cannot  desert  this  place,  otherwise 
I  would  go  with  them  to  you. 

Think  of  me,  dear  Brother,  and  greet  for  me  the  congregations  in 
Bethabara  and  Bethania,  though  there  are  few  whose  faces  I  know. 
Greet  the  dear  Brethren  Graff  and  Utley  for  me;  perhaps  the  Saviour 
will  permit  me  to  see  the  congregation  of  Bethabara,  though  1200 
miles  in  a  direct  line  is  a  long  way.,  Be  yourself  heartily  greeted  in 
Jesus'  name  by 

Your  faithful  Brother 

G.  Soelle. 

P.  S.  Dear  David  Eominger  does  not  bring  his  wife  with  him, 
partly  because  she  is  sickly,  partly  because  she  prefers  to  remain  with 
her  children.  But  he  is  leaving  with  her  approval  and  consent,  and 
has  divided  his  property  with  her  according  to  law,  and  has  put  every- 
thing in  order.   He  asked  me  to  tell  you  this.   His  son  is  a  dead  soul. 

G.  Soelle. 


1770 


Marshall's  Reports  to  U.  E.  C. 
[A  few  extracts  translated.] 

April  9,  1770. 

On  the  8th  of  November  two  wagons  arrived,  bringing  Germans  from 
Broadbay,  who  had  been  awakened  by  Br.,  Soelle,  and  since  Br.  Ett- 
wein's  visit  have  been  persistently  of  the  intention  to  move  to  Wachovia. 
These  were  followed  on  the  evening  of  Nov.  12th  by  another  com- 
pany of  18  persons.  We  had  not  at  all  expected  them,  and  it  was  so 
late  in  the  year  that  we  were  the  less  prepared  suddenly  to  provide 
housing  and  food  for  so  many.  Br.  Ettwein  had  informed  us  that 
they  had  been  advised  to  move  to  the  Kennebec  Kiver,  but  we  learn 
from  them  that  a  visit  thither  had  showed  them  that  Dr.  Gardener's 
title  to  the  land  was  doubtful,  and  they  therefore  were  unwilling  to 
risk  a  move  to  that  place,  and  followed  their  inclinations  to  come  to 
the  Brethren  in  Wachovia.  Off  the  coast  of  Virginia  they  ran  too 
near  the  shore  during  the  night,  and  though  they  twice  escaped  the 
•cliffs  and  the  rushing  waves  the  Captain  saw  it  was  impossible  to  save 
the  ship.  He  therefore  made  straight  for  shore,  between  the  sand- 
banks, and  just  as  the  ship  touched  ground  he  steered  so  skillfully  that 
they  struck  with  the  deck  toward  shore,  so  that  when  they  sprang  into 
the  sea  they  easily  reached  the  land.  Every  one  was  saved,  and  a  good 
deal  of  the  baggage.  Toward  morning  the  schooner  sprung  a  leak,  and 
the  waves  swept  over  the  chests,  so  that  two  families,  particularly,  lost 
nearly  everything.  They  hired  another  vessel,  in  which  they  had  little 
comfort,  but  they  reached  Wilmington  in  eleven  days.  The  much 
dampness,  the  fright,  and  the  unhealthy  air  of  Wilmington,  caused 
ten  of  them  to  take  fever,  and  not  without  great  difficulty  did  they 
traverse  the  more  than  two  hundred  miles  across  the  country. 

[On  page  411  of  Vol.  I,  this  series,  there  is  reference  to  the  found- 
ing of  a  boarding  school  for  boys  in  Bethabara.  The  following  shows 
that  it  was  really  a  small  Orphan  Asylum,  as  well  as  school.] 

Little  Gottlob  Krause,  who  has  been  in  the  care  of  Br.,  and  Sr. 
Bachhoff  in  Bethania,  returned  to  Bethabara.  To  date  we  have  had 
a  day  school  for  our  boys,  but  no  institution  in  which  they  could  live; 
this  can  be  no  longer  postponed,  and  the  transfer  to  Salem  has  released 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolin, 


613 


space  which  can  be  used.  The  institution  now  cares  for  three  orphans, 
Gottlob  Krause  and  the  two  sons  of  the  widow  Dixon.  They  are  in 
the  charge  of  the  Single  Brother,  Wiirtele,  who  also  conducts  the  day 
school,  and  the  young  Single  Brother  Wilson  is  his  assistant,  going 
there  after  work  hours,  to  sleep,  and  also  alternating  with  Br.  Wiirtele 
in  taking  them  to  the  services.  In  the  morning  the  Brn.  Graff,  Lorenz 
and  Eeuter  have  classes  for  them  and  the  other  boys;  in  the  afternoon 
Br.  Wiirtele  takes  them  out  to  cut  wood,  or  for  other  work.  The  eld- 
est of  them  is  ten  years  old. 

****** 

[It  will  be  remembered  that  the  Wachovia  Tract  was  surveyed  in 
nineteen  parcels,  a  Deed  being  taken  for  each.  In  the  division  of  lots 
to  the  members  of  Der  Nord  Carolina  Land  und  Colonie  Etablissement 
each  member  received  2000  acres.  Facing  page  364  of  Vol.  I  there  is  a 
map  showing  the  relative  position  of  Deed  and  Lot  lines.] 

Contracts  for  land  are  often  slow  in  the  making,  for  we  deal  with 
farmers,  who  are  of  a  somewhat  slow,  irresolute  spirit,  with  their  out- 
ward affairs  often  in  confusion.  So  when  I  write  there  may  be  a  trans- 
action so  far  under  way  that  I  ought  to  mention  it,  and  yet  a  year 
may  pass  before  the  conditions  are  finally  agreed  on.  But  I  will  note 
the  following  concerning  our  receipts  from  the  sale  of  land., 

Philip  Eothrock  has  taken  half  of  Lot  17,  in  the  18th  Deed;  is  to 
pay  £232:  Pennsylvania  currency,  or  £247  :9  :4,  K  C.  currency;  has 
paid  £121:4:8,  K  C.  currency. 

Marcus  Hoenes  has  taken  the  other  half  of  the  above  Lot;  because 
of  a  difference  in  the  quality  of  the  land  he  is  to  pay  £192 :  Penns  or 
£204:16:— C. ;  has  paid  £110:11:4,  N.  C. 

J.  Schulz  has  bought  400  acres  in  the  south-west  corner  of  Lot  28, 
in  the  9th  Deed;  is  to  pay  £80:  Penns.  or  £85:6:8,  K.  C;  has  paid 
£34:4:6,  N.  O. 

Heinrich  Schmid  has  bought  500  acres,  in  the  8th  Deed,  bordering 
on  the  east  line  of  the  Bethania  Lot;  is  to  pay  £150:  Penns.  or  £160- 
M.  C. ;  has  paid  £106  :13  :4,  JST.  C. 

To  a  poor  Brother  from  Maryland,  William  Adam  Wolff,  I  have 
rented  200  acres  of  the  4th  Lot,  in  the  north-west  corner  of  the  loth 
Deed.  He  is  to  pay  40  shillings  per  year,  with  the  agreement  that  he 
may  buy  it  at  any  time  within  five  years  for  £40 :  1ST.  C.  currency. 

Two  miles  from  Salem,  J.  George  Baumgarten  has  taken  100  acres, 
for  20  shillings,  Sterling,  annual  rental,  the  first  three  years  free. 
George  Adam  Schumacher,  from  Broadbay,  has  also  taken  110  acres 


614  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


at  21  sh.  Sterl.  and  one  year  free.  Both  these  are  on  21  year  Leases. 
In  case  of  cancellation  of  the  Lease  there  is  to  be  no  claim  on  ns  for 
buildings,  fences,  or  fruit  trees. 

Aug.  3,  1770. 

Since  Br.  Klein's  arrival  we  have  often  considered  how  the  farm  at 
Bethabara  can  best  be  used,  for  it  is  a  recognized  fact  in  America  that 
there  is  no  profit  in  a  farm  run  with  hired  help.  *  *  *  Therefore 
the  laying  out  of  a  great  estate  is  not  advantageous  in  America;  and 
the  man  who  has  a  larger  farm  than  he  can  work  with  the  aid  of  wife 
and  children  cannot  expect  to  profit  by  it.  *  *  *  Under  such  cir- 
cumstances other  people  buy  slaves,  but  to  purchase  ten  or  twelve 
would  require  an  outlay  of  more  than  £1000:  (the  one  we  have  cost 
£120:  and  was  considered  cheap),  and  not  many  of  our  Brethren  or 
Sisters  have  the  gift  of  handling  slaves,  without  spoiling  them. 

The  present  store  is  a  poorly-built,  one-story  log  house,  with  one 
living  room;  the  log  sales-room  adjoining  it  is  of  medium  size.  Above 
both  there  is  no  regular  ceiling,  but  loose  boards  are  laid  across  the 
rafters,  so  that  boxes  can  be  stored  there.  Near  by  is  a  shed,  with  a 
board  roof  supported  on  posts,  the  sides  made  of  slabs;  here  hides, 
tobacco,  iron,  salt,  etc.  are  stored.  The  house  lies  low  in  the  meadow, 
below  the  hill,  which  makes  it  unhealthy,  and  no  proper  lot  can  be 
laid  out  about  it;  in  short  it  is  a  hut  out  of  which  not  much  can  be 
made. 

The  tavern  in  Bethabara  is  at  present  in  fair  condition,  though  poorly 
built.  When  trade  moves  to  Salem  it  will  not  have  much  patronage, 
and  must  either  be  given  up,  or  bring  in  little  or  nothing. 

!§!  *Ji  Sj»  5jC 

On  account  of  the  scarcity  of  money  many  of  our  payments  are  made 
with  store  tickets.  Our  currency,  also,  is  worth  nothing  in  Charlestown, 
and  when  we  remit  to  Europe  we  must  pay  the  store  here,  and  when  the 
merchant  takes  goods  to  Charlestown  he  must  arrange  there  for  the 
exchange. 

Bethabara,  Oct.  15,  1770. 

First  copy  sent  by  way  of  Charlestown. 

Duplicate  sent  by  way  of  Bethlehem,  in  March,  1771. 

On  Aug.  1st,  the  Cherokee  chief,  Young  Warrior,  passed  through 
here.  He  did  not  stop  on  his  return;  but  from  Col.  Donaldson,  of 
Virginia  we  learned  that  the  King  of  England  has  bought  all  of  New 
River  and  part  of  Holston  River  from  the  Cherokees,  and  he  was  on 
his  way  to  Keowee  to  receive  the  presents  which  had  arrived  in  Charles- 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


615 


town,  worth  £2500:  Sterl.  and  then  to  run  the  boundary  line  behind 
Virginia. 

****** 

Concerning  church  affairs  in  our  County  it  may  be  stated  that  six 
years  ago  an  attempt  was  made  to  elect  a  minister  for  the  Parish  of 
St.  Luke,  which  includes  the  entire  County  except  our  land.  In  spite 
of  the  law  the  Dissenters  prevailed,  and  no  Vestry  was  elected,  and 
nothing  was  done.  Then  the  Governor  appointed  a  Curate,  which  was 
announced  at  the  August  Court,  and  for  lack  of  a  church  the  Court- 
House  at  Salisbury  was  cleared  out  for  him.  But  without  a  Vestry 
he  can  get  no  salary,  and  time  will  show  whether  he  will  stay  or  not. 

The  Regulators  continue  restless,  and  our  quiet  life  is  a  thorn  in 
the  eye  to  them,  but  we  have  received  no  serious  oppression  from  them. 

Bethabara  Brand. 
Inferior  Court,  Rowan  Co.  Salisbury. 

Bethabara  Mark  and  Brand  as  follows,  To  wit ;  Brand  thus  W  their 
Mark.    About  one  Inch  Crapt  off  the  Left  Ear. 
Recorded  this  16th  Day  of  August,  1770. 


1771 


Marshall's  Reports  to  U.  E.  C. 
[A  few  extracts  translated.] 

Bethabara,  Feb.  1,  1771. 

First  copy  sent  by  way  of  Bethlehem. 
Duplicate  by  Charlestown  in  April. 

This  is  a  time  of  year  when  no  one  is  likely  to  go  to  Charlestown  or 
Bethlehem,  so  I  must  have  my  letter  ready,  in  order  to  take  advant- 
age of  an  opportunity,  if  one  offers. 

On  Oct.  24th,  of  last  year,  a  young  man  came  as  express  from  Cross 
Creek,  bringing  word  from  Br.  Soelle  that  he,  and  five  families  from 
Broadbay,  had  arrived  in  Wilmington,  and  some  had  come  as  far  as 
Cross  Creek.  One  awakened  woman  [Mrs.  Philip  Yogler]  had  died 
in  Cross  Creek  of  the  so-called  Yellow  Fever.  Three  additional  fam- 
ilies were  planning  to  come  later  from  Broadbay  to  settle  in  Wachovia. 

*  *  *  It  is  a  company  of  which  some  are  entangled  in  the  net,  and 
have  not  been  set  free,  but  they  respect  the  Brethren,  and  especially 
Br.  Soelle.  Their  wish  is  to  buy  adjoining  farms,  laid  out  in  the 
form  of  a  village,  so  that  none  shall  be  more  than  a  quarter  of  an  hour 
from  the  center,  where  they  want  to  have  a  school-house  or  church. 

*  *  *  They  have  decided  on  land  in  the  13th  Lot,  in  the  6th  Deed, 
which  lies  five  or  six  miles  from  Salem,  for  which  they  must  pay  £30 : 
Penns.  which  is  £32:  1ST.  C.  currency,  per  hundred  acres.  Some  of 
them  are  quite  poor,  others  have  more  or  less  means,  but  as  they  must 
live  for  a  year  on  what  money  they  have,  none  of  them  has  entirely 
paid  for  his  land.  I  have  therefore  made  two  kinds  of  contracts  with 
them.  (1)  To  a  man  who  can  pay  one  half  or  one  third,  cash  down, 
possession  of  the  land  is  given,  with  the  promise  that  a  Deed  will  be 
made  as  soon  as  the  balance  is  paid,  he  to  give  Bond  concerning  the 
re-sale  of  the  land.  Payment  of  the  balance  is  to  be  made  in  one 
year;  any  part  unpaid  after  that  date  is  to  draw  5%  interest.  He  is 
to  pay  the  Quit  Rent  from  now  on.  (2)  The  man  who  can  make  no 
payment  now  receives  a  20  year  Lease,  drawn  in  the  usual  terms;  the 
yearly  rent  is  fixed  at  5%  on  the  price  of  the  land,  plus  the  Quit  Rent, 
and  he  promises  at  once  to  clear  land  and  to  build.  A  clause  is  added 
providing  that  he  may  buy  the  land  at  any  time  within  seven  years, 
for  £32 :  1ST.  0.  currency,  per  hundred  acres ;  after  that  period  I  am 


Map  of  Wachovia,  August,  1766,  and  Some  Additional  Surveys 
(Original  in  Wachovia  Historical  Museum) 


Eeoobds  of  the  Mobavians  in  Nobth  Cabolina 


617 


not  bound  to  sell  to  Mm.  (There  is  no  intention  of  taking  advantage 
of  a  man  by  a  rigld  interpretation  of  this,  bnt  agreements  must  have 
definite  stipulates..)  Under  sueh  a  Lease  the  poor  can  buy  J 
well  as  the  rich.  [In  the  south-east  corner  of  the  Wachovia  map  ol 
1766,  m  this  volume,  are  the  long,  narrow  lots  purchased  by  the  Broad- 

SZ1S'»  rn  38         Friedland  8ettlement^  the8e  "additional 

surveys   were  of  course  added  to  the  map  in  1771.1    On  Nov  20th  a 

beginning  was  made  in  surveying  nine  farms  of  200  acres  each;  and 
nnally  they  drew  for  choice  of  the  farms. 

****** 

The  stonework  on  the  Gemein  Hans  was  finished  before  winter  be- 
gan, making  lt  possible  to  continue  with  work  on  the  floors,  etc  But 
the  continuing :  unfortunate  controversy  between  England  and  the  Col- 
onies prevented  our  wagons  from  bringing  glass  for  the  windows,  when 
they  returned  the  middle  of  November  from  Charlestown. 

tJ*  ^V'  1  \hiST,SerieS>  the  Regulators  appeared  quite  often  in 
the  translation  of  the  Diaries,  but  as  each  writer  naturally  presents  a 
subject  from  a  slightly  different  point  of  view  Marshall's  storj  is  trans 
lated,  even  though  it  to  some  extent  duplicates  that  of  Br.  Graff.] 

Bethabara,  April  20,  1771. 
In  the  beginning  of  February  the  land  was  again  in  alarm.  A  leader 
of  the  Kegulators  was  arrested  in  Newbern,  and  it  is  said  he  was  im- 
prisoned. People  believed  he  would  be  sent  to  England,  and  a  rendez- 
vous was  appointed,  from  which  they  intended  to  march  to  Newbern 
and  rescue  him  by  force  of  arms.  When  such  an  irregular  crowd  gath- 
ers they  do  not  stop  with  one  excess.  A  number  had  planned  to  go  to 
Bethabara  on  Feb.  9th,  and  it  was  said  that  they  intended  to  publicly 
whip  certam  active  leaders,  as  they  have  done  in  other  places.  But 

Indwt  deterred  '  g°°d  many  fr°m  ioi^  ^  ^mpaign, 

and  when  the  Government  made  preparations  to  oppose  them  they  re^ 
solved  to  estabhsh  proper  military  discipline  among  themselves,  and 
reduce  drinking  and  other  excesses,  and  so  the  day  we  dreaded  passed 
7  7  teads-  ^e^Ule  «00  armed  men  gathered  on  Haw  River 
but  matters  were  adjusted,  and  after  they  had  suffered  much  from  cold' 
and  hunger  they  dispersed.  Those  who  passed  through  here  reioiced 
m  the  first  comfortable  lodging  they  had  found.  " 

eral  Oon!!6  ^ftT  *  an°ther  ^  0n  the  6tt  of  Mar<*  Gen- 
eral Court  was  to  be  held  m  Salisbury,  and  they  determined  to  do  there 


618  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


what  they  had  previously  done  in  Hillsboro,  and  100  men  went  as  far 
as  the  Adkin.  Therefore  no  Court  was  held,  but  a  promise  was  given 
them  that  in  May  there  should  be  a  special  session  for  the  hearing  of 
their  complaints. 

Immediately  after  this  some  of  them  notified  us  that  they  would 
come  here  on  March  16th,  to  see  Brn.  Bagge,  Bonn,  and  myself.  Their 
complaint  was  concerning  certain  pieces  of  land  bought  by  us  more 
than  thirteen  years  ago,  and  sold  six  years  or  more  ago,  none  of  it 
now  being  in  our  hands.  They  pretended  to  have  had  a  right  to  this 
land,  and  expected  to  be  paid  for  their  loss.  They  even  believed  they 
had  a  claim  to  the  land  on  which  Bethabara  stands !  We  answered 
them  frankly,  and  they  could  not  justify  their  claims.  The  conclusion 
was  that  they  should  draw  up  a  statement  of  their  contention,  which  I 
would  send  to  Br.  Jacob  Loesch,  who  was  then  in  charge  here,  and  he 
should  answer  in  writing,  or  if  possible  in  person;  but  they  have  sent 
in  nothing.  It  would  have  pleased  them  to  frighten  us  into  doing  what 
they  wished,  but  we  did  not  have  a  guilty  conscience,  and  were  not 
afraid. 

!$C  5jC  *  *  :Jt  * 

Although  Bethabara  and  Bethania  lie  close  together  there  is  as  great 
a  difference  in  their  methods  as  if  they  were  far  apart.  Bethania  does 
things  as  they  come ;  Bethabara  plans.  Bethania  has  almost  no  money ; 
in  Bethabara  all  accounts  are  in  cash.  In  Bethania  the  office  of  Saal 
Diener  is  held  in  turn  by  the  members,  and  the  Diener  furnishes  the 
candles,  and  whatever  else  is  necessary.  Materials  for  the  Lovefeast  and 
Communions  are  also  furnished  by  the  members  in  turn;  only  once 
during  the  year  is  there  a  small  collection  for  congregation  expenses. 

:}:       :Js  H=  ^ 

The  present  building  of  Salem  is  an  extraordinary  affair,  which  I 
would  not  have  undertaken  had  not  the  Saviour  Himself  ordered  it. 
I  verily  believe  that  the  rich  city  of  London  could  not  do  that  which 
we  must  accomplish, — move  the  entire  town  and  its  businesses  to  another 
place. 

June  16,  1771. 

As  Br.  Bagge,  with  five  wagons,  was  on  his  way  to  Charlestown, 
he  was  detained  several  days  at  the  Yadkin,  for  the  water  was  high 
and  he  could  not  ford  the  river,  and  the  ferry  was  being  used  by  Gen. 
"Waddell  for  his  troops, — some  hundreds  of  newly-enlisted  men,  with 
artillery  and  baggage.  To  oppose  these  the  Kegulators  gathered  at 
New  Garden,  a  number  of  them  passing  through  our  town.    From  JSTew 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


619 


Garden  they  marched  to  meet  the  General,  and  as  they  had  four  or 
five  times  as  many  men  as  he,  and  beyond  Salisbury  had  seized  a  wagon 
from  Charlestown  loaded  with  ammunition  for  his  troops,  he  was 
obliged  to  fall  back  across  the  Yadkin.  Thereupon  the  Regulators  dis- 
persed, making  true  for  us  the  Text  of  May  11th :  "This  day  is  a  day 
of  good  tidings," 

When  His  hour  strikes  for  relieving 

Help  breaks  forth  amazingly; 
And,  to  shame  our  anxious  grieving, 

Often  unexpectedly. 

For  had  there  been  a  battle,  and  the  Regulators  successful,  Bethabara 
would  have  been  in  great  danger,  for  they  had  threatened  to  plunder 
and  burn  it.  But  their  insolence  was  greatly  increased,  and  twenty- 
five  men,  enlisted  for  the  Governor,  slipped  through  here,  in  much 
danger. 

Meanwhile  the  Governor  advanced  to  a  place  in  Orange  County, 
fifty  miles  from  here,  and  set  up  his  camp;  the  Regiments  expected 
from  New  York  did  not  come.  The  Regulators  assembled  from  all 
quarters,  several  thousand  strong,  and  on  May  16th  there  was  a  two- 
hour  fight.  The  first  report  we  had  was  that  the  Governor  was  wounded, 
many  of  his  soldiers  killed,  he  had  asked  for  a  truce  to  bury  his  dead, 
which  had  not  been  granted,  etc. ;  and  had  it  not  been  for  the  Text  of 
the  day  of  battle,  which  promised  that  He  would  send  His  angels  to 
protect  His  own,  we  might  have  been  sore  dismayed,  for  had  the  report 
been  true  our  fate  was  sealed.  Everybody  had  been  called  out  against 
the  Governor,  the  fields  had  not  been  planted,  and  if  any  man  tried  to 
excuse  himself  from  joining  the  Regulators  on  the  ground  that  he 
must  plant  his  fields  he  was  told  that  any  men  who  would  not  go  with 
them,  including  the  Brethren,  would  be  forced  to  give  half  their  harvest 
to  those  who  had  helped  fight.  But  the  more  brutal  they  had  been  be- 
fore the  battle,  the  more  desperate  they  were  later;  for  next  day  we 
learned  that  they  had  lost  a  couple  of  hundred  men,  killed  and  wounded; 
that  they  could  not  stand  before  the  gun  fire,  and  therefore  could  not 
make  another  attack,  and  had  gradually  scattered. 

Then  the  Governor  issued  a  Proclamation  wherein  Pardon  was  of- 
fered to  all  who  would  surrender  themselves,  give  up  their  arms,  prom- 
ise to  pay  taxes,  and  take  the  Oath  of  Allegiance, — certain  persons  be- 
ing expressly  excepted— and  every  day  large  numbers  of  Regulators 
came  in  and  surrendered.  Those  who  refused  the  terms  had  their  houses 
burned  and  their  fields  ruined. 


620  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 

Each  day  the  troops  drew  a  little  nearer  Salisbury,  and  therefore 
nearer  us,  and  they  were  only  thirty  miles  away  when  they  were  joined 
by  the  troops  under  Gen.  Waddell  and  Col.  Fanning,  and  so  the  whole 
army  was  together.  The  Governor  sent  us  a  Proclamation  to  be  posted, 
and  a  friendly  greeting  "to  all  Moravians,"  with  the  word  that  he  would 
not  visit  us  this  time.  On  June  3rd  one  of  our  Brethren,  who  had 
been  with  the  constable  to  the  camp  on  business,  returned  with  the  re- 
port that  in  the  camp  all  sorts  of  things  were  being  said  against  us, 
but  that  the  Governor  had  refused  to  allow  us  to  be  disturbed.  Ten 
thousand  pounds  of  meal  were  ordered  from  us,  to  be  paid  for  at  a 
low  price.  We  agreed  that  it  was  high  time  for  Br.  Bonn  and  me  to 
wait  on  the  Governor,  but  on  the  4th  of  June  we  learned  that  the 
Governor  and  his  entire  army  were  already  half  way  to  Bethabara,  and 
would  arrive  that  day.  We  had  barely  had  time  for  a  brief  conference 
when  we  heard  that  he  had  reached  Salem,  and  had  stopped  to  look 
around  and  take  some  food,  and  was  now  nearing  here.  We  rode  out 
to  meet  him,  and  our  trombonists  greeted  him  a  short  distance  out- 
side the  town,  preceding  the  chariot  in  which  he  sat  until  he  reached 
the  lodging  prepared  for  him.  After  eating,  we  rode  with  him  to  show 
him  two  fields,  fifteen  acres,  suggested  for  the  camp,  of  which  he  ap- 
proved; our  fifty-acre  meadow,  just  ready  for  the  hay-harvest,  had 
to  be  used  for  300  horses  (fortunately  most  of  the  cavalry  were  out  on 
various  expeditions),  but  we  were  paid  cash  for  the  damage  done. 
Such  strict  discipline  was  maintained  that  everybody  wondered,  but 
orders  had  been  issued  to  the  whole  army  before  our  Tract  was  entered, 
and  they  were  rigidly  enforced.  [The  celebration  of  the  King's  Birth- 
day has  been  sufficiently  presented,  and  further  details  concerning  the 
stay  in  Bethabara  are  omitted.  Marshall  closes  the  account  as  follows.,] 
I  believe  the  Saviour  wished  to  draw  all  the  leading  men  of  the  coun- 
try to  our  neighborhood  at  one  time,  for  nearly  all  were  there  as  volun- 
teers in  the  Governor's  army.  All  were  pleased,  and  found  in  our 
simple  life  a  charm  which  was  missing  elsewhere,  especially  in  the 
friendliness  with  which  our  Brethren  and  Sisters  served  every  one, — 
and  indeed  there  was  plenty  of  opportunity  for  this,  for  since  the  world 
has  stood  there  have  probably  never  been  so  many  men  together  here. 

ij;       %s  %       sj:  :Js 

In  Salem  work  has  gone  slowly  for  lack  of  men  and  teams,  but  the 
Single  Brethren  have  begun  a  one-story  building  behind  the  Brothers 
House,  and  have  it  under  roof, — it  is  to  be  used  for  work-shops,  and 
is  68  x  28  ft. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


621 


Our  new  County  has  begun,  and  the  first  Court  was  held  May  21st, 
when  the  Justices  of  the  Peace  and  other  officers  were  sworn  in.  The 
place  for  the  Court-House  will  not  be  chosen  until  the  Commissioners 
arrive  and  the  line  is  run. 

Sept.  2,  1771. 

In  July  the  boundary  line  between  the  Counties  of  Rowan  and  Surry 
was  run;  it  crosses  our  Tract  not  much  over  one  mile  south  of  Betha- 
bara,  so  the  larger  part  of  Wachovia,  including  Salem,  remains  in  the 
older  County.  Nothing  can  be  done  until  the  next  session  of  the  Assent- 
bly.  A  big  mistake  has  been  made,  for  it  was  believed  that  Earl  Gran- 
ville's land  was  84  miles  wide,  north  and  south,  therefore  the  older 
County  was  made  42  miles  wide,  supposedly  the  half,  and  now  they  find 
that  Surry  County  is  only  27%  miles  wide,  and  as  it  is  less  well  settled, 
and  poorer,  the  matter  will  practically  fall  of  itself. 

Nov.  3,  1771. 

This  year  I  have  given  the  first  Deeds  to  Wachovia  land,— to  those 
who  have  paid  in  full  for  what  they  have  bought —namely  to  the  Lein- 
bach  heirs  for  2000  acres,  to  P.  Rothrock  and  Marcus  Hoehns  for 
2120  acres,  to  Traugot  Bagge  for  2000  acres. 

****** 
The  residents  of  Bethania  have  found  all  sorts  of  difficulties  arising 
from  holding  their  land  on  Lease,  so  they  have  decided  to  buy  the 
2500  acres  set  apart  for  them,  and  it  will  be  surveyed  and  conveyed 
to  them  this  month.  Something  over  3000  acres  has  been  allotted  to 
Salem,  and  has  been  surveyed. 

****** 
m  Br-  file's  preaching-plan  is  extending,  for  he  has  been  more  than 
sixty  miles  to  the  west,  toward  the  Mulberry  Fields,  and  forty  miles 
south-east  to  the  Hugh  Warren,  and  constantly  receives  new  invitations. 

****** 

This  fall  again  several  families  have  come  from  Pennsylvania ;  one  of 
them,  a  Communicant  Brother  from  Manakasy,  named  Binkele,  has 
bought  300  acres  near  Heinrich  Schmidt;  another,  Williard  by  name, 
has  taken  200  acres  which  we  had  bought  on  the  borders  of  Wachovia; 
and  Heinrich  Schmidt,  having  paid  in  full,  has  received  a  Deed  to  his 
land. 

Henry  Smith's  Special  Bond. 

[In  order  to  prevent  any  of  the  Wachovia  land  from  falling  into  the 
hands  of  undesirable  settlers  each  man  who  took  a  Deed  from  the  Mo- 


622  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


ravians  for  land  within  the  Tract  was  required  to  give  a  Bond  that 
if  he  wished  to  sell  he  would  give  the  Moravian  office  the  refusal,  at 
such  price  as  he  could  get  from  another  purchaser.  A  package  of  these 
"Special  Bonds"  in  the  Salem  Archives  contains  nine  Bonds  of  date 
prior  to  the  end  of  1771,  as  follows: 

John  Shaub  to  James  Hutton  and  Frederic  Marshall,  his  Attorney, 
300  acres,  Aug.  4,  1769 ; 

Traugott  Bagge,  2000  acres,  Sept.  29,  1770; 
Benjamin  Leinbach,  400  acres,  Dec.  26,  1770; 
Lewis  Leinbach,  400  acres,  Dec.  26,  1770; 
Marcus  Hoenes,  1060  acres,  May  20,  1771; 
Philip  Rothrock,  1060  acres,  May  20,  1771 ; 
Peter  Binckle,  307  acres,  Sept.  30,  1771 ; 
John  Bank,  400  acres,  Sept.  30,  1771 ; 
Henry  Smith,  502y2  acres,  Dec.  13,  1771. 

The  wording  of  all  the  Bonds  is  the  same,  except  as  to  amounts,  and 
the  one  given  by  Henry  Smith  (Heinrich  Schmidt)  follows.  It  is 
written  in  English.] 

KNOW  ALL  MEN  BY  THESE  PRESENTS 

That  I  Henry  Smith  of  Wachovia  in  Rowan  County  in  the  Province 
of  North  Carolina  Black  Smith  am  held  and  firmly  bound  unto  James 
Hutton  of  Chelsea  in  the  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  Gentl.  and  Frederic 
Marshall  of  Wachovia  aforesaid  Gentl.  Attorney  of  the  said  J ames  Hut- 
ton in  the  Sum  of  One  hundred  Pounds  Sterling  lawful  Money  of  Great 
Britain  to  be  paid  to  the  said  James  Hutton  &  Frederic  Marshall  or 
unto  their  certain  Attorney,  Executors,  Administrate  or  Assigns.  To 
which  Payment  well  and  truly  to  be  made  I  do  bind  myself  my  heirs, 
Executors  and  Administrators  and  every  of  them  firmly  by  these  Pres- 
ents. Sealed  with  my  Seal.  Dated  the  thirteenth  Day  of  December 
in  the  Year  of  our  LORD,  One  thousand  seven  hundred  and  seventy  one 
and  in  the  twelfth  Year  of  the  Reign  of  our  Sovereign  Lord  George  the 
Third  by  the  Grace  of  GOD,  King  of  Great  Britain  &ca. 
WHEREAS  the  above  bounden  Henry  Smith  is  seized  and  possessed  in 
Fee  Simple  of  and  in  a  certain  Tract  or  Parcel  of  Land,  situate  in 
Wachovia  aforesaid,  Containing  Five  hundred  and  two  and  a  half  Acres 
and  twelve  perches  As  by  a  certain  Indenture  made  to  him  the  said 
Henry  Smith  by  the  said  James  Hutton  and  Frederic  Marshall  bearing 
Date  the  twenty  ninth  Day  of  September  one  thousand  seven  hundred 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  623 


and  sixty  nine,  more  fully  appears  Now  the  Condition  of  this  Obliga- 
tion is  such  That  if  the  said  Henry  Smith  his  Heirs  or  Assigns  do 
not  nor  any  of  them  doth  at  any  Time  or  Times  hereafter  grant  bar- 
gain sell  or  convey  his  or  their  Estate  in  the  Premises  or  any  Part  or 
parcel  thereof  unto  any  Person  or  Persons  whatsoever  without  first 
having  made  an  offer  of  the  same  in  Writing  under  his  or  their  Hand 
or  Hands  unto  him  the  said  James  Hutton  or  his  Heirs  or  Assigns 
or  unto  him  the  said  Frederic  Marshall  his  present  Attorney  or  unto 
such  other  Attorney  or  Attorneys  of  him  the  said  James  Hutton  or  his 
Heirs  or  Assigns  as  shall  from  Time  to  Time  be  legally  constituted  and 
appointed,  preferably  to  any  other  Person  for  such  reasonable  Price 
or  Consideration  as  may,  conscionably  and  bona  fide,  be  then  had  and 
obtained  for  the  same  from  any  other  indifferent  Purchaser;  and  shall 
then  thereupon  have  received  his  or  their  final  Determination  in  Writ- 
ing Provided  nevertheless  that  such  Offer  shall  be  accepted  by  the  said 
James  Hutton  his  Heirs  or  Assigns  or  his  or  their  Attorney  or  At- 
torn ies  within  the  Space  of  thirty  Days  next  after  the  same  shall  have 
been  so  made  in  Writing  unto  him  or  them  by  the  said  Henry  Smith  his 
Heirs  or  Assigns  as  aforesaid  Then  this  Obligation  to  be  void  or  other- 
wise to  be  and  remain  in  full  Force  and  Virtue  in  the  Law. 

Sealed  and  delivered  )  ,  .  ,  N 

_  '  his  (  ) 

m  the  Presence  01  us  )  ,  „  v    0    .  ,  /  . 

™   .      '       ,    ^  ;  Henry    X    Smith  (  ) 

Christ.  Gottl.  Renter  )  J  Mark  (  ) 

James  Merck  ) 


PART  II 

HISTORICAL  SKETCHES 


3 


Colonial  Currency  of  North  Carolina 
From  collection  in  Wachovia  Historical  Society 


PROVINCIAL  CURRENCY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


[Editorial.] 

The  history  of  the  Provincial  Currency  of  North  Carolina  seems 
never  to  have  been  written,  and  the  only  considerable  collections  of  the 
bills  issued  at  various  times  by  order  of  the  Assembly  are  those  in  the 
Wachovia  Historical  Society  Museum  at  Winston- Salem,  and  in  the 
Hall  of  History  in  Raleigh,  and  of  these  the  first  entirely,  and  the 
second  in  large  part,  came  from  the  bills  left  in  the  hands  of  the 
Moravians  when  they  ceased  to  have  a  current  value.  This  being  the 
case  a  brief  outline  of  the  matter  comes  within  the  scope  of  this  volume, 
though  no  exhaustive  treatise  is  attempted. 

Henry  Holt's  History  of  American  Currency  gives  some  account  of 
the  money  used  by  the  first  colonists  in  New  England,— that  is,  first, 
the  coin  they  brought  with  them;  then  "Wampum,"  or  polished  shells' 
strung  as  chains  or  belts,  and  used  as  jewelry  and  also  as  money  by 
the  Indians,  and  adopted  by  the  whites  as  currency  also.    In  addition 
to  this  there  was  a  barter  currency,  corn,  beaver  skins,  etc.  being  legal 
tender.    In  1652  Massachusetts  set  up  a  Mint  at  Boston,  to  coin  silver 
shillings,  six-pences  and  three-pences,  and  it  continued  in  operation 
more  or  less  until  about  1688,  although  it  was  a  breach  of  the  Royal 
prerogative  for  a  Colony  to  coin  money,  and  what  they  did  coin- 
known  as  "pine-tree"  currency— was  not  on  a  per  with  Sterling.  The 
first  paper  money  there  was  issued  in  1690.    The  only  reference  that 
Mr.  Holt  makes  to  North  Carolina  is  that  she  "issued  paper  to  build 
a  palace  for  the  Governor."    Larned's  History  for  Ready  Reference, 
does  not  even  mention  North  Carolina  in  the  list  of  Early  Papers  Issues; 
and  the  Encyclopedia  Americana  mistakenly  states  that  the  first  issue 
of  Paper  Money  in  North  Carolina  was  in  1748. 

Prom  the  Colonial  Records  of  North  Carolina  it  appears  that  the 
first  issue  in  this  Province  was  really  in  1712,  there  being  £4000:  in 
Bills  of  Credit,  bearing  interest;  and  in  1713  there  was  another  issue 
of  £8000 :  of  the  same  kind,  the  occasion  being  the  debts  resting  on  the 
Province  from  the  war  with  the  Tuscarora  Indians,  1711-1713.  In 
1715  the  Assembly  authorized  the  issue  of  £24,000:  Public  Bills  of 
Credit,  which  were  to  be  signed  by  Christopher  Gale,  Ed  Mosely,  Tobias 
Knight,  and  Daniel  Richardson;  and  were  to  redeem  outstanding  bills, 


628  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


and  for  future  needs  of  the  Province.  Bills  of  the  earlier  issues,  as 
redeemed,  were  to  be  publicly  burned  in  lots  of  £300 :,  interest  on  them 
to  cease  after  Aug.  25,  1715,  and  value  to  cease  after  March  25,  1716. 
The  new  Bills  were  to  be  "reckoned  and  taken  to  be  a  good  payment 
and  Tender  in  Law  for  any  of  the  rated  commodities  of  the  Country  or 
other  Money,  allowing  50%  between  the  same  and  Sterling."  It  was 
ordered  that  Counterfeiting  or  circulating  counterfeits  was  to  be  "pun- 
ished as  a  Felony,  without  benefit  of  clergy."  Like  the  earlier  Bills 
these  of  1715  were  to  draw  interest  for  two  years,  but  that  they  were 
received  with  some  doubt  as  to  their  value  is  evidenced  by  a  Minute 
of  Council,  Aug.  4,  1716 :  "Besolved  that  such  persons  who  refuse  to 
Take  the  publick  Bills  of  Credit  in  payment  of  Fees  or  Quit  Bents 
or  that  demand  or  receive  any  Allowance  for  Taking  Fees  or  Quit 
Bents  in  bills  do  very  much  lessen  ye  Credit  of  them  and  are  Guilty 
of  a  very  Great  Breach  of  the  Act  of  Assembly  concerning  the  currency 
of  the  bills."  In  1722  £12,000 :  was  issued  to  redeem  all  outstanding 
Bills,  less  those  lost  and  defaced. 

In  1729  a  new  feature  was  introduced.  £40,000 :  was  issued,  of  which 
£10,000:  was  to  redeem  outstanding  Certificates  and  £30,000:  was 
to  be  lent  on  land,  the  rate  of  interest  being  6%,  and  payment  to  be 
made  in  fifteen  equal  annual  installments.  According  to  the  Act 
of  Assembly  these  bills  were  to  be  reckoned  "at  500%  exchange." 
In  writing  to  the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  one  of  His  Majesty's  principal 
Secretaries,  in  1731,  Gov.  George  Burrington  says  of  the  Bills  of 
1729  :  "The  Act  itself  made  an  Estimate  of  them  at  Four  for  one 
with  respect  to  Virginia  Currency,  which  is  something  better  than 
Proclamation  Money,  Tho  not  so  much  better  as  the  Assembly  seemed 
to  deem  it.  For  Proclamation  Money  makes  the  chief  Part  of  For- 
reign  Coyns  current  at  6sh.  lOd  per  Ounce,  and  Spanish  Money  passes 
in  England  at  about  5sh.  6d  per  Ounce  Sterling.  The  pretended 
Act  says  if  the  Bills  in  this  Currency  should  sink  from  that  estimate 
an  allowance  should  by  the  Assembly  be  afterward  ascertained  on  them, 
this  was  intricately  enough  expressed  in  the  Act,  and  at  the  same  time 
in  Lieu  of  these  Bills  when  to  be  paid  inn  If  they  were  paid  in  Silver 
it  should  be  taken  at  25sh.  per  Ounce,  which  was  stateing  of  it  at  four 
for  one  in  Silver  according  to  the  old  Virginia  Currency  which  till 
lately  was  at  6sh.  3d.  per  Ounce.  This  seems  the  Statement  made  by 
the  Act,  but  instead  of  four  for  one  in  Sterling  Silver  they  will  not 
pass  so,  nor  purchase  Silver  under  seven  or  eight  for  one,  and  then- 
Credit  seems  more  declining."  In  1730  King  George  ordered  that  no 
more  Bills  of  Credit  should  be  issued  without  Boyal  authority;  and  in 


Kecokds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


629 


1731  the  statement  is  made  that  all  old  bills  had  been  called  in  except 
those  of  the  1729  issue.  In  1735,  however,  there  was  an  issue  of 
£50,000:  of  which  £10,000:  was  in  Bills  of  Credit  for  the  payment 
of  public  debts,  and  £40,000 :  was  to  redeem  outstanding  Bills,  though 
the  new  Bills  were  not  legal  tender.  The  Lords  Proprietors  demanded 
silver  in  payment  of  Quit  Rents;  many  persons  refused  to  receive  the 
Bills;  and  by  1744  the  value  had  decreased  until  20  shillings  of  JNT.  C. 
Currency  was  only  worth  2  shillings  Sterling. 

Requests  for  the  issue  of  more  money  were  refused  by  Gov.  John- 
son until  1748,  when  the  Province  was  sorely  alarmed  by  the  incursions 
of  the  Spanish  from  Florida,  and  he  agreed  on  condition  that  four 
forts  should  be  built  immediately.  The  Act  of  Assembly  was  "for 
granting  unto  His  Majesty  the  Sum  of  £21,350:  Proclamation  Money, 
and  for  stamping  and  emitting  the  said  sum  of  £21,350:  Public  Bills 
of  Credit,  at  the  rate  of  Proclamation  Money;  to  be  applied  towards 
building  Fortifications  in  this  Province,  Payment  of  the  Public  Debts, 
exchanging  the  present  Bills  of  Credit,  and  for  making  proper  provision 
for  defraying  the  Contingent  Charges  of  the  Government."  Eleazar 
Allen,  Edward  Mosely,  Samuel  Swann  and  John  Starkey  were  ap- 
pointed Commissioners,  "to  stamp  with  Copper  plates  and  sign  with 
their  hands"  the  new  bills,  and  it  must  have  been  no  small  task!  It 
was  provided  that  one  shilling  of  the  new  money  was  to  replace  7sh. 
6d.  of  the  former  Bills  of  Credit,  which  had  been  the  rate  of  exchange 
with  Proclamation  Money  for  years. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  term  "Proclamation  Money"  is  here  used 
in  two  senses— for  the  new  paper  bills,  which  is  the  meaning  usually 
attached  to  it  now,  but  also  for  the  currency  which  the  new  issue  was 
to  equal  in  value.  In  the  second  sense  it  was  really  a  rate  of  exchange, 
not  a  certain  kind  of  money.  In  the  year  1705  Queen  Anne  of  England 
issued  a  Proclamation  "for  settling  and  ascertaining  the  Current  Rates 
of  foreign  Coins  in  all  Her  Majesty's  Plantations  in  America,"  atten- 
tion having  been  drawn  to  "the  great  mischief  arising  to  Her  Majesty 
by  the  different  value  of  Coins"  in  circulation  in  the  Colonies.  In  the 
sixth  year  of  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne,  Parliament  passed  an  Act  fixing 
the  relative  value  of  these  foreign  coins ;  and  this  Act  was  still  in  force 
in  1754,  when  in  the  Instructions  given  to  Governor  Dobbs  he  was 
"strictly  enjoined  to  take  the  most  effectual  care  for  the  future  that 
the  said  Act  be  punctually  and  bona  fide  observed."  "Proclamation 
Money"  therefore,  was  originally  all  foreign  coin  circulating  in  the 
American  Colonies,  as  rated  by  the  Proclamation  of  Queen  Anne;  and 
by  analogy  it  became  the  paper  money  of  intended  equal  value. 


630  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


In  1754  the  Assembly  of  North  Carolina  granted  "to  His  Majesty 
the  sum  £40,000 :  in  Public  Bills  of  Credit,  at  the  rate  of  Proclamation 
Money,  to  be  applied  towards  defraying  the  expense  of  raising  and 
subsisting  the  Forces  for  His  Majesty's  Service  in  this  Province,  to  be 
sent  to  the  assistance  of  his  Majesty's  Colony  of  Virginia,  and  for 
other  purposes,"  the  breaking  out  of  the  Prench  and  Indian  War  having 
aroused  the  people  to  the  need  of  troops  for  defense..  John  Swann, 
Lewis  de  Rosset,  Samuel  Swann  and  John  Starkey  were  named  as  the 
Committee  to  issue  and  sign  the  new  Bills,  which  were  to  be  legal 
tender  at  the  rate  of  4  sh.  Proc.  to  3  sh.  Sterling.  The  penalty  for 
counterfeiting  was  the  same  as  in  1748,  that  is  "for  a  first  offense  to  be 
whipped,  not  exceeding  40  lashes,  and  stand  in  the  Pillory  2  hours, 
and  have  both  ears  nailed  to  the  Pillory  and  cut  off ;  for  second  offense 
to  be  deemed  a  Felon,  without  benefit  of  clergy,  and  suffer  accordingly," 
which  meant  death. 

The  Prench  and  Indian  War  continuing  for  several  years  there  were 
various  issues  of  interest-bearing  Treasury  Notes,  which  were  to  be 
covered  by  the  receipts  from  Poll  Taxes;  but  it  proved  to  be  "imprac- 
ticable" to  raise  revenue  by  Poll  Tax  "on  account  of  the  reduced  state 
of  the  Province,"  so  in  1760  there  was  another  issue  of  Bills  of  Credit, 
£12,000:  at  the  rate  of  Proclamation  Money,  "to  be  current  and  a 
Lawful  Tender  in  all  Payments  whatsoever."  The  same  Committee 
served  as  in  1754.  In  1761  £20,000 :  were  issued  under  the  same  cir- 
cumstances, the  Act  stating  that  the  money  was  to  be  used  "for  raising, 
clothing,  and  paying  500  effective  Men,  and  for  paying  and  subsisting 
50  Men  and  Officers  now  in  Garrison,"  etc. 

In  1768,  James  Hassell,  Lewis  de  Rosset,  Richard  Caswell  and 
Thomas  Clifford  Howe  were  appointed  to  supervise  the  emission  of 
£20,000 :  "of  such  denominations  as  they  shall  think  convenient."  The 
money  was  to  be  used  to  pay  the  forces  raised  to  suppress  "the  late  dan- 
gerous Insurrection  on  the  Western  Frontier,"  where  the  Regulator 
troubles  were  beginning;  to  pay  for  the  running  of  the  Dividing  Line 
between  the  Province  of  North  Carolina  and  the  Hunting  Grounds  of 
the  Indians ;  and  for  the  general  expenses  of  the  Government.  To  cover 
these  Treasury  Certificates  it  was  provided  that  "2  shillings  Proclama- 
tion" was  to  be  levied  as  Poll  Tax,  beginning  in  1771,  which  was  to  be 
paid,  as  were  other  public  taxes,  in  gold  and  silver,  or  Proclamation 
Money,  "or  Commodities  as  hereinafter  rated,"  which  were: — 

Tobacco,  at  15  shillings  per  hundredweight, 

Hemp,  entitled  to  a  Bounty  of  40  shillings  per  hundredweight, 

Rice,  at  12  sh.,  per  hundredweight, 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


631 


Indigo,  at  4  sh.  per  pound, 
Bees-wax,  at  1  sh.  per  pound, 
Myrtle-wax,  at  8  sh.  per  pound, 
Tallow,  at  6  sh.  per  pound, 

Indian  dressed  deer  skins,  not  weighing  less  than  1  lb.  each,  at  2  sh.  6d. 
per  pound. 

In  1771  it  was  found  "absolutely  necessary"  to  raise  £60,000:  to  pay 

the  expenses  of  "the  late  necessary  expedition  against  the  Insurgents,"  

the  Regulators,— and  an  Act  was  passed  by  the  Assembly  to  issue  "De- 
benture Bills"  to  that  amount,  which  were  to  be  redeemed  from  the 
proceeds  of  a  Poll  Tax  of  2  shillings  Proc.  per  taxable  person,  the  Tax 
to  continue  for  ten  years,  unless  the  issue  had  been  paid  off  earlier. 
To  prevent  counterfeiting  "the  Public  Treasurer  shall  not  redeem  or 
receive  from  any  Person  whatsoever  any  of  the  said  Bills  which  shall 
appear  to  have  any  paper,  or  other  thing  whatsoever,  pasted,  glued  or 
sealed  on  the  Back  thereof."  John  Rutherford,  Lewis  Henry  De  Rosset, 
Richard  Caswell  and  John  Harvey  were  appointed  the  Committee  to 
issue  these  Bills,  which  were  the  last  to  appear  as  Provincial  Currency. 

In  1775  North  Carolina  practically  became  independent  of  Great 
Britain,  and  her  Provincial  Congress  issued  $125,000.00  of  "North 
Carolina  Currency,"  the  wording  of  each  Bill  being:  "This  Bill  en- 
titles the  Bearer  to  receive— Spanish  milled  Dollars  or  the  value  thereof 
in  Gold  and  Silver  according  to  the  Resolution  of  the  provincial  Con- 
gress held  at  Hillsboro  the  21st  day  of  Aug.  1775."  These  were  the  first 
Specie  Certificates  in  North  Carolina,  and  $250,000.00  additional  were 
issued  in  April,  1776,  and  $1,000,000.00  more  in  May  of  the  same  year. 

The  uncertainty  of  the  political  situation  greatly  complicated  the 
financial  one.  In  1777  Cornelius  Harnett  wrote  to  Thomas  Burke  that 
^the  Tories  and  sordid  Whigs"  were  discriminating  against  the  new 
issues  and  in  favor  of  the  Bills  issued  under  British  authority,  making 
at  least  100%  difference  in  favor  of  the  latter,  "which  in  its  consequences 
must  ruin  our  public  Credit";  active  Continentals,  as  the  best  means  of 
combating  this,  recommended  that  all  outstanding  English  Provincial 
Bills  should  be  repudiated,  and  condemned  as  valueless.  The  Assembly 
held  in  August,  1778,  decided  to  retire  both  the  Provincial  Bills,  and 
those  issued  by  the  various  North  Carolina  Congresses  since  1775,  and 
authorized  an  issue  of  $2,125,000.00,  of  which  $1.00  was  to  equal  8 
shillings  Proclamation  Money,  or  one  Spanish  milled  Dollar.,  The  Act 
provided  that  the  English  Provincial  Currency  should  be  redeemable 
until  Feb.  1,  1779,  and  should  not  pass  current  after  that  date,  and 
that  "the  Bills  emitted  under  the  authority  of  Congress  since  our  war 


632  NOKTH    CAROLINA   HlSTOKICAL  COMMISSION 


with  Britain  shall  be  paid  into  the  public  Treasury  before  the  first 
day  of  May,  or  be  held  irredeemable"  and  no  longer  pass  current.  The 
new  issue  was  to  be  legal  tender;  and  counterfeiting  was  to  "receive 
judgment  of  death,  without  benefit  of  clergy." 

Why  the  Moravians  of  Wachovia  kept  so  many  of  the  old  Bills  of 
different  issues  will  never  be  known.  Practically  all  are  torn,  and  they 
may  not  have  been  accepted  for  redemption;  and  they  may  have  been 
filed  away  for  the  future,  just  as  Diaries  and  other  papers  were  filed. 
Whatever  the  cause  their  existence  is  most  fortunate,  showing  at  it  does 
the  actual  form  of  so  large  a  proportion  of  the  bills  circulated.  From 
the  few  reproduced  in  this  volume  it  will  appear  that  while  they  were 
all  approximately  of  the  same  size  the  designs  were  all  different, — no 
two  in  the  entire  collection  are  alike,  though  a  certain  similarity  runs 
through  all  of  one  issue.  As  a  matter  of  reference  a  table  is  given 
showing  the  dates  of  issues  of  the  Colonial  Currency,  and  the  denomi- 
nations authorized  by  the  Assemblies,  so  far  as  they  are  preserved  in 
the  Colonial  Records,  the  figures  being  printed  in  italics  whenever  there 
is  a  specimen  in  the  collection  in  the  Wachovia  Historical  Society 
Museum  of  Winston-Salem. 

Issue  of  1712,  £4,000:  interest-bearing  Bills  of  Credit. 
Issue  of  1713,  £8,000:  interest-bearing  Bills  of  Credit. 
Issue  of  1715,  £24,000:  Public  Bills  of  Credit;  legal  tender. 
Issue  of  1722,  £12,000 :  to  redeem  outstanding  Bills. 
Issue  of  1729,  £40,000:  part  to  be  lent  on  land  at  6%  interest. 
Issue  of  1735,  £50,000:  not  legal  tender. 

Issue  of  1748,  £21,350 :  Public  Bills  of  Credit,  at  the  rate  of  Proclama- 
tion Money. 

Authorized  denominations, — Jf-d;  8d;  Ish;  2sh;  2sh  6d;  3sh;  5sh;  6sh; 
Ish  6d;  9sh;  lOsh;  15sh;  20sh;  30sh;  40sh;  £3. 
Issue  of  1754,  £40,000 :  Public  Bills  of  Credit,  Proc.  rate. 

Authorized  denominations, — JfOsh;  30sh;  26sh  8d;  20sh;  15sh;  lOsh; 
5sh;  If-sh;  2sh  8d;  Ish  (three  designs);  8d  (two  designs);  kd. 
Issue  of  1756,  £3,600:  interest-bearing  Treasury  Notes. 
Issue  of  1757,  £5,306:  interest  bearing  at  6%. 
Issue  of  1757,  £9,500:  interest-bearing  at  6%. 

The  Hall  of  History  at  Raleigh  has  one  £5  :  JSTote. 
Issue  of  1758,  £7,000:  bearing  lawful  interest. 

Wachovia  Historical  Society  has  £5;  20sh;  lOsh. 
Issue  of  1758,  £4,000:  interest-bearing  Treasury  Notes. 


Kecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


633 


Issue  of  1760,  £12,000:  at  the  rate  of  Proclamation  Money. 

Authorized  denominations— £3;  £2;  30sh;  £1;  10sh;  5sh;  2sh  8d' 
2sh;  lsh;  8d;  6d;  4d. 
Issue  of  1761,  £20,000 :  Proclamation  Money. 

Authorized  denominations,— £5;  J+Osh;  SOsh;  20sh;  15sh;  Wsh;  5sh; 
Jj-sh;  Ssh;  2sh  6d;  2sh;  lsh;  8d;  6d;  Jtd. 
Issue  of  1768,  £20,000:  Treasury  Certificates. 

Wachovia  Historical  Society  has,— £5;  £3;  kOsh;  20sh;  lOsh;  5sh; 
2sh  6d. 

Issue  of  1771,  £60,000 :  Debenture  Bills. 

Authorized  denominations,— £5;  £3;  £2;  30sh;  20sh;  lOsh;  5sh; 
2sh  6d  (two  designs);  lsh. 


THE  WRIGHT  COURT-HOUSE 


[Editorial.] 

The  Act  of  Assembly  of  1771,  which,  erected  Surry  County,  provided 
that  its  Courts  should  be  held  at  the  home  of  Gideon  Wright,  and  ac- 
cording to  custom  General  Musters  were  held  at  the  same  place.  It  is 
significant  of  the  utter  oblivion  which  has  fallen  upon  its  history  that 
the  editor  of  this  volume  made  two  expeditions  into  the  neighborhood 
where  an  old  Moravian  map  showed  that  Gideon  Wright  lived,  (page 
433,  Yol.  I,  this  series)  without  finding  any  resident  who  had  ever  heard 
of  the  Wright  Court  House!  Finally  the  search  was  successful,  and 
on  a  third  visit  the  site  was  pointed  out,  and  the  basis  laid  for  further 
investigation. 

The  name  of  Gideon  Wright  appears  quite  often  in  the  records  of 
Wachovia.  As  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  he  sat  in  the  County  Court ;  and 
he  came  to  Bethabara  at  intervals.  During  the  trouble  with  the  Regu- 
lators  he  sided  with  Gov.  Tryon,  as  did  the  Armstrongs  and  Martins, 
and  rose  to  the  rank  of  Colonel.  When  the  Revolution  began  the  Arm- 
strongs and  Martins  took  up  arms  for  the  country,  and  Col.  Wright 
remained  loyal  to  the  King.  He  was  among  those  called  by  Gov. 
Josiah  Martin  to  rouse  the  Loyalists  prior  to  the  Battle  of  Moore's 
Creek  Bridge,  but  there  is  no  record  of  his  having  obeyed  the  summons. 
In  1775  Col.,  Alexander  Martin  expressed  the  fear  that  Col.  Wright 
and  his  brother  were  "obstinate  enemies"  of  the  country;  and  Gen. 
William  Lenoir,  when  applying  for  pension  after  the  War,  stated  that 
he  had  helped  to  arrest  the  Tory  Gideon  Wright  and  take  him  to  prison 
at  Richmond,  but  nothing  serious  can  have  been  proved  against  him 
for  in  the  spring  of  1780  the  State  of  North  Carolina  gave  him  a  Grant 
for  200  acres  of  land,  although  the  land  of  certain  active  Tories  was 
being  confiscated.  He  did  join  in  the  Tory  uprising  of  the  summer 
of  1780,  but  was  not  sufficiently  prominent  to  bring  about  the  seizure 
of  his  land  even  then,  and  there  is  a  family  tradition  that  before  his 
death  he  had  taken  the  Oath  of  Allegiance  to  the  State  Government. 

The  history  of  the  Wright  Court-House  falls  into  the  period  be- 
tween the  beginning  of  the  Regulator  struggle  and  the  beginning  of  the 
Revolution,  when  Col.  Gideon  Wright  ranked  in  the  Colony  as  a  man 
prominent  on  the  side  of  law  and  order.  It  has  always  been  customary 
to  place  the  Court-House  in  the  center  of  a  County,  apparently  without 
any  regard  to  accessibility  or  the  possibilities  of  town  development, 
and  the  man  with  a  house  somewhere  near  the  center,  and  the  necessary 


Key  Map  of  Wright  and  Richmond  Court-House  Tracts 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


635 


influence  with  those  in  authority,  had  a  good  chance  for  a  try  at  any 
personal  advantage  that  might  ensue,— hence  the  rivalry  between  Gideon 
Wright  and  the  Armstrongs.  In  1771  Wright  was  ahead,  and  having 
secured  the  Court  he  built  a  Court-House  quite  near  his  own  dwelling, 
and  there  Courts  and  Musters  were  held  until  1774,  by  which  time  the 
Armstrongs  had  out-manouvered  him,  and  the  County  Seat  was  moved 
to  Richmond. 

The  line  of  1771,  dividing  Eowan  County  into  Rowan  and  Surry, 
passed  east  and  west  between  Salem  and  Bethabara,  therefore  all  Court 
records,  Deeds  and  the  like,  for  Salem  and  the  section  around  it  are 
m  Salisbury  until  1774;  but  there  is  a  gap  in  the  records  of  the  north- 
ern part,— the  present  Counties  of  Surry  and  Stokes  and  the  upper  ends 
of  Forsyth  and  Yadkin —for  the  records  of  the  Wright  Court-House 
are  lost,— the  records  at  Dobson,  Surry  County,  begin  with  the  Rich- 
mond date  of  1774.  The  Diaries  of  Wachovia,  therefore,  give  the  only 
remaining  glimpses  of  what  went  on  in  the  Wright  Court-House,  for 
Bethabara  transacted  business  there,  while  Salem  went  to  Salisbury. 
The  index  to  this  and  the  preceding  volume  can  be  followed,  and  it  is 
not  necessary  to  repeat  here. 

Of  the  land  on  which  the  Wright  Court-House  stood  the  story  is 
known,  for  Mr.  Wiley  Scott  has  the  Deeds  dating  back  to  Earl  Gran- 
ville. They  show  that  in  1762  the  Agent  of  Earl  Granville  granted  to 
Gideon  Wright  a  strip  of  land  east  of  the  Yadkin  River,  said  River 
forming  its  western  boundary.  The  tract  (A,  Key  Map)  was  estimated 
to  contain  69  acres.  In  April,  1780,  Wright  bought  from  the  State 
of  North  Carolina  an  additional  200  acres  (F,  Key  Map),  which 
surrounded  the  tract  above  mentioned  in  the  form  of  a  reversed  letter 
L.  ^  The  Grants  to  tracts  B  and  C,  and  the  Deed  to  H,  all  refer  to 
"Gideon  Wright's  survey,"  so  it  is  evident  that  he  had  also  taken  up 
the  tract  marked  G,  but  he  did  not  perfect  that  purchase  for  it  was 
granted  to  James  Badget  in  the  same  month  that  Wright  received  the 
Grant  to  F.  The  present  Donnaha  Station,  on  the  North- Western 
North  Carolina  Railroad,  is  on  the  G  tract. 

Gideon  Wright  died  toward  the  end  of  1782.  In  1790  "Elisabeth 
Wright,  widow,"  listed  ninety-six  acres  for  taxation  in  Stokes  County; 
and  in  1791  Hezekiah  and  Elisabeth  Wright  deeded  both  tracts  (A  and 
F)  to  George  Hauser,  Esq.— in  this  transaction  tract  A  appears  as 
"100  acres,  more  or  less,"  though  the  boundaries  are  the  same  as  in  the 
Granville  Grant.  In  1796  Hauser  deeded  the  200  acre  tract  (F)  to 
Leonard  Scott,  and  the  next  year  the  State  of  North  Carolina  granted 
to  Scott  the  tract  A  as  "an  overplus  which  was  included  within  the  lines 


636  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


of  the  tract  of  Land  said  Scott  now  lives  on,"  and  in  this  Grant  it  is 
called  fifty  acres,  though  still  with  the  original  boundaries.  By  in- 
heritance the  land  passed  to  John  Scott,  who  bought  some  adjoining 
property.  He  had  twelve  heirs,  and  in  the  division  of  his  Estate  each 
received  two  lots,  one  on  the  River  front  and  one  upland.  Several 
of  these  heirs  bought  up  the  interests  of  the  others,  at  different  dates, 
and  it  is  only  necessary  to  state  that  John  W.  Scott  bought  some  of  the 
tracts  in  addition  to  what  he  inherited,  and  that  at  his  death  his  prop- 
erty was  divided  between  his  son,  Wiley  Scott,  and  daughter  Cora,  who 
married  Hoke  Petree,  both  of  whom  have  bought  still  more  of  the  orig- 
inal Wright  land.  The  Wright  Court-House  of  course  stood  on  Wright's 
first  tract  (A),  and  its  site  now  belongs  to  Mrs.  Hoke  Petree. 

Today  that  site  is  a  wooded  hillside  overlooking  the  Yadkin  River 
bottom,  which  can  scarcely  be  seen  through  the  thick  underbrush. 
There  is  a  depression  pointed  out  as  the  cellar  of  the  Court-House ;  and 
a  smaller  but  deeper  hole  once  the  Court-House  well.  A  short  distance 
away  is  a  little  pile  of  stones,  traditionally  the  foundation  of  the  chim- 
ney in  Wright's  home.  Back  of  the  house  and  across  the  tiny  brook 
is  the  family  burial  ground,  still  marked  by  a  few  roughly  squared 
stones  though  no  names  are  \isable, — Mr.  Scott  said  that  as  a  boy  he 
had  been  able  to  decipher  the  Wright  name  on  two  or  three.  Even  the 
family  has  disappeared  from  the  neighborhood,  and  while  there  is  a 
gentleman  in  the  far  west  who  thinks  he  is  descended  from  Col.  Gideon 
Wright  the  connection  has  not  been  definitely  proved. 

There  is  something  almost  pathetic  in  this  forgotten  link  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  County,  in  those  slowly  filling  depressions  in  the  forest,  far 
from  any  now-traveled  road,  where  once  the  judicial,  political,  and 
military  life  of  Surry  heard  causes,  schemed  schemes,  and  drilled  with 
flying  banner  and  shrilling  fife,  its  sole  monument  a  file  of  old  Grants 
and  Deeds,  and  a  few  scattered  references  in  the  Diaries  of  a  people 
who  took  no  part  in  schemes  or  drills,  and  as  little  as  possible  in  legal 
procedure. 

The  Granville  Grant,  with  its  quaint  phraseology,  follows  in  full, 
including  the  various  notations  on  its  back. 

Grant  from  Earl  Granville  to  Gideon  Wright. 

THIS  INDENTURE  Made  the  Tenth  Day  of  August  in  the  Year  of 
our  Lord  One  Thousand  Seven  Hundred  and  Sixty  Two  Between  the 
Right  Honorable  John  Earl  Granville,  Viscount  Cartaret,  and  Baron 
Cartaret,  of  Hawnes  in  the  County  of  Bedford,  in  the  Kingdom  of 


Eecokds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


637 


Great  Britain,  Lord  President  of  His  Majesty's  Most  Honourable  Privy 
Council,  and  Knight  of  the  Most  Noble  Order  of  the  Garter,  of  the  one 
Part;  and  Gedeon  Wright  of  Eowan  County  in  the  Province  of  North 
Carolina  of  the  other  Part.    WHEREAS  His  Most  Excellent  Majesty 
King  George  the  Second,  in  and  by  a  certain  Indenture  bearing  Date 
the  Seventeenth  Day  of  September,  in  the  Eighteenth  Year  of  His 
Beign,  and  in  the  Year  of  our  Lord  One  Thousand  Seven  Hundred  and 
Forty  Four,  and  made  between  His  said  Most  Excellent  Majesty  on  the 
one  Part  and  the  said  John  Earl  Granville,  by  the  Name,,  Stile,  and 
Title  of  the  Right  Honourable  John  Lord  Carteret,  of  the  other  Part- 
DID  tor  the  Consideration  therein  mentioned,  Give  and  Grant,  Release, 
Ratify  and  Confirm,  unto  the  said  Earl,  (by  the  Name,  Stile,  and 
litle  of  John  Lord  Carteret,  as  aforesaid)  and  his  Heirs  and  Assigns 
for  ever,  a  certain  District,  Territory,  or  Parcel  of  Land  lying  in  the 
Province  of  North-Carolina  in  America,  and  all  the  Sounds,  Creeks, 
Havens,  Ports,  Rivers,  Streams,  and  other  Royalties,  Franchises,  Priv- 
ileges and  Immunities,  within  the  same,  as  they  are  therein  set  out,  or 
described,  allotted,  granted  and  confirmed,  to  the  said  John  Earl  Gran- 
ville, as  aforesaid,  for  one  Eighth  Part  of  the  Charters  granted  by  King 
Charles  the  Second,  in  the  Fifteenth  and  Seventeenth  Years  of  His 
Reign  to  eight  Lords  Proprietors  of  Carolina;  as  by  the  said  In- 
denture duly  enrolled  in  the  High  Court  of  Chancery  in  Great-Britain 
and  m  the  Secretary's  Office  of  the  Province  of  North-Carolina,  Ref- 
erence being  thereto  had,  will  more  fully  appear.    NOW  THIS  IN- 
DENTURE WITNESSETH,  That  as  well  for  and  in  Consideration 
of  the  Sum  of  Ten  Shillings  Sterling  Money  to  the  said  John  Earl 
Granville  m  Hand  paid,  by  the  said  Gedion  Wright,  at  or  before  the 
dealing  and  Delivery  of  these  Presents,  the  Receipt  whereof  he  the 
said  Earl  doth  hereby  acknowledge;  as  also  for  and  in  Consideration 
of  the  Rent,  Covenants,  Exceptions,  Provisos,  and  Agreements,  herein 
after-mentioned,  reserved  and  contained,  and  by,  and  on  the  Part  and 
Behalf  of  the  said  Gedion  Wright  his  Heirs  and  Assigns,  to  be  paid, 
kept  and  performed;  He,  the  said  Earl,  HATH  given,  granted,  bar- 
gained, sold,  and  confirmed,  and  by  these  Presents  DOTH  give,  grant, 
bargain,  sell,  and  confirm,  unto  the  said  Gedion  Wright  his  Heirs  and 
Assigns,  for  ever,  ALL  that  Tract  or  Parcel  of  vacant  Land  situate 

lying  and  being  in  the  Parish  of  in  the  County 

of  Rowan  in  the  said  Province,  Lying  on  the 

East  side  of  Yadkin  River  Opposite  to  Benjamin  Pittitt  Beg.  at  an 
Elm  on  the  Bank  of  the  River  at  the  mouth  of  the  Branch  &  Runs  S° 
63  Ch*  to  a  Wt  Oak  then  W*  13  Chs  to  a  W*  Oak  on  the  River  Bank 


638  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


then  up  the  Kiver  to  the  Beginning  Containing 
in  the  Whole  Sixty  Nine  Acres  of  Land :  All  which  Premises  are  more 
particularly  described  and  set  forth  in  the  Plan  or  Map  hereunto  an- 
nexed :  TOGETHER  with  all  Woods,  Underwoods,  Timber  and  Tim- 
ber-Trees, Water-Courses;  and  the  Privilege  of  Hunting,  Hawking, 
Eishing  and  Fowling,  in  and  upon  the  Premises,  and  all  Mines  and 
Minerals  whatsoever  therein  to  be  found  (excepting  and  always  re- 
serving out  of  this  present  Grant  unto  the  King's  Most  Excellent 
Majesty,  His  Heirs  and  Successors,  one  Fourth  Part  of  all  the  Gold  and 
Silver  Mines  to  be  found  in  and  upon  the  Premises ;  and  also  EXCEPT- 
ING and  always  reserving  unto  the  said  John  Earl  Granville,  his 
Heirs  and  Assigns  one  Moiety  or  Half  of  the  remaining  Three  Fourths 
of  all  such  Gold  and  Silver  Mines;  TO  HAVE  AND  TO  HOLD  the 
said  Tract  or  Parcel  of  vacant  Land,  and  all  and  singular  other  the 
Premises  with  their  Appurtenances,  (except  before  excepted)  unto  the 
said  Gedion  Wright  his  Heirs  and  Assigns,  for  ever;  YIELDING  AND 
PAYING  therefore  Yearly,  and  every  Year  unto  the  said  John  Earl 
Granville,  his  Heirs  or  Assigns,  the  Yearly  Rent  or  Sum  of  Two 
Shillings  and  Eight  Pence,  which  is  at  the  Rate  of  Three  Shillings 
Sterling  for  every  Hundred  Acres,  and  so  in  Proportion  for  a  less  Quan- 
tity, at  or  upon  the  Twenty-fifth  Day  of  March,  and  the  Twenty-ninth 
Day  of  September  in  every  Year,  by  even  and  equal  Portions,  and 
to  be  paid  at  the  Court-house  of  the  said  County  of  Rowan  unto  the 
said  Earl,  his  Heirs  or  Assigns,  or  to  his  or  their  lawful  Attorney  or 
Receiver  for  the  Time  being;  the  first  Payment  thereof  to  be  made  on 
such  of  the  aforementioned  Days  of  Payment,  as  shall  first  happen  after 
the  Date  hereof.    AND  the  said  Gedion  Wright  for  his  Heirs  and 
Assigns,  and  for  either  and  every  of  them  doth  hereby  covenant,  promise, 
and  agree,  to  and  with  the  said  Earl,  his  Heirs  and  Assigns,  and  to 
and  with  either  and  every  of  them,  by  these  Presents,  in  Manner  and 
Form  following:    That  is  to  say;  That  Gedion  Wright  his  Heirs  and 
Assigns  shall  and  will  Yearly  and  every  Year  for  ever,  well  and  truly 
pay  or  cause  to  be  paid  unto  the  said  Earl  his  Heirs  or  Assigns,  or  to 
his  or  their  lawful  Attorney  or  Receiver  for  the  Time  being,  on  the 
Days,  and  at  the  Place  aforesaid,  the  aforesaid  Yearly  Rent  or  Sum 
of  Two  Shillings  &  Eight  Pence,  by  half  Yearly  Payments,  as  aforesaid: 
PROVIDED  always,  and  this  present  Grant  is  hereby  expressly  de- 
clared and  agreed,  by  and  between  the  said  Parties,  to  be  nevertheless 
UPON  THIS  CONDITION,  viz.    That  if  it  shall  happen  that  the 
said  Yearly  Rent  of  Two  Shillings  &  8  Pence  or  any  Part  thereof,  shall, 
at  any  Time  hereafter,  be  behind  or  unpaid  for  the  Space  of  Six 


Kecords  of  the  Moravians  in  Worth  Carolina 


639 


Months,  next  over  or  after  either  of  the  aforementioned  Days  of  Pay- 
ment (and  no  sufficient  Distress  can  be  found  on  the  Premises  whereon 
it  shall  be  lawful  to  levy  such  Rent  and  Arrears,  with  the  full  Costs, 
Charges,  and  Expenses  in  making  the  same)  THAT  then  this  present 
Grant,  and  all  Assignments  thereof,  shall  be  utterly  void  and  of  none 
Effect :  AND  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  said  Earl,  his  Heirs  or  Assigns, 
to  re-enter  into  the  said  Lands,  and  to  re-grant  the  same  to  any  other 
Person  or  Persons  whomsoever,  as  if  this  Grant,  and  such  Assignments, 
had  never  been  made.  IjNT  WITNESS  whereof,  the  Parties  above- 
named  have  to  these  Presents  interchangeably  set  their  Hands  and 
Seals,  the  Day  and  Year  herein  first  above  written. 

Granville 
*>y 

Be  it  remembered  that  on  the  Day  Tho.  Child, 

and  Year  first  above  written, 
Thomas  Child  Esq.  by  Virtue  of  a  Special 
Letter  of  Attorney  and  Commission 
under  the  Hand  and  Seal  of  the  above- 
named  John  Earl  Granville, 
to  him  made  for  this  Purpose,  and 
duly  entered  and  registered  in  the 
Secretary's  Office  of  the  Province  of 
Worth  Carolina,  did,  in  the  Name  of  the 
said  Earl,  subscribe  this  Grant  with  the 
said  Earl's  Title  and  [words  are  illegible] 
liver  the  same  as  His  the  said  Earl's 
Act  and  Deed,  in  the  Presence  of  us, 

Jn°  H  [illegible] 
John  A.  Frohock 

Examined  by 

John  A.  Frohock 

[The  accompanying  Map  shows  the  outline  of  the  survey,  giving  the 
same  boundaries  as  those  named  in  the  Grant.    It  ends] 

Surveyed  May  the  19th  1762 

Gideon  Wright  ) 

&  VS:C.  Crs. 

George  Sprinkle  \ 

John  A.  Frohock 
[Endorsed  on  the  back  of  the  Grant  are  the  following  entries:— ] 


640  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Rowan 
Gideon  Wright 
69 

October  Court,  1762. 

North  Carolina 
Rowan  County 

This  is  to  Certify  that  the  within  Deed  was  duly  Proved  in  open 
Court  and  Recorded  in  the  Clerk's  Office  as  the  Law  Directs, 

Let  it  be  Registered. — 

North  Carolina 
Rowan  County 

The  Within  Deed  of  Sale  and  the  above  Certificate  are  duly  Regis- 
tered in  the  Register's  Office  of  sd  County  in  Book  No.  5  Page  75  &c 

John  Braly 
Pub.  Reg. 

pd  for  Recording  3sh. 
Eliza.  Wright's  Deeds  to  file  a  Petition,  Stokes  Court. 

[The  second,  that  is  the  200  acre  tract,  belonging  to  Gideon  Wright 
is  not  directly  connected  with  the  Wright  Court-House,  but  the  Grant 
is  here  copied  as  a  sample  of  the  Grants  issued  by  the  State  of  North 
Carolina  during  the  Revolutionary  War.] 

No.  291. 

STATE  OF  NORTH-CAROLINA. 

To  all  to  whom  these  Presents  shall  come,  Greeting.  Know  ye,  That 
We,  for  and  in  Consideration  of  the  Sum  of  Fifty  Shillings  for  every 
Hundred  Acres  hereby  granted,  paid  into  our  Treasury  by  Gideon 
Wright,  have  Given  and  Granted,  and  by  these  Presents  do  Give  and 
Grant  unto  the  said  Gideon  Wright  a  Tract  of  Land,  containing  Two 
Hundred  Acres,  lying  and  being  in  our  County  of  Surry 

Beginning  at  a  red  Oak  on  the  Yadkin  River  running  East  forty 
one  Chains  to  a  red  Oak  thence  North  Sixty  one  Chains  to  a  Red  Oak 
thence  West  thirty  one  Chains  to  a  stake  in  his  own  line  thence  South 
on  said  line  Fifty  one  Chains  to  his  Corner  Post  Oak  thence  West  on 
his  Line  thirteen  and  a  half  Chains  to  his  Corner  White  Oak  on  the 
River  aforesaid  thence  down  the  same  as  it  meanders  to  the  Beginning, 
as  by  the  Plat  hereunto  annexed  doth  appear ;  together  with  all  Woods, 


-to  wit 


Ito  wit 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  641 

Waters,  Mines,  Minerals,  Hereditaments,  and  Appurtenances,  to  the  said 
Land  belonging  or  appertaining:  To  hold  to  the  said  Gideon  Wright 
his  Heirs  and  Assigns,  for  ever.  Yielding  and  paying  to  us  such  Sums 
of  Money  yearly,  or  otherwise,  as  our  General  Assembly  from  Time 
to  Time  may  direct.  Provided  always,  That  the  said  Gideon  Wright 
shall  cause  this  Grant  to  be  registered  in  the  Register's  Office  of  our 
said  County  of  Surry  within  Twelve  Months  from  the  Date  hereof, 
otherwise  the  same  shall  be  void  and  of  no  Effect. 

In  Testimony  whereof,  we  have  caused  our  Great  Seal  to  be  hereunto 
affixed.  Witness  RICHARD  CASWELL,  Esquire,  our  Governor,  Cap- 
tain General,  and  Commander  in  Chief,  at  Kingston,  the  Third  Day  of 
April  in  the  Eourth  Year  of  our  Independence,  and  in  the  year  of  our 
Lord  One  Thousand  Seven  Hundred  and  Eighty. 

^  R.  C.  Caswell. 

±>y  His  Excellency's  Command 

Jn.  Eranck,  Pro  Sec 

[The  annexed  Plat  gives  the  same  boundaries,  and  ends,—] 
Surveyed  March  11th  1779 

Swn  Ch.  C. 
Gidn.  Wright 
Laughlin  Elin 

'     .  Wm.  Thornton  D,  Sr. 

[On  the  back  of  the  Grant  is  written,—] 

Gideon  Wright  200  Acres 

Surry  County 

Recorded  in  the  Secretary's  Office 

q        n         nr  Jn-  Franck  Pro  Sec 

burry  County  March  10th  1782 

Registered  in  the  Register's  Office 

in  Book  B.  Page  83 

Wm.  Thornton  D.  Regr. 

[Part  of  the  old  Seal  is  still  attached  to  the  Grant.] 


9 


RICHMOND  COURT-HOUSE 


[Editorial.] 

While  the  site  of  the  Wright  Court-House  lies  forgotten  in  a  forest, 
the  site  of  Richmond  Court-House  lies  on  a  hillside,  on  the  edge  of  a 
wheat  field,  known  to  every  one  in  the  vicinity,  and  pointed  out  with  a 
smile,  and  usually  with  the  story  of  the  dramatic  ending  of  Richmond 
Town.  And  yet  the  story  of  Richmond  Court-House  is  really  as  little 
known  as  that  of  its  predecessor,  the  only  item  of  general  knowledge 
being  that  Andrew  Jackson,  later  President  of  the  United  States,  was 
there  admitted  to  the  bar.  The  entry  in  the  records  of  the  "Court  of 
Pleas  and  Quarter  Sessions  of  Surry  County  in  Richmond,  Tuesday, 
Nov.  13,  1787,"  reads  "Win.  Cupples  and  Andrew  Jackson,  Esqs.,  Each 
produced  a  License  from  the  Hon.  Sam  Ashe  and  John  Williams,  Esq. 
two  of  the  Judges  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Law  and  Equity,  Authoriz- 
ing and  Impowering  them  to  practice  as  Attorneys  in  the  several  County 
Courts,  etc.,  with  Testimonials  of  their  having  taken  the  necessary 
Oath,  and  are  admitted  to  practice  in  this  Court."  The  few  para- 
graphs which  follow  are  taken  from  the  Moravian  records  and  from 
Wills  and  Deeds  in  the  Court-Houses  of  Surry  (at  Dobson),  Stokes  (at 
Danbury),  and  Eorsyth  (at  Winston- Salem),  and  have  cost  an  un- 
counted number  of  hours,  together  with  some  nine  hundred  miles  of 
automobile  travel  in  the  necessary,  repeated  visits  to  the  Court-Houses 
aforesaid.  The  simple  Key  Map  which  accompanies  the  sketch  was 
drawn  from  information  contained  in  about  fifty  Deeds,  no  account 
being  taken  of  the  many  other  Deeds  which  were  examined  and  dis- 
carded as  not  applying  to  this  tract.  It  should  be  remembered  that 
when  land  passes  by  inheritance  there  is  usually  no  record  filed;  and 
while  Grants  had  to  be  recorded  to  make  them  effective,  in  the  Rich- 
mond days  Deeds  need  not  be,  so  it  is  little  less  than  marvelous  that 
enough  remains  to  make  a  map  possible. 

When  Rowan  County  was  divided  in  1771  Col.  Gideon  Wright  and 
Maj.  John  Armstrong  each  wanted  to  have  the  Court-House  on  his 
land.  The  Bethabara  Diary,  March  11,  1771,  says:  "Mr.  Gideon 
Wright  was  here  today,  wishing  to  borrow  £20 :,  in  order  to  secure  from 
the  Governor  a  Charter  for  the  new  Court-House  to  be  erected  for 
Surry  County;  Mr.  Martin  Armstrong  will  also  soon  go  thither  to 
try  to  get  a  Charter  for  a  Market.  It  is  evident  that  certain  people 
are  very  active  in  looking  out  for  their  own  interests  in  the  impending 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  643 


County  changes."   March  26th  it  is  recorded  that  "Mr.  John  Armstrong 
rode  through  here  on  his  way  to  get  a  Charter  for  the  Court-House  for 
the  new  County";  but  when  he  returned,  April  15th,  he  showed  the 
Brethren  a  copy  of  the  Act  of  Assembly  which  ordered  the  Courts 
held  at  the  home  of  Gideon  Wright  (Key  Map,  tract  A).    The  Wa- 
chovia Diaries  intimate  that  there  was  jealousy  between  the  Arm- 
strongs and  Gideon  Wright  because  Wright  made  a  better  record  than 
they  did  in  the  Eegulator  struggle,  but  the  public  opposition  to  the 
Wright  Court-House  was  based  on  its  location,  as  appears  from  the 
Bethabara  Diary  of  Aug.  22,  1771,  which  states :   "Mr.  Anthony  Hamp- 
ton, one  of  the  Surry  County  Commissioners,  was  here.    He  said  that 
three  of  the  five  Commissioners  were  at  Court  today,  and  discussed  an- 
other place  for  a  Court-House,  as  Gideon  Wright's  was  very  incon- 
venient, but  they  had  been  unable  to  agree.    Mr.  Dunn  stood  for 
Wright's,  the  others,  especially  Mr.  Martin,  were  opposed,  and  Mr. 
Martin  said  he  would  not  come  to  Court  again  for  four  years." 

The  place  selected  by  the  Armstrongs  and  Martins  was  about  two 
miles  north-east  of  the  Wright  home,  and  three-quarters  of  a  mile 
east  of  the  Yadkin  River.    It  was  "vacant"  land,  that  is  it  belonged 
to  Earl  Granville,  and  had  not  yet  been  sold,  but  a  man  by  the  name 
of  Snead  had  built  a  store  there,  which  John  Armstrong  bought  from 
him,  the  exact  date  of  the  purchase  not  being  given  in  the  Wachovia 
Diary.    A  short  distance  to  the  south  of  this  store  was  a  large  tract  of 
land,  700  acres  (B,  on  Key  Map)  belonging  to  Major  Andrew  Bailie, 
formerly  of  Donaghindry,  County  Tirone,  Ireland,  but  now  of  Geor- 
gia.   Maj.  Bailie  had  been  granted  this  tract  in  1762  by  Earl  Gran- 
ville; his  holdings  were  quite  extensive,  for  his  Power  of  Attorney  to 
Qumtin  Pooler,  dated  May  26,  1770  (in  Book  A,  Dobson  Court- 
House),  mentions  seven  tracts  in  Eowan  and  Anson  Counties,  totaling 
3823  acres.    March  15,  1771,  Bailie  and  Pooler  gave  Power  of  At- 
torney to  Traugott  Bagge  to  sell  the  Rowan  County  Land;  but  without 
notice  to  any  of  the  parties  concerned  Sheriff  Martin  Armstrong  John 
Armstrong's  brother,  put  up  the  700  acre  tract  at  "publick  sale,"  and 
John  Armstrong  bought  it  in,  his  plan  being  to  lay  out  a  County  Town 
on  the  tract.    Aug.  18th,  1772,  the  Bethabara  Diary  records  the  ar- 
rival of  Mr.  Pooler,  his  indignation  at  the  sale,  and  his  determination 
to  appeal  to  a  Court  of  Chancery  (later  known  as  Court  of  Equity) 
for  the  recovery  of  this  land.    Three  days  later  the  Diary  states  that 
the  land  would  have  to  be  returned  to  Mr.  Bailie,  and  that  Traugott 
Bagge  had  agreed  to  buy  it. 


644  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Writing  to  the  U.  E.  C.  in  August,  1773,  Marshall  tells  the  story  of 
how  the  Armstrongs  secured  the  Bailie  tract,  giving  some  details  that 
were  not  known  when  the  Diary  was  written,  and  which  naturally  do  not 
appear  in  the  official  records  of  the  County.,   He  says  that  "Br.  Bagge 
had  been  commissioned  by  a  gentleman  residing  elsewhere  to  sell  certain 
pieces  of  land  which  had  come  to  him,  in  which  Br.  Bagge  had  been 
partially  successful.    One  piece  remained  which  seemed  to  the  Sheriff 
a  suitable  place  for  a  town  and  for  the  Court-House,  he  being  one  of 
the  Commissioners  appointed  to  decide  on  the  Court-House  site,  so  he 
wanted  to  secure  possession  of  it,  and  secretly  discussed  it  with  the  other 
Commissioners,  who  as  usual,  were  none  too  favorably  inclined  toward 
us,  and  some  of  them  our  bitter  enemies.    A  small,  old  debt  of  the  for- 
mer owner  of  this  land  was  made  the  pretext,  suit  was  brought  in 
Salisbury,  and  execution  ordered  against  this  tract ;  and  without  public 
notice  given,  and  without  notice  to  Br.  Bagge,  it  was  put  up  at  auc- 
tion, and  as  there  were  no  other  bidders  it  was  bought  in  by  the 
Sheriff's  brother  for  a  rediculously  small  sum,  declared  the  place  for  the 
Court-House,  a  town  was  laid  out,  and  building  begun.    Br.  Bagge 
reported  the  proceedings  to  the  gentleman  who  had  empowered  him  to 
sell,  who  promised  to  bring  the  matter  into  a  Court  of  Chancery,  and 
then  to  sell  the  land  to  us ;  but  on  account  of  sickness  he  went  back  to 
Georgia,  and  since  then  he  has  done  nothing,  and  has  answered  no 
letters.    Moreover,  on  account  of  the  present  situation  in  the  Province 
no  civil  terms  of  court  are  being  held,  so  nothing  could  be  done. 
Meanwhile  we  hear  that  the  Sheriff  has  made  overtures  to  him  through 
another  gentleman,  offering  to  pay  a  better  price  if  he  is  allowed  to 
retain  possession."    Evidently  these  negotiations  were  successful,  for  in 
April,  1774,  John  Armstrong  sold  the  tract  to  his  friend  William 
Sheppard,  the  Deed  stating  that  the  land  was  bought  "at  publick  sale," 
by  John  Armstrong,  and  was  "taken  by  virtue  of  an  Execution  at  the 
suit  of  the  Exrs.  of  Gov.  Dobbs." 

Meanwhile  Armstrong  had  gone  ahead  with  the  erection  of  the  new 
Court-House,  the  Commissioners,  in  private  session,  having  decided  on  a 
spot  a  bit  to  the  west  of  Snead's  store  (Bethabara  Diary,  Aug.  21, 
1772).  Presumably  John  Armstrong  had  already  "entered"  the  640 
acre  tract  (C,  Key  Map)  on  which  both  stood,  though  it  was  actually 
granted  to  him  by  the  State  of  North  Carolina  in  Dec.  1778.  The 
explanation  of  the  delay  is  doubtless  that  Earl  Granville  had  died  in 
1763,  and  his  Land  Office  in  North  Carolina  had  been  closed;  his  son 
and  heir,  Robert  Granville,  found  himself  in  financial  difficulties, 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


645 


then  the  Revolution  came  on  and  property  held  by  Englishmen  was 
confiscated  by  the  new  State  Government,  so  that  for  some  years  title 
rested  on  Entries  and  Surveys,  being  finally  perfected  by  State  Grants 
An  additional  tract  of  300  acres  (D,  Key  Map)  was  granted  to  John 
Armstrong  by  the  State  at  the  same  time  as  the  tract  which  contained 
the  "Richmond  town  land.,"    Across  the  Town  Fork  Road  from  John 
Armstrong,  Robert  Walker  secured  400  acres  (E,  Key  Map),  formerly 
"the  Douglas  Place,"  his  State  Grant  being  dated  1779;  and  east  of 
Walker  and  on  the  same  side  of  the  Town  Fork  Road  was  Col.  Martin 
Armstrong  (J,  Key  Map).    Malcom  Curry  had  a  tract  to  the  north- 
east of  Martin  Armstrong.    To  complete  the  list  of  adjoining  proper- 
ties it  may  be  stated  that  440  acres,  lying  between  John  Armstrong 
and  the  Yadkin  River  (G,  Key  Map),  was  granted  by  the  State  of 
JT.  C.  to  James  Badget  in  April,  1780;  was  sold  by  Badget  to  William 
Sheppard  m  June,  1781;  and  was  sold  by  William  Sheppard  to  John 
Armstrong  in  August,  1786.    North  of  this  tract,  lay  640  acres,  which 
were  granted  by  the   State  to   Samuel   Cummings   in   1778  and 
were  sold  by  Joseph  Philips  to  William  Sheppard  in  1781  (H,  Key 
Map).    The  tract  K  remained  "vacant"  until  1801,  when  the  State  of 
North  Carolina  granted  200  acres  to  James  Smith.    Of  this  tract 
Smith  sold  the  lower  100  acres  to  Joseph  Miller  in  1805,  and  the  other 
100  acres  were  bought  by  Miller  in  1810,  after  having  first  passed 
through  other  hands. 

South  of  the  Bailie  tract,  with  a  short  River  frontage  closing  the 
gap  between  the  Bailie  and  the  Gideon  Wright  tracts,  was  a  250 
acre  tract  later  known  as  "the  old  Shore  tract"  (L,  Key  Map,)  which 
m  1791  belonged  to  Henry  Shore,  Sr. 

The  Richmond  Court-House  was  ready  for  use  in  1774,  and  the 
Moravian  Diarist  says  that  Col.  Martin  Armstrong  drew  the  plan  for 
Richmond  Town.    To  reconstruct  this  ,  plan  seemed  at  first  hopeless 
the  only  clue  being  the  hole  that  marks  the  Court-House  cellar,  and 
the  odd  angles  in  the  old  road  from  Bethania  to  Old  Richmond,  which 

,0!,  1  fr°m  L°tS  2  and  3  in  the  division  of  ^  Scales  Estate 

m  1866.  When  the  Town  of  Richmond  was  granted  a  Charter  by  the 
Assembly  of  1779  (Colonial  Records)  reference  is  made  to  its  being  on 
a  100  acre  tract  belonging  to  John  Armstrong  and  William  Sheppard; 
the  south-west  corner  of  Armstrong's  640  acre  tract  appears  from  the 
Urst  as  the  south-west  corner  of  Richmond  Town  Land,"  and  the  plan 
as  drawn  includes  about  100  acres  in  the  N.  W.  Square,  the  N.  E 
Square  and  the  row  of  lots  across  the  north  ends  of  the  S.  W.  and 
'  ^uares,  the  courses  given  in  various  Deeds  indicating  that  all 


646  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


these  were  on  the  Armstrong  tract.  However,  when  William  Sheppard 
sold  the  700  acre  tract  (B)  to  Edmund  Kirby  in  1789  he  expressly  ex- 
cepted "the  lots  sold  to  Sneed,  Walker,  etc."  and  there  are  other  indica- 
tions that  lots  were  laid  off  outside  the  Town  Land  itself.  The  Deeds 
from  Armstrong  and  Sheppard  to  the  Commissioners  of  Eichmond  are 
not  recorded,  but  fortunately  the  Deeds  from  the  Commissioners  to 
certain  individuals  which  were  put  to  record,  (and  which  may  be  found 
in  Dobson  and  Danbury,)  while  they  do  not  nearly  cover  the  entire 
acreage  do  give  just  the  information  needed  to  make  possible  the  repro- 
duction of  the  town  map.  The  "Court-House  Diamond"  in  the  N.  W. 
Square,  was  really  not  a  diamond  but  a  trapezoid, — its  two  sloping 
sides  were  parts  of  the  old  Bethania  Koad,  and  are  still  in  use,  meet- 
ing at  the  apex  of  the  triangle  in  which  Donnaha  School-House  stands; 
the  old  Town  Fork  Boad  is  now  known  locally  as  the  road  to  Pilot 
Mountain,  but  the  old  Ararat  Boad  now  turns  south-west  to  Donnaha 
Station  instead  of  going  across  the  hill'  to  meet  the  Town  Fork  Boad 
as  it  formerly  did.  The  north  line  of  the  trapezoid  can  still  be  traced 
across  the  hill  in  front  of  the  School-House,  though  it  is  overgrown 
with  bushes, — it  was  a  part  of  the  old  Bethania  Boad  until  about 
twenty  years  ago  when  Mr.  Francis  Speas  gave  the  public  permission 
to  cut  across  his  land,  this  farm  road  running  just  to  the  north  of  the 
Court-House  site.  There  is  no  clue  as  to  why,  in  earlier  years,  Broad 
Street  was  closed  in  front  of  the  Court-House,  or  why  for  so  long  a  time 
traffic  went  around  the  Diamond.  On  the  ground  there  is  no  trace  of 
the  Diamond  (also  a  trapezoid)  in  the  K  E.  Square,  which  is  men- 
tioned in  the  old  town  Deeds,  but  there  the  old  Bethania  Boad  was 
virtually  Broad  Street.  Since  the  sand-clay  road  has  been  opened 
from  Bethania  to  Donnaha  Bridge  the  old  Bethania  Boad  has  been  vir- 
tually abandoned.  The  Spring  Street  of  the  town  map  has  been  changed 
into  a  road  more  in  line  with  the  west  side  of  the  Court-House  Diamond, 
and  in  recent  years  the  spring  from  which  it  took  its  name  has  been 
"blinded."  Liberty  Street  also  has  disappeared,  though  it  was  a 
property  line  in  1822  when  Jesse  Kerby  sold  to  Jacob  Conrad  the 
west  end  of  the  Armstrong  tract  (C),  being  80  acres  which  can  be 
identified  on  the  Key  Map  as  extending  from  Liberty  Street  to  the  line 
of  tract  G,  and  north  from  B  to  E.  In  the  angles  of  the  Diamond  in 
the  K  W.  Square  the  triangular  lots  were  of  67%  square  poles;  in  the 
~N.  E.,  Square  the  triangular  lot  within  the  Diamond  was  91  square 
poles;  the  full  lots  in  the  K  W.  and  JST.  E.  Squares  were  each  144 
square  poles,  in  the  S.  W.  and  S.  E  Squares  they  were  180  square 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


647 


poles  each.  Liberty  and  Broad  Streets  were  99  feet  wide;  the  width  of 
the  other  streets  does  not  appear. 

In  1784  Martin  Armstrong,  John  Snead,  Samuel  Cummins,  Malcom 
Curry,  and  Job  Martin,  were  "Commissioners  and  Trustees  for  the 
Town  of  Richmond";  in  1790  John  Randleman  had  taken  the  place  of 
John  Snead. 

In  the  N.  W.  Square  the  %  Lot  No.  1  was  sold  by  Samuel  Cummins 
to  William  Hughlett  in  Sept.  1790,  for  £50 :— presumably  it  had  a 
house  on  it  for  in  January,  1790,  Hughlett  had  bought  nine  other  lots 
from  the  Town  Commissioners  for  a  total  price  of  £18.,  Of  these  Nos. 
14,  15,  16,  21,  22,  23,  were  in  the  N.  W.  Square,  and  measured  144 
sq.  poles  each.  They  are  mentioned  by  number  only,  and  therefore 
cannot  be  plotted.  Lot  No.  13,  a  half-lot,  was  sold  by  the  Commis- 
sioners to  Adley  Osborn  in  May,  1780,  and  was  sold  again  by  the  Com- 
missioners to  John  T.  Longino  in  April,  1786.  The  Cummins  lot 
ran  "to  corner  of  Col.  John  Armstrong's  house"  (a). 

In  the  N.  E.  Square,  in  1783,  John  Randleman  took  a  Deed  to  Lot 
No.  1,  "inside  the  Diamond,  the  lot  on  which  John  Snead  lived," 
which  at  its  north  end  cornered  with  William  Sheppard  (b).  Randle- 
man also  had  Nos.  11  and  12  in  the  same  Square.,  In  1807  James 
Franklin  sold  to  Enoch  Franklin  103%  acres,  "on  the  north-west  side 
of  Feeglees  Creek,  with  lots  in  Richmond,"— the  17  lots  were  numbered 
18  19,  20,  21,  22,  25,  27,  28,  29,  30,  31,  32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  which  were 
evidently  on  the  north  side  of  Broad  Street,  outside  the  Town  Land, 
for  the  courses  indicate  that  the  line  of  the  tract  crossed  the  Creek,' 
and  ran  south-east  about  to  the  dividing  line  between  Nos.  13  and  14,' 
m  the  S.  E.  Square  thence  west  to  the  Town  Land,  and  north  on  its 
east  line  to  its  corner. 

In  the  S.  W.  Square,  Thomas  Poindexter  took  Deed  to  Nos.  9  and  16 
m  1787;  and  William  Hughlett  took  No.  1  in  1790.  Poindexter  paid 
£4 :  for  his  two  lots. 

In  the  S.  E.  Square,  John  Randleman  took  Deed  to  Nos.  2,  3,  4,  5, 
6,  7,  8,  10,  11,  14,  15,  in  1783;  and  William  Hughlett  took  No'  1 
in  1790., 

What  other  lots  were  sold,  and  which  of  these  may  have  been  resold, 
does  not  appear,  nor  is  it  known  how  many  houses  were  built,  but  tradi- 
tion says  there  were  about  twenty  houses  in  the  village  when  the  end 
came  Mr.  Speas  says  that  in  deep  ploughing  he  turned  up  a  number 
ol  piles  of  stones,  mixed  with  ashes,  evidently  the  remains  of  fire-places, 
and  that  while  there  were  two  or  three  on  the  south  side  of  Broad  Street, 
most  of  them  were  to  the  north  of  that  line.   That  there  was  uncertain- 


648  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


ty  about  the  title  to  some  of  the  lots  is  indicated  by  a  clause  in  the 
1822  Deed  of  Jesse  Kerby  to  Jacob  Conrad,  already  referred  to  as 
covering  the  N.  W.  and  S.  W.  Squares,  wherein  there  occurs  the  sen- 
tence :  "But  if  any  part  of  said  tract  should  be  lawfully  claimed  it  is 
reserved  to  the  proper  owner."  As  has  been  said  the  Deed  from  Wil- 
liam Sheppard  to  Edmund  Kerby,  in  1789  (B),  reserved  the  lots  sold 
to  the  Commissioners  for  the  Town  of  Richmond;  but  the  Deed  from 
Jesse  Kerby  to  Jacob  Conrad,  in  1822,  for  the  same  700  acres,  makes 
no  reference  to  the  exception  of  any  lots. 

The  division  of  Surry  County  in  1789,  and  removal  of  the  Surry 
County  Seat  to  Rockford,  and  the  building  of  a  Court-House  for  Stokes 
County  at  Germanton,  ruined  the  speculative  chances  of  the  owners  of 
property  in  Eichmond;  the  last  recorded  sale  of  a  "town  lot"  being 
in  1790.  About  1822  Jacob  Conrad  bought  up  the  tract  B,  the  west 
end  of  C,  beginning  at  a  line  extending  the  east  line  of  B  to  the  Town 
Fork  Road,  and  a  small  part  of  the  south  end  of  G.  In  1844,  at  the  re- 
quest of  Conrad's  heirs,  the  Jacob  Conrad  tract,  1200  acres,  was  sold 
by  Francis  Fries,  Clerk  and  Master  in  Equity,  and  it  was  bought  by 
Nathaniel  Scales;  the  Deed  is  recorded  in  Forsyth,  though  by  date  it 
belongs  in  Danbury,  Stokes  County,  and  it  states  that  Conrad  had 
bought  the  land  from  Kerby,  Randleman  and  Franklin.  It  also  indi- 
cates that  at  that  time  G  belonged  to  the  Randleman  family,  and  K 
to  Isaac  Hauser;  in  1866  John  C.  Randleman,  Tim  Hauser,  and  Polly 
Shemel  are  mentioned  in  E  on  north  side  of  Town  Fork  Road,  and 
Shemel  in  the  east  end  of  C.  In  1866,  the  Estate  of,  Nathaniel  Scales 
was  divided  into  four  lots ;  of  these  No.  1,  which  included  a  strip  along 
the  north  side  of  the  Bethania  Road,  and  therefore  a  majority  of  the 
house  sites,  was  alloted  to  Washington  Payne,  in  trust  for  the  six 
children  of  his  first  wife,  an  exchange  investment  of  certain  properties 
left  in  trust  for  her  by  her  grandfather,  Joseph  Scales.  No.  2,  also  a 
part  of  the  exchange  investment,  was  allotted  to  Mrs.  J ane  Scales  and 
her  son  Peter  Scales,  and  when  Peter  died  Washington  Payne  bought 
this  Lot  No.  2,  which  was  in  two  pieces,  the  larger  lying  south  of  the 
Bethania  Road,  and  including  the  Court-House  site,  Anthony  L.  Payne 
inherited  this  Court-House  tract,  and  sold  it  to  Francis  E.  Speas,  its 
present  owner.  The  record  of  the  Scales  division  is  in  Danbury,  though 
by  date  it  belongs  in  Winston. 

The  last  reference  to  "Lots  in  Richmond"  occurs  in  a  Deed  from 
Enoch  Franklin  to  Jacob  Conrad,  in  August,  1830.  Some  time  there- 
after there  came  the  appropriate  and  dramatic  end  of  Richmond  Town. 
Not  often  does  an  ending  so  appropriately  fit  the  beginning !    J ealousy, 


Becords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


649 


rivalry,  and  self-seeking  at  the  beginning,  accompanied  by  injustice 
toward  a  neighboring  land-owner.    Fifteen  years  a  County  Seat  but 
of  those  nine  years  of  War,  local  as  well  as  national,  for  there  were 
many  Tories  along  the  Yadkin.   Later  chances  for  speculation  spoiled 
by  the  division  of  the  county.    A  hamlet  sinking  in  character,  and  in 
the  esteem  of  neighbors,  until  current  gossip  said:   "If  you  want  to  go 
to  hell  you  need  not  go  further  than  Old  Bichmond."    And  then  a 
cyclone  -a  cyclone  so  intense  that  it  literally  swept  the  wicked  little 
place  off  the  face  of  the  earth,  blowing  the  Court-House  door  yards  away 
up  the  hill,  and  scattering  shingles  as  far  as  Danbury  and  Germanton, 
if  tradition  may  be  believed!    And  the  Town  so  destroyed  was  never 
rebuilt.   Donnaha  lies  at  the  foot  of  the  hill,  but  it  has  no  direct  con- 
nection with  the  Past,  and  what  was  the  center  of  Bichmond  Town  is 
now  a  field  of  wheat,  its  only  residents  a  pair  of  partridges,  who  fled  at 
tHe  approach  of  visitors  and  refused  to  show  their  home! 


THE  BAGGE  MANUSCRIPT 


[The  Bagge  Manuscript  bears  the  title: 

Sketch 
Notes  on  the  Events 
during  the  Kevolutionary  War 
which  bear 
on  "Wachovia 
to  the  end  of  1779. 

It  is  written  in  Traugott  Bagge's  well-known  script,  and  while  it  is  not 
signed  his  name  appears  many  times  in  the  body  of  the  document. 

The  Manuscript  gives  a  summary  of  the  events  leading  up  to  the 
War  of  the  Eevolution,  and  many  details  of  the  incidents  in  Wachovia, 
etc.  to  the  end  of  1779.  From  other  sources  it  appears  that  Bishop 
Graff  died  in  that  year,  and  when  in  1783  the  pastor  then  stationed  in 
Salem  was  asked  to  prepare  a  Memorabilia  of  the  events  of  the  Revolu- 
tion he  asked  Bagge  to  help  him  with  the  part  antedating  his  own 
coming  to  Wachovia,  and  Bagge  complied  by  writing  this  most  valuable 
Sketch.  Because  of  Bagge's  intimate  knowledge  of  all  that  went  on  in 
Wachovia,  and  in  the  State  and  Nation,  this  Sketch  ranks  with  the 
Wachovia  Diaries  and  Minute  Books  as  contemporary,  first-hand  in- 
formation, and  in  some  respects  is  the  more  satisfactory  because  he 
wrote  it  when  at  least  some  measure  of  perspective  had  been  obtained 
by  the  passing  of  years  and  the  close  of  hostilities. 

The  following  section  is  a  translation  of  the  introductory  portion  of 
the  Sketch.] 

Peace  was  made,  in  1763,  between  England,  France,  and  Spain,  but 
soon  afterwards  there  began  to  be  misunderstandings  between  England, 
or  rather  Great  Britain,  and  her  American  Colonies.  This  showed 
itself  first  in  complaints  that  English  armed  ships  were  disturbing  and 
restricting  the  smuggling  carried  on  by  New  England. 

Then  the  English  Parliament  passed  an  Act  which  required  that  in 
all  the  Colonies,  as  in  England,  all  papers  such  as  legal  documents,, 
wills,  contracts  of  purchase  or  of  rent,  etc.  must  be  written  on  stamped 
paper,1  or  Charta  Sigillata,  by  which  means  Great  Britain  would  receive 

iWhen  histories  and  books  of  reference  speak  of  "the  stamps"  to  be  sold  under  the  Stamp 
Act  the  modern  mind  pictures  an  equivalent  of  the  Revenue  Stamps  of  the  present  day. 
Adhesive  stamps,  however,  were  not  invented  until  eighty  or  ninety  years  later.  The- 
Stamp  Act  contemplated  the  collection  of  the  tax  through  the  sale  of  paper,  "stamped, 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


651 


an  annual  income  from  the  Provinces;  and  when  this  stamped  paper, 
and  the  men  who  were  to  handle  it,  arrived  from  England  there  was 
much  discontent  in  all  the  Provinces,  though  the  feeling  was  more  in- 
tense in  some  than  in  others.   In  no  Province  could  the  Act  be  enforced, 
and  Parliament  was  obliged  to  repeal  it,  for  everywhere  men  took  the 
chance  of  what  the  result  might  be,  and  continued  to  use  unstamped 
paper  for  their  documents,  etc.,  this  also  in  North  Carolina,  where  the 
opposition  to  the  Act  was  not  otherwise  very  great.    The  repeal  of  this 
Act  quieted  the  people;  but  the  Act  had  put  them  on  their  guard,  and 
was  the  beginning  of  the  controversy  as  to  whether  Great  Britain  had 
a  right  to  lay  tax  or  duty  on  the  Colonies  without  their  consent,  a  con- 
troversy which  ended  in  the  complete  separation  of  the  Colonies  from 
the  mother  country.    Great  Britain  repealed  the  Stamp  Act,  but  laid 
a  duty  on  all  glass,  paints,  and  tea  shipped  into  the  Colonies,  and  this 
made  the  Colonies  more  indignant  than  before.    In  all  the  Colonies, 
more  or  less,  men  covenanted  together  to  have  no  trade  with  Great 
Britain  until  the  duty  was  taken  off,  and  many  who  broke  the  pledge 
were  tarred  and  feathered  by  the  mob,  although  many  others  knew 
well  how  to  play  a  part,  receiving  goods  from  England,  and,  under 
pretense  that  they  were  returning  them,  sending  back  the  same  boxes 
or  bales  with  another  content.    In  North  Carolina  there  was  the  least 
of  such  an  agreement,  perhaps  one  pro  forma  in  one  or  another  of  the 
little  seaports,  but  it  did  not  seem  to  be  from  the  heart.    Finally  the 
chief  cities  in  the  Colonies  became  jealous  of  each  other,  as  in  turn 
they  took  the  lead  in  contraband  trade  and  attracted  the  most  people, 
and  so  the  agreement  fell  to  pieces  about  the  end  of  1770. 

Great  Britain,  too,  saw  her  mistake,  and  repealed  this  Act  also 
but  continued  to  insist  that  under  all  circumstances  she  had  a  right 
to  make  laws  for  the  Colonies,  and  to  the  end  this  remained  the  apple 
oi  discord. 

In  the  years  1769,  1770  and  1771,  there  was  great  unrest  in  North 
and  feouth  Carolina  among  the  common  people.  They  thought,  and 
sometimes  not  without  reason,  that  the  sheriffs,  lawyers  and  court  offi- 
cers defrauded  them,  and  did  not  do  their  duty;  and  as  always  and 
everywhere  there  were  those  who  stirred  up  the  mob,  and  added  to  their 
anger,  so  all  kinds  of  base  men  gathered  together  iu  these  Provinces, 
called  themselves  Regulators,  and  undertook  to  call  the  officers  of  the 
landjoaccount,  and  to  force  them  to  redress  all  fancied  or  real  iujus- 

^Z^^JST^rZ^e**  *  J*  hr°  at  *  which  in- 

documents,  permittlig  the  affile  S  *e  "S,6  °f,  S,m,lar  ^mpei  paper  for  many  legal 
only.  P  S  me  amxme  of  separate  stamps  to  certain  specified  instruments 


652 


North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


tice.  To  this  end  they  formed  Committees,  before  which  men  whom 
they  suspected  were  summoned,  and  at  their  instigation  many  were  se- 
verely whipped.  In  South  Carolina,  once,  two  of  our  Brethren  from 
Wachovia  were  in  their  midst,  but  suffered  no  harm.  The  movement 
came  to  an  end  first  in  that  Province,  but  in  North  Carolina  it  grew 
more  violent  and  more  ill-advised.  Regulators  came  often  to  Bethabara, 
and  disturbed  the  residents  with  threats  and  abusive  words,  and  the 
like.  Once  when  the  Brethren  had  received  an  order  from  the  Gov- 
ernment, and  sent  two  wagon-loads  of  bread  to  Hillsborough  for  the 
Militia  who  had  been  assembled  there,  these  men  were  much  displeased. 
They  let  this  be  known  on  all  occasions,  and  especially  during  a  General 
Muster  of  the  Militia  of  Rowan  County,  held  in  Bethabara  in  October, 
1770,  when  Bethabara  was  in  real  danger,  and  experienced  special 
protection  from  on  High.  The  day  after  the  Muster  some  of  these  men 
raged  about  in  the  town,  and  forced  one  Brother  to  leave  his  house 
and  go  with  them  to  the  Tavern,  where  they  made  him  remain  for  an 
hour,  but  then  allowed  him  to  depart  in  peace,  and  the  troublemakers 
left. 

In  the  spring  of  1771  the  Brethren  in  Bethabara  received  formal 
notice  of  a  visitation  from  the  so-called  Committee,  which  took  place 
a  week  later.  They  came  to  see  about  certain  pieces  of  land,  adjoining 
Wachovia,  which  had  been  bought  by  the  Brethren  after  the  men  who 
first  took  them  up  in  Lord  Granville's  Land  Office  had,  through  negli- 
gence or  poverty,  failed  to  make  payment  at  the  right  time,  or  to  close 
the  transaction,  and  so  the  lands  were  for  sale  to  any  who  wished  to  buy, 
though  they  were  now  claimed  by  those  who  had  had  the  first  right. 
The  visitation  had  been  much  dreaded,  but  it  ended  well,  for  the  men 
were  advised  to  take  their  claims  to  court,  and  there  prove  their  rights,, 
and  they  finally  left  in  a  good  humor. 

When  the  Regulators  heard  that  Gov.  Tryon,  with  a  considerable 
body  of  Militia,  was  marching  into  this  territory  to  suppress  them  they 
became  very  angry,  although  they  had  no  proper  organization  or  of- 
ficers with  which  to  oppose  him.  Again  Bethabara  was  protected  more 
than  once,  for  daily  they  came  noisily  into  the  town,  especially  to  the 
tavern  and  the  store,  and  generally  had  to  be  supplied  with  food  and 
drink,  and  their  blows  and  boasting  were  almost  unbearable..  Some  hun- 
dred of  them,  though  without  a  proper  leader,  succeeded,  in  the  begin- 
ning of  May,  1771,  in  forcing  General  Wadle  and  some  Militia  to 
abandon  a  position  on  the  north  side  of  the  Yadkin,  where  he  had 
intended  to  join  Gov.  Tryon,  and  to  retreat  eleven  or  twelve  miles  to 
the  south,  side.    In  Mecklenburg  County  also  their  associates  blew  up 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


653 


two  powder  wagons.    But  when  from  the  Yadkin  and  other  places  they 
marched  hurriedly  against  Gov.  Tryon  he  completely  defeated  them,  in 
May,  1771,  on  the  Allemance,  in  Guilford  County,  and  those  who  were 
not  killed  or  captured  took  to  night.    Many  of  those  who  fled  came 
to  Bethabara,  but  quickly  left  again.    Among  these  was  Harman  Hus- 
bands, their  political  leader,  but  he  was  not  recognized,  though  it  was 
later  learned  who  he  was.    It  was  reported  to  Gov.   Tryon  that  the 
Brethren  had  helped  this  man  to  escape,  as  could  be  seen  by  the  large 
amount  of  food  which  Bethabara  had  furnished,— but  when  two  of  the 
Brethren  waited  upon  the  Governor  in  his  camp  and  denied  the  report 
the  matter  was  dropped.    Yet  Bethabara  had  a  good  deal  to  endure, 
for  on  the  4th  of  June,  quite  unexpectedly,  a  messenger  arrived  with 
the  word  that  the  Governor  and  his  army  were  marching  to  Bethabara, 
and  would  camp  there.    He  came  at  noon,  and  was  lodged  in  the 
Eockel  (now  Oesterlein)  house,  which  had  been  prepared  for  him.  The 
army  came  soon  after,  and  camped  between  the  town  and  the  mill.  The 
chief  watch  was  in  the  barn.    Everybody  had  enough  to  do  to  furnish 
this  crowd  of  guests  with  all  they  needed.    The  large  meadow  was  used 
for  the  horses.   This  continued  from  Tuesday  till  Sunday  morning.,  The 
third  day  of  their  visit  they  celebrated  as  a  Day  of  Rejoicing,  with  a 
parade,  firing  of  cannon,  and  salutes,  our  musicians  being  called  on  to 
assist.    One  can  not  thank  God  enough  that  the  Governor  was  pleased 
to  maintain  good  order,  and  Bethabara  received  much  help  and  pro- 
tection when  the  Evil  One  had  intended  harm.   Many  of  the  Regulators 
were  brought  in  as  prisoners,  others  surrendered  themselves,  and  each 
was  forced  to  swear  allegiance  to  the  King  before  he  was  released,  this 
taking  place  under  a  shed  where  the  day-laborers  generally  ate.  The 
Brethren  waited  upon  the  Governor  with  an  address,  to  which  he  re- 
sponded with  kindly  words.     Through  this  event  many  learned  to 
know  the  Unity  of  Brethren,  and  often  afterwards  this  was  of  service 
to  us,  as  e^en  the  wildest  of  the  men  were  convinced  that  we  were  an 
orderly  people,  of  worth  to  the  country,  and  loyal.    Many  people,  who 
had  unwisely  mixed  themselves  in  the  matter,  came  to  ask  that  the 
Brethren  intercede  for  them  with  the  Governor,  and  they  had  oppor- 
tunity to  return  good  for  evil.    Two  Brethren  from  Wachovia,  return- 
ing from  Charlestown,  suddenly  found  themselves  in  the  midst  of  the 
army  as  it  marched  toward  Bethabara;  they  were  at  first  rather  rudely 
treated,  but  when  brought  before  the  officer  commanding  the  First  Di- 
vision he  was  polite,  and  let  them  pass  unhindered.    About  the  same 
time  the  wagons  returning  from  Charlestown,  loaded  with  goods  for 
the  Store  in  Bethabara,  were  searched  by  an  unorganized  group  of  men, 


654  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


calling  themselves  Regulators,  just  as  they  crossed  from  South  into 
North  Carolina.  The  pretext  was  that  the  wagons  were  loaded  with 
powder  and  lead  for  the  Governor,  and  some  small  articles  were  stolen 
or  injured;  however,  the  Governor  had  not  ordered  any  ammunition 
from  the  Brethren,  and  there  was  none  to  be  had  in  Charlestown, 
though  every  effort  had  been  made  to  secure  some  for  the  ordinary 
trade. 

As  Rowan  County  was  very  large,  and  many  of  the  inhabitants  had 
to  go  a  long  way  to  Salisbury,  where  the  County  Court,  General  Muster, 
and  other  public  meetings  were  held,  those  especially  who  lived  on  the 
north  side  of  the  Yadkin  had  long  desired  that  a  part  of  Rowan  should 
be  erected  into  a  new  County,  and  from  1769  on  earnest  efforts  were 
made  to  induce  the  Assembly  to  bring  this  to  pass.  The  Brethren  did 
what  they  could  to  help,  and  in  the  spring  of  1770  presented  to  their 
Representatives,  that  is  to  the  Representatives  of  Rowan  County,  a 
Petition  addressed  to  the  Assembly,  giving  their  views  as  to  how  the 
new  county  might  best  be  laid  out,  although  no  one  knew  whether  the 
Petition  would  be  presented  to  the  Assembly.  The  Assembly  of  De- 
cember, 1770,  erected  Surry  County  out  of  part  of  Rowan,  and  the 
new  county  was  given  such  boundaries,  (surely  not  out  of  friendship 
on  the  part  of  those  who  gave  them,)  that  the  northern  part  of  "Wa- 
chovia fell  into  Surry  and  the  southern  part  into  Rowan  County.  The 
line  ran  east  and  west  between  Salem  and  Bethabara,  not  far  from  the 
Spangenbach.  The  Brethren  foresaw  great  inconvenience  from  this 
division,  for  they  were  one  settlement,  one  people,  and  the  Government 
had  established  for  them  one  separate  Parish,  and  now  they  were  di- 
vided between  the  jurisdiction  of  two  courts.  So  they  first  appealed  pri- 
vately to  Governor  Tryon,  who  promised  them  his  support,  and  when 
he  was  called  to  become  Governor  of  New  York  they  appealed  to  his 
successor,  Josiah  Martin,  Esq.  and  to  the  first  Assembly  which  he 
called,  to  which  the  Brn.  Utley  and  Muschbach  presented  a  Petition, 
asking  that  Wachovia  might  be  placed  in  one  County,  not  divided  be- 
tween two.  But  they  secured  nothing  except  a  promise  that  the  matter 
would  be  adjusted  by  the  next  Assembly. 


PART  III 


1772 


[In  the  year  1772  King  George  III  sat  upon  the  throne  of  England; 
Louis  XV  ruled  in  Trance,  Maria  Theresia  in  Austria,  and  Catharine 
m  Eussia.  Frederick  the  Great  was  King  of  Prussia,  which  in  this 
year  united  with  Austria  and  Eussia  to  divide  Poland. 

Josiah  Martin  was  Governor  of  the  Province  of  North  Carolina; 
and  the  political  troubles  between  Great  Britain  and  her  American 
Colonies  had  quieted  for  the  time  being. 

In  Wachovia  there  were  the  three  Moravian  villages  of  Bethabara 
Bethania,  and  Salem;  and  Moravian  "Societies"  centered  around  the 
School-Houses  of  Friedberg  and  Friedland.  A  number  of  farms  in 
Wachovia  had  been  rented  to  members  or  friends;  and  there  were  out- 
lying preaching  places  served  with  more  or  less  frequency  by  the 
Moravian  ministers. 

With  1772  Salem  became  the  center  of  the  Moravian  settlement 
Begun  m  1766,  houses  had  been  built  and  occupied,  so  that  the  Con- 
gregation could  be  formally  organized  on  Nov.  13,  1771 ;  and  during 
1772  the  moving  of  the  trades  and  professions,  and  of  the  church  of- 
fices, from  Bethabara  to  Salem  was  completed,  Bethabara  becoming 
chiefly  a  farming  community. 

At  the  beginning  of  1772  the  following  held  leading  positions  in 
Wachovia : — 

Frederic  William  Marshall,  North  Carolina  representative  of  the 
Unity  of  Brethren; 

Johann  Michael  Graff,  pastor  at  Bethabara,  and  with  his  wife  in 
charge  of  the  Married  People ; 

Paul  Tiersch,  preacher  at  Salem; 

.^^rl11'1^  V°rsteher  of  Salem  Congregation,  English  Minister 
ot  Uobbs  Parish,  and  Home  Missionary; 

George  Soelle,  Home  Missionary;  especially  interested  in  Friedland; 

Iraugott  Bagge,  merchant; 

Jacob  Meyer,  tavern  keeper; 

Lorenz  Bagge,  pfleger  of  the  Single  Brethren; 

Anna  Maria  Quest,  pflegerin  of  the  Single  Sisters; 

Johann  Jacob  Ernst,  reader  and  school-teacher  at  Bethania- 

Ludolph  Bachhof,  reader  and  school-teacher  at  Friedberg; 

Jacob  Sterner,  in  charge  of  the  mill  below  Salem. 

10 


658  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Salem  having  become  official  head-quarters,  the  first  place  will  here- 
after he  given  to  the  Salem  records,  these  being  supplemented  by  the 
records  of  the  other  villages.,  Unless  otherwise  stated  the  translations 
are  from  the  original  Memorabilia,  Diaries,  Minute-Books,  etc.] 

Memorabilia  of  the  Congregations  and  Societies  of  the  Brethren  in 
Wachovia,  for  the  Year  1772. 

[Translated  in  full.] 

The  message  of  the  Saviour  to  His  little  company  of  Brethren,  given 
in  the  first  Daily  Word  of  this  year,  was :  "Thou  hast  a  little  strength, 
and  has  kept  my  word,  and  hast  not  denied  my  name,"  [Eev.,  Ill,  8,] 
which  warned  us  to  be  attentive  to  what  the  Spirit  said  unto  the  Church, 
that  our  hearts  might  be  more  firmly  fixed  upon  His  Sufferings  and 
Death,  and  that  we  might  increasingly  be  a  people  of  God,  according 
to  His  laws  and  customs.  With  this  desire,  and  relying  on  our  com- 
passionate High  Priest,  we  encouraged  each  other  with  the  first  Doc- 
trinal Text  of  the  year:  "Behold,  now  is  the  accepted  time;  behold, 
now  is  the  day  of  salvation." 

At  the  close  of  this  year  we  give  all  honor  to  the  Wounds  of  Jesus; 
we  thank  God  that  He  has  lifted  us  up,  so  that  we,  though  sinners,  may 
live  redeemed  through  the  merits  of  the  holy  Incarnation  of  J esus,  His 
human  life,  His  bitter  sufferings  and  martyr  death,  and  that  we  may 
enjoy  the  fruits  of  faith,  in  a  godly  life  beneath  His  eyes.  And  that 
among  us  which  is  not  according  to  His  mind,  which  threatens  dis- 
honor to  Him  and  to  us,  and  disgrace  to  the  Congregation,  has  been 
made  known  by  His  Holy  Spirit,  and  we  bow  beneath  the  discipline  of 
His  Spirit,  and  as  children  of  grace  will  have  no  fellowship  with,  nor 
permit  among  us,  anything  that  would  do  us  or  our  children  harm,  or 
lead  to  the  ruin  of  body  and  soul. 

The  spirit  of  Christianity  and  of  Unity  has  been  increased  among 
us  by  the  Word  of  God,  especially  the  Letters  of  the  Apostles,  which 
have  been  read  publicly,  devoutly,  and  with  touched  hearts ;  also  by  the 
preaching  of  the  Gospel  according  to  the  words  of  the  Saviour,  His 
prophets  and  Apostles;  further,  by  the  deep  impression  made  by  the 
sermons  of  the  Jiinger,  the  man  of  God,  who  being  dead  yet  lives  and 
speaks  through  the  words  of  his  witnessing;  and  also  by  the  sermons 
sent  out  by  our  beloved  Brethren  of  the  Unity's  Elders  Conference;  all 
these  have  given  us  courage  to  believe  that  we,  His  poor  Brethren  in 
Wachovia,  may  so  live  as  to  give  Him  joy. 


Becords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


659 


On  our  Gemein  Tagen  we  have  heard,  through  the  JNTachrichten,  of 
our  Congregations  and  Pilgrims  in  all  the  four  corners  of  the  earth, 
and  hearts  and  eyes  have  been  full,  especially  as  we  have  listened  to  the 
Memoirs  of  Brethren  and  Sisters  who  have  gone  to  their  eternal  home; 
to  reports  concerning  the  growth  in  grace  in  the  Diaspora;  to  news  of 
the  successful  service  of  our  Brethren  among  members  of  other 
Churches,  and  of  the  great  work  of  God  among  the  heathen;  and  we 
have  heartily  thanked  the  Saviour  that  He  has  given  spirit  and  power 
to  the  word  of  witness  of  our  Brethren  concerning  His  Blood  and 
Wounds,  so  that  many  heathen  have  been  gathered  in  as  the  reward  of 
His  sufferings. 

Among  us  the  following  have  entered  into  their  inheritance  and 
rights  in  God's  house  and  family  through  Beception :— the  Single 
Brethren,  Eeinhold  Peter  Glokmann,  on  April  20th,  and  Ludwig  Moller, 
on  June  8th; 

the  Boys,  Gottlieb  Strehle,  on  April  20th,  Martin  Lick,  on  June  8th; 
the  Older  Girls,  Elisabeth  Dixon,  on  April  20th,  Christine  Dixon,  Sarah 
Hauser,  and  Anna  Maria  Hege,  on  June  8th. 

In  our  Congregation  and  Choir  Communions  the  dear  Head  of  our 
family  made  Himself  known  to  us,  His  poor  children,  and  fed  us  with 
His  Body  and  the  Blood  of  His  new  Testament.  Those  who  for  the 
first  time  have  shared  this  rich  blessing  with  us,  having  been  previously 
confirmed  thereto,  were: — 

the  Youth,  Gottlieb  Schober, 

the  Married  Sister,  Catharina  Stockburger, 

the  Single  Sister,  Maria  Elisabeth  Krause, 

and  the  two  Older  Girls,  Anna  Johanna  Steip,  and  Anna  Johanna 
Krause. 

Concerning  our  Choirs  in  particular.—  The  Choirs  of  Boys  and  of 
Single  Brethren,  also  the  Choir  of  Single  Sisters,  celebrated  their  Choir 
Festivals  in  Salem,  and  the  Older  Girls  in  Bethabara;  the  Festivals  of 
the  Children  and  of  the  Married  People,  however,  were  observed  in 
all  three  Congregations,  with  renewed  grace  and  blessing;  and  each 
group  felt  that  the  Saviour  was  the  special  Head  and  Priest  of  their 
Choir,  and  He  permitted  them  to  feel  that  He  desired  to  dwell  among 
them,  to  make  them  true  children  of  God,  a  people  according  to  His 
heart. 


660  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


The  Choir  sermons  of  the  Jiinger,  and  the  Choir  Principles  set  forth 
by  the  last  General  Synod,1  have  been  communicated  to  our  Choirs,  have 
been  a  blessing  to  them,  and  have  renewed  their  strength. 

As  the  Saviour  has  made  known  His  gracious  counsel  and  His 
thoughts  of  peace  in  the  inner  life  of  our  Congregations,  so  He  has 
also  given  us  favor  with  our  Government.  His  Excellency,  our  Gov- 
ernor, honored  our  Settlement  with  a  visit,  he  and  his  suite  attended 
the  services  of  the  Congregation,  and  looked  with  satisfaction  through 
the  Gemein  Haus,  the  Choir  and  Family  Houses,  and  we  saw  with 
thankfulness1  that  he  was  glad  that  the  Brethren  live  in  the  Province 
intrusted  to  him  by  our  gracious  King  George  III,  and  he  expressed 
the  wish  that  the  orderly,  praiseworthy,  life  of  the  Brethren,  their 
faithfulness,  industry,  and  neatness,  might  be  a  pattern  to  neighbors 
in  the  Province. 

On  account  of  the  long-continued  drought  last  summer  all  food  sup- 
plies were  short,  but  we  experienced  the  fatherly  care  of  our  dear  Lord 
in  all  our  villages,  so  that  we  did  not  suffer  want,  our  supplies  held 
out,  and  we  were  able  to  assist  some  who  were  in  need. 

Also  He  has  graciously  protected  us  from  many  a  danger  and  evil, 
and  has  sheltered  us  beneath  His  wings. 

Concerning  Salem. — The  Brethren  and  Sisters  of  Bethabara,  who 
were  destined  for  Salem,  moved  thither  from  time  to  time.  On  April 
7th  the  last  Aeltesten  Conf erenz  was  held  in  Bethabara,  and  made  plans 
for  the  future  conduct  of  affairs  in  Salem,  and  for  its  directing  Boards, 
according  to  the  instructions  of  the  Saviour,  our  Chief  Elder,  made 
known  to  us  during  the  Visitation  of  the  Brethren  Gregor  and  Loretz. 
Following  this  were  the  first  meetings  of  the  Congregation  Council,  on 
April  12th  and  26th,  which  arranged  for  the  Aufseher  Collegium  and 
the  Grosse  Heifer  Conferenz.  After  the  Brethren  of  the  Aufseher  Col- 
legium had  received  their  Instructions  from  the  Unity's  Elders  Con- 
ference, through  Br.  Marshall,  they  acquainted  themselves  with  the  con- 
dition of  the  building  fund,  which  had  been  handled  by  the  Unity  Ad- 
ministration, and  out  of  which  the  cost  of  building  in  Salem  had  been 
met,  by  the  blessing  of  the  Lord.  The  Congregation  Diaconie  having 
been  organized,  and  the  rent  for  the  Salem  land  for  this  year  being 
due,  they  decided  to  make  houses  and  land  productive,  so  far  as  pos- 
sible, and  therefore  sold  some  of  the  family  houses  to  residents  of  the 
town,  and  rented  others.  For  the  same  reason  Br.  Keuter  was  appointed 
Forester,  to  care  for  the  forests,  and  by  selling  wood  to  help  in  raising 


xThe  government  of  the  Unitas  Fratrum  or  Moravian  Church  is  of  the  conferential  type, 
Congregation  Councils,  Provincial  Synods,  and  a  General  Synod,  meeting  at  stated  inter- 
vals.   Boards  elected  by  these  bodies  conduct  affairs  ad  interim. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


661 


the  rent  for  the  land.  As  Br.  George  Holder's  farm  alone  was  not 
enough  to  supply  the  town  the  two  Choir  Houses  started  farms  and 
herds  for  their  own  use,  and  the  Brn.,  Daniel  Schnepf  and  Stockburger 
took  charge  of  farms  and  cattle,  partly  for  their  own  support  and  partly 
for  the  assistance  of  families  in  town.  In  spite  of  the  poor  crops  the 
Lord  blessed  their  efforts  with  success. 

The  principles  of  a  Congregation  of  Jesus  regarding  commerce  and 
the  professions  have  been  re-read  from  the  Minutes  of  the  last  General 
Synod  and  from  the  two  letters  of  the  Directing  Board  in  1765,  and 
we  have  laid  them  upon  our  hearts,  and  pray  the  Saviour  that  He  will 
lay  His  blessing  in  all  things  upon  our  commerce  and  professions. 

After  the  status  of  the  Gemein  Diaconie  had  been  presented  to  and 
discussed  by  the  Grosse  Heifer  Conferenz  it  was  laid  before  Congrega- 
tion Council;  and  the  members  were  reminded  with  gratitude  that  the 
Lord  had  helped  us  so  far  that  we  not  only  dwelt  in  the  houses  of 
peace,2  but  that  we  could  attend  the  liturgies  and  other  services  in 
our  new  Gemein  Saal,  (services  rendered  more  pleasing  and  brighter 
by  the  new  organ),  and  also  that  we  could  enjoy  the  blessings  of  a 
Gemein  Ort  of  the  Brethren. 

At  the  same  time  the  service  of  the  Saal  Diener  was  re-organized, 
and  hearty  thanks  were  given  to  those  who  had  been  serving,  and  we  re^ 
joiced  that  there  were  many  others  also  whom  the  Saviour  made  will- 
ing to  serve  their  Congregation  in  this  capacity.  This  gave  an  op- 
portunity to  have  a  happy  Lovefeast  for  all  the  Diener  and  Musicians, 
m  which  they  were  wished  fresh  grace  and  blessing  in  their  work. 

Our  Brethren  and  Sisters  have  willingly  contributed  according  to 
their  means  to  the  collections  for  the  Heathen,  for  the  Children,  and 
for  the  poor  of  the  Unity;  the  Congregation  Fund  has  also  been  re- 
newed, and  arrangements  made  to  cover  the  cost  of  copying  and  send- 
ing the  Gemein  Nachrichten,  Bethabara  and  Bethania  paying  their 
share  of  this. 

Further  building  in  Salem  this  year  has  been  as  follows.— Br. 
Renter's  house  has  been  built  and  occupied;  certain  farm  buildings  have 
been  re-arranged;  and  a  number  of  dwelling  houses  have  been  enlarged 
and  improved.  That  our  new  mill  near  Salem  is  so  nearly  finished 
that  it  can  be  run,  and  can  supply  our  town  and  the  neighbors  with 
meal,  is  a  cause  for  thanksgiving. 

The  Committees  from  the  three  towns  have  had  a  conference  in 
-Bethabara,  and  with  the  help  of  the  Road  Master  have  decided  which 

'^^J'tote^S^*'  and  th6y  ™  ****  Peacefully  in  the  new  homes  after  the 


662  Worth  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


roads  shall  belong  to  each  town;  their  plan  was  accepted  by  the  tax 
payers  in  a  Congregation  Council;  since  then  Salem  has  taken  charge 
of  the  bridge  over  Muddy  Creek  on  the  road  to  the  Shallow  Ford,  and 
has  also  laid  out  and  opened  a  new  road  thither,  which  is  a  great  con- 
venience to  the  entire  town. 

Having  made  the  necessary  arrangements  for  our  material  welfare 
we  carefully  considered  wherein  the  Congregation  and  the  Choirs  might 
be  improved  so  as  to  give  more  joy  to  the  Lord  Jesus,  and  the  receipt 
of  the  Memorabilia  of  the  Unity  gave  opportunity  to  discuss  these 
things  in  our  Conferences  and  in  the  Congregation,  asking  ourselves 
and  the  Saviour  what  there  might  be  among  us  which  was  not  accord- 
ing to  His  mind,  and  not  in  keeping  with  the  character  of  a  people  of 
God;  and  this  was  also  the  subject  of  the  addresses  on  Sept.  16th,  and 
Nov.  13th,  when  we  acknowledged  our  shortcomings,  and  prayed  for 
His  forgiveness,  and  felt  His  assurance  that  He  would  continue  to  be 
with  us,  and  would  remove  from  us  whatever  might  hinder  our  progress 
on  the  path  of  grace. 

Concerning  our  Choirs  here  in  Salem., —  The  Choir  of  Married  Peo- 
ple has  been  increased  by  eight  couples  which  moved  hither  from 
Bethabara,  and  by  two  couples  married  in  Salem,  that  is  the  Stock- 
burgers  and  Ludwig  Meinungs,  so  that  this  Choir  now  consists  of  nine- 
teen couples. 

Our  only  Widower,  Br.  Enerson,  whose  quiet  and  worthy  walk  among 
us  has  made  us  venerate  him  as  a  father,  has  been  transferred  to  Betha- 
bara, to  be  cared  for  there  by  the  Unity  Administration. 

Our  two  Widows  have  felt  that  the  Saviour  was  their  comfort  and 
joy,  and  He  has  graciously  revealed  Himself  to  them. 

The  Choir  of  Single  Brethren  has  been  increased  by  the  coming  of 
thirteen  Brethren  and  six  Boys  from  Bethabara,  Br.  Christian  Fritz 
from  Europe,  and  the  Brn.  Peter  Rose  and  Andreas  Glotz  from  Bethle- 
hem. On  the  other  hand  Br.  Muschbach  has  gone  to  Bethlehem,  and 
Br.  Peterson  has  again  become  Vorsteher  of  the  Choir.  Two  Single 
Brethren  have  been  married,  and  are  residents  of  Salem,  and  one  has 
married  in  Bethabara  and  has  settled  on  a  farm  near  that  village. 
Soon  after  moving  to  Salem  Br.  Wurtely  had  the  joy  to  breathe  out 
his  life  in  the  arms  of  Jesus,  and  his  body  is  the  third  to  be  buried  as 
a  corn  of  wheat  in  our  God's  Acre  ;3  and  since  then  the  remains  of  Br. 
Klein  have  been  laid  beside  it,  Br.  Lorenz  [Bagge]  having  brought 

3  God's  Acre  is  the  usual  translation  of  G-ottes  Acker,  but  Acker  also  means  a  field,  arable 
land,  and  it  is  evident  from  numerous  phrases  snch  as  this  that  the  Brethren  thought 
of  their  burial  places  not  as  an  acre  of  ground,  not  as  a  grave-yard,  but  as  Grod's 
Field,  wherein  the  bodies  of  believers  are  sown  awaiting  a  glorious  resurrection, — 
compare  I  Cor.  XV,  36-44. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


663 


them  from  Little  River  in  November.  Br.  Christian  Pfeiffer,  of  Betha- 
bara,  a  member  of  this  Choir,  has  also  been  called  home  by  the  Saviour. 
It  should  be  noted  that  the  Doctrinal  Instruction  of  the  Boys  covered 
the  period  of  the  Reformation,  and  then  the  Augsburg  Confession  was 
studied,  and  the  doctrine  of  salvation  therein  contained  was  compared 
with  the  words  of  Holy  Writ.  The  Choir  of  Single  Brethren  at  the 
close  of  this  year  consists  of  35  Brethren,  3  Youths,  and  5  Boys. 

The  Choir  of  Single  Sisters  remembers  with  true  gratitude  the  grace 
of  the  Saviour,  manifested  as  they  moved  into  and  arranged  their 
Choir  House.  During  the  year  Hanna  Leinbach,  of  Bethania,  has  come 
to  them;  and  they  have  given  two  Sisters  into  the  Choir  of  Married 
People.  In  the  Doctrinal  Instruction  the  Older  Girls  have  studied 
Bible  History  of  the  time  of  the  Patriarchs,  and  the  Theocratic  Consti- 
tution of  the  people  of  God.  The  Single  Sisters'  Choir  consists  of  16 
Sisters  and  6  Older  Girls. 

The  members  of  the  Children's  Choir  including  6  little  boys  and  4 
little  girls  in  Salem,  have,  in  their  degree,  realized  that  the  Saviour 
is  the  Friend  of  the  little  ones,  and  we  have  seen  that  His  heart  was 
with  them,  especially  in  their  two  Festivals,  which  we  celebrated  with 
them,  on  Nov.  13th,  when  they  shared  in  the  Festival  of  the  Chief  Elder 
and  the  Anniversary  of  the  Congregation,  and  particularly  in  the  blessed 
Christmas  Eve  service.  Their  schools  have  gone  well,  that  for  the  boys 
being  taught  by  Br.  Tiersch  and  that  for  the  girls  by  Sr.  Oesterlein. 
In  all  there  belong  to  the  Salem  Children's  Choir  9  little  boys  and  6 
little  girls. 

The  Congregation  of  Salem  therefore  consists  of 

38  Married  People 

2  Widows 
43  Single  Brethren  and  Boys 
22  Single  Sisters  and  Older  Girls 
15  Children 


Total   120  Persons. 

In  Bethabara,  during  the  first  quarter  of  the  year,  the  Congregation 
continued  as  heretofore,  that  is  until  the  moving  to  Salem  was  com- 
pleted, when  this  Congregation  was  reduced  to  fifty  persons.  The 
change  had  promised  difficulties,  especially  because  of  the  Oeconomie 
which  was  established  by  the  first  settlers,  and  which  had  lasted  with 
blessing  for  eighteen  years,  but  all  was  arranged  to  the  satisfaction  not 
only  of  those  who  moved  to  Salem  but  also  of  those  who  remained  in 


664  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Bethabara,  and  we  give  our  thanks  to  our  Father  for  His  grace  and 
help  therein. 

Besides  Br.  and  Sr.  Graff,  who  have  charge  of  this  little  Congrega- 
tion, five  Brethren  have  been  appointed  as  a  Committee  to  oversee  the 
spiritual  and  the  material  welfare  of  Bethabara,  and  the  Saviour  has 
laid  His  peace  and  blessing  upon  their  deliberations  for  the  well-being 
of  the  village,  so  that  with  the  approval  and  help  of  Congregation 
Council  they  have  arranged  many  matters  for  the  good  of  the  Congre- 
gation. 

Br.  Stauber,  his  wife  and  four  children,  have  returned  to  Bethabara 
from  Friedberg.  Br.  Matthew  Stach  and  his  wife,  and  the  Austs  with 
their  two  children,  have  arrived  from  Europe,  the  Stachs  to  remain  in 
Bethabara,  but  the  Austs  to  stay  only  until  they  can  build  on  their 
laud.  The  Single  Brother,  Johann  Schaub,  has  come  from  Christians- 
brunn  [near  Nazareth,  Pa.]  to  help  his  parents  in  the  Tavern.  The 
Widower,  Enersen,  has  moved  to  Bethabara  from  Salem. 

Br.  Frockel's  little  son  was  baptised  with  the  name  Johann  Chris- 
tian; but  Br.  Blum's  little  daughter  was  still-born. 

Besides  Br.,  Christian  Pfeiffer  the  Saviour  has  called  the  little  Anna 
Elisabeth  Bonn  to  His  eternal  joy. 

Since  Michaelmas  Br.  and  Sr.  Stach  have  taken  charge  of  the  schools 
for  the  little  boys  and  the  little  girls,  and  have  conducted  them  with 
blessing. 

The  little  Congregation  of  Bethabara  now  consists  of 

24  Married  People 
1  Widower 
1  Widow 

8  Single  Brethren 
3  Boys 

3  Single  Sisters 
1  Older  Girl 
13  Children 

Total  54 

Bethania  has  had  much  trouble,  for  the  Shauses  and  their  children 
have  moved  quite  away,  and  their  lot  had  to  be  taken  back  by  the  Com- 
mittee of  the  Congregation;  but  now  Br.  Casper  Fischer  with  his  wife 
and  four  children  have  come  from  Bethlehem  and  have  settled  on  the 
vacated  lot.    The  Congregation  recognizes  with  thankfulness  that  the 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


665 


Saviour  lias  been  their  leader  and  has  blessed  them  without  and  within. 
Residents  are 

36  Married  People 

2  "Widows 

1  Single  Brother 

8  Boys 
10  Older  Girls 
48  Children 


Total  105 

Of  Communicants  and  Received  living  outside  the  town  there  are 

18  Married  People 
32  Children. 

The  Society  of  Friedberg  has  had  Communion  seven  times  this  year 
in  their  School-house.  They  began  with  thirteen  Communicants,  in- 
cluding Br.  and  Sr.  Bachhof,  and  since  then  six  have  been  added.  The 
Saviour  has  let  them  feel  His  presence  in  their  Communion  Services, 
and  has  begun  a  new  work  of  grace  in  many  other  hearts, — may  He 
cleanse  and  sanctify  them! 

In  Friedland,  during  this  year,  services  have  been  held  by  several 
Brethren  in  a  dwelling  house,  until  their  new  School-house  can  be  fin- 
ished. Again  several  families,  with  their  children,  have  come  from 
Broadbay. 

Pour  families,  containing  nineteen  persons,  came  this  year  from 
Carolls  Manor  [Md..]  to  Bethabara,  but  have  now  settled  west  of  Salem, 
near  Douthit,  which  looks  as  though  there  might  be  a  small  English 
settlement  of  Brethren  in  Wachovia.  Counting  these  families  70  per- 
sons have  come  this  year  to  live  in  Wachovia. 

Br.  Soelle,  in  carrying  out  his  plan  for  preaching  in  the  regions  of 
North  Carolina  around  Wachovia,  has  proclaimed  the  Gospel  on  Abbots 
Creek,  on  the  Hughwarren,  in  Guilford  County,  on  Belew's  Creek,  on 
the  Town  Pork,  on  this  side  of  and  beyond  the  Atkin,  in  Fox  Snap, 
and  in  the  Mulberry  Fields ;  and  has  baptised  some  54  children.  He 
has  made  two  visits  to  Virginia.  On  his  last  trip  he  left  here  Oct. 
17th,  preached  on  the  18th  on  the  Town  Fork,  and  on  the  19th  in  Mr. 
Vernon's  house  on  the  Meho,  where  he  found  that  his  hearers  lost  their 
mistaken  ideas  concerning  the  Brethren  when  they  heard  him  proclaim 
the  Gospel  of  the  suffering  and  death  of  Jesus.  On  the  23rd  he  reached 
the  house  of  Mr.  Harris,  who  had  come  home  the  preceding  night  from 


666  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


his  preaching  round  to  attend  a  General  Meeting  of  his  people,  who 
are  Baptists.  The  Minister  insisted  that  Br.  Soelle  should  hold  the 
first  service,  and  he  proclaimed  the  Gospel  to  a  large  number  of  men 
and  women  who  were  deeply  moved. 

The  number  of  adult  Brethren  and  Sisters  in  our  three  towns  is  203, 
and  of  children  there  are  76. 

Of  communicants,  including  the  members  living  outside  Bethania  and 
Friedberg,  there  are  182., 

Diary  of  Salem  Congregation,  1772. 

[The  record  for  the  months  of  January,  April,  and  August  is  trans- 
lated in  full  to  show  the  order  of  Church  services  in  different  seasons 
of  the  year;  in  other  months  the  religious  services  are  omitted,  except 
on  special  occasions,  though  the  Diary  gives  them  all  day  by  day.] 

Jan.  1.  In  entering  the  New  Year  the  first  general  gathering  was 
held  at  10  A.M.  and  was  opened  with  the  singing  of  the  hymn 

Nun  lasst  uns  gehen  und  treten,4 

then  Br.  Tiersch  preached  to  a  large  congregation  on  the  Gospel  of  the 
holy  name,  Jesus,  and  the  Circumcision  of  our  Immanuel,  made  mani- 
fest in  the  flesh.  The  earnest  and  heartfelt  wish  was  expressed  that 
the  hearers  might  find  the  new  year  a  true  year  of  grace,  in  which  the 
Friend  of  their  souls  might  be  made  known  to  them  as  their  crucified 
Saviour,  their  Bedeemer  from  sin,  that  He  might  be  glorified  in  their 
eternal  salvation.  In  the  second  service  the  Memorabilia  of  the  Con- 
gregations at  Herrnhut,  Niesky,  and  in  Silesia,  were  read.  In  the 
afternoon  first  the  Children,  then  the  Married  People,  and  lastly  the 
Single  Brethren,  prostrated  themselves  before  our  God,  made  manifest 
in  the  flesh,  thanking  Him  with  humble  hearts  for  all  His  wounds, 
His  sufferings  and  stripes;  the  addresses  were  on  the  Doctrinal  Text 
for  the  day : —  "Behold  now  is  the  accepted  time,  behold  now  is  the  day 
of  Salvation."  The  Lord  was  truly  in  our  midst,  especially  in  the 
second  and  third  Choir  meetings,  and  let  the  Married  People  and  the 
Brethren  feel  that  His  heart  is  with  us,  and  therefore  we  trust  that 
in  the  new  year  we  will  enjoy  much  grace  and  blessing  in  the  Choirs. 
In  the  evening  service  at  7  o'clock  we  sang  the  Liturgy  "Unschuldiges 
Gottes  Lamm";  then  there  was  an  address  on  the  first  Daily  Word, 
[Kev.  Ill,  8.]  which  discussed  the  character  of  the  Church  at  Phila- 


Many  of  the  hymns  and  liturgies  once  used  in  Wachovia  have  never  been  translated,  so  in 
the  extracts  for  this  year  the  initial  lines  given  in  the  Diary  are  copied  in  German. 


Salem  Gemein  Haus,  Consecrated  November  13,  1771 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


667 


delphia, — 1)  that  it  was  a  little  Church,  and  yet  it  had  a  strength  in 
spirit  and  life,  in  spite  of  all  poverty  and  imperfection;  2)  that  it  had 
kept  the  word  of  His  sufferings;  and  3)  that  it  had  not  denied  His 
Name,  SAVIOUR. 

Jan.  2.  Br.  and  Sr.  Graff  rejoiced  us  with  their  visit,  during  which 
they  visited  and  spoke  with  each  family.  The  two  recently  married 
couples,  the  Herbsts  and  Charles  Holders,  came  with  them,  and  took 
possession  of  their  new  dwellings.  Br.  Marshall,  who  spent  the  night 
with  us,  held  the  evening  service,  and  read  an  impressive  sermon  of 
the  Jiinger.  The  Single  Brother  Johann  Stotz  and  the  Boy  Gottlieb 
Strehle  moved  today  from  Bethabara  into  their  Choir  House  here;  the 
first  will  assist  Br.  Priem  in  the  kitchen,  and  Strehle  will  learn  the 
smith  profession  under  Br.  George  Schmidt, 

Jan.  3.  Our  devotions  were  with  the  Liturgy  "O  Haupt  voll  Blut 
und  Wunden." 

J  an.  5.,  We  anticipated  the  Mission  Day,5  and  read  the  Nachrichten 
concerning  Cairo  and  Labrador.  In  the  evening  we  read  of  the  first 
heathen  from  the  East,  spoke  on  the  Daily  Word,  and  announced  the 
Mission  Collection,  then  in  an  earnest  prayer  commended  to  the  Saviour 
the  entire  work  of  God  among  the  heathen. 

J  an.  7.    The  gifts  for  Missions  were  collected  by  Br.  Toego  Nissen. 

Jan.  12.  Br.  Marshall  prayed  the  Litany  with  the  Congregation, 
especially  remembering  the  Boys,  who  in  this  manner  made  a  blessed 
beginning  with  their  Festival.  At  10  o'clock  two  Children  from  Betha- 
bara, Martin  Luck  and  Wagemann,  were  received  into  the  Choir  of 
Boys,  and  the  three  Boys,  George  Bibighaus,  Gottlieb  Schober  and 
George  Hauser,  became  Youths.  After  preaching,  the  classes  of  Boys 
and  Youths  met  with  the  Ministers.  At  their  afternoon  Lovefeast  the 
Psalm6  of  1767  was  sung,  and  the  Memorabilia7  noted  that  of  the  20 
Boys  and  Youths  five  live  in  Salem,  seven  in  Bethabara,  and  eight  in 
Bethania.  The  Boy,  Martin  Schneider,  will  remain  in  Salem,  and 
learn  the  shoe-maker's  profession  in  his  Choir  House. 

Jan.  13.  Br.  and  Sr.  Bagge  moved  from  Bethabara  into  the  store 
herein  addition  to  their  daughter,  Elisabeth,  they  brought  Sr.  Bish- 

5  Epi&y'Tl  JanuarTy  6th>  ™  observed  as  a  Mission  Day,  in  memory  of  the  coming  to 
6Th.  T     f  6m+  v  J1Ud6a  °Lthe  first  representatives  of  the  Gentile  world.  g 

and  maTv  S^l  ^-^t^cT  ,a  8erAies  °f  hymns,  selected  for  the  occasion, 

teLSn^JZn  J  t  5?  Sal^  Archives-  Tllose  <>f  early  years  are  in  manuscript 
generally  varying  each  year  and  for  each  occasion.    Later  Odes  were  orinted  for  stated 

'The^hT'M1,168'  S6rVed  f°r  a  DUmber  of  ?ears  unchanged  P  01 

between noted ,the  <*ief  events  of  the  Choir  year,  that  is  the  twelve  months 

STSiSiSrSr,    T  °*S  Ch°iri  jUSt  aS  the  general  Memorabilia  summed  up 
ine  congregational  history  of  each  year,  from  January  to  December. 


668  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


off,  who  will  live  with,  them,  as  will  also  Br.  Christian  Heckewalder  and 
George  Bibighaus. 

Jan.  IJf.  The  Boy,  Martin  Luck,  moved  today  into  his  Choir  House, 
to  learn  the  profession  of  a  joiner. 

Jan.  15.    The  Bible  Reading  was  blessed  to  us. 

Jan.  16.   Br.  Lorenz  sang  a  Liturgy  with  the  Communicants. 

Jan.  17.  We  were  glad  to  see  Br.  and  Sr.  Graff,  who  passed  through 
on  their  way  to  Friedland  to  speak  with  the  members  there  and  hold 
Communion  for  them. 

Jan.  19.  In  the  afternoon  the  Married  People  were  informed  that 
Visiting  would  be  begun  again,  and  the  Brn.  and  Srs.  Bagge  and  George 
Holder  were  appointed  Visitors. 

Jan.  21.  In  the  meeting  of  Communicants  Br.  Marshall  spoke  on 
the  Daily  Word,  making  a  deep  impression;  he  also  announced  that 
the  Lord's  Supper  would  be  celebrated  on  the  coming  Sabbath,  and  the 
Communicants  will  be  spoken  with  during  the  intervening  days. 

Jan.  22.  There  was  Bible  Beading,  from  the  Harmony  of  the 
Gospels. 

Jan.  23.  There  was  an  address  to  the  Communicants  on  the  Text 
for  the  day;  "If  any  man  be  in  Christ  he  is  a  new  creature,"  laying  it 
upon  their  hearts  as  a  gracious  promise;  then  a  Liturgy  was  sung, 
with  prayer  to  our  dear  Father. 

Jan.  21/..  Our  choir  of  Musicians  played  here  for  the  first  time,  ac- 
companying the  singing  of  the  "Haupt  voll  Blut  und  Wunden." 

Jan.  25.  At  six  o'clock  the  Communicants  assembled  for  their  Love- 
feast,  during  which  the  Memoir  of  Br.  Christoph  Wagner  was  read. 
His  childlike  and  intimate  intercourse  with  the  Saviour  was  pointed 
out  as  being  the  true  character  for  a  worthy  Communicant,  and  with 
humble  hearts  we  prayed  to  the  Saviour: 

Ach  Hiiter,  mach  uns  auch  so  schon!  etc. 

With  the  great  desire  that  they  might  be  one  with  Him  in  body  and 
in  spirit  through  His  sacramental  enfolding,  the  Communicants  pre- 
sented themselves  at  eight  o'clock  before  their  merciful  High  Priest, 
asked  absolution  for  all  that  had  not  been  according  to  His  will,  and 
then  shared  in  the  Holy  Sacrament  of  His  Body  and  Blood;  and  after 
this  inexpressable  privilege  they  tenderly  sang: 

Gemeine,  liebe  dich 
durchgangig  inniglich,  etc. 

and  bound  themselves  together  before  the  Saviour  with  the  Kiss  of  love. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


669 


/ an  26.  In  the  morning  at  nine  o'clock  the  officials  and  our  sick  Br. 
Enerson  received  their  share  of  the  Sacrament,  which  made  the  total 
number  of  Communicants  to  be  49.  Then  followed  the  Communion 
Liturgy,  with  our  faith  expressed  in: 

Ich  bin  ein  Glied  an  seine  Leib,  etc. 
Lasst  euch  ein  Haupt  sein  Glied?  etc. 
Nein,  ach  nein,  Er  lasst  mich  nicht,  etc., 

At  ten  o'clock  the  preaching  was  on  Ps.  LXXXVI,  17,  "Show  me  a 
token  for  good,  that  it  may  go  well  with  me."  In  Friedland  Br.  Soelle 
held  public  service. 

Jan.  28.  In  the  Aeltesten  Confer enz  it  was  decided  that  as  many 
of  the  Single  Brethren  and  Boys  destined  for  Salem  as  could  be  spared 
from  Bethabara  should  now  move  hither.  Br.  Marshall  held  the  even- 
ing service  for  Communicants,  speaking  on  the  Daily  Word  and  the 
character  of  a  people  of  God,  to  whom  the  Saviour  made  Himself  known 
and  who  therefore  are  blessed,  but  that  on  the  contrary,  without  His 
presence,  danger  and  a  curse  are  to  be  expected ;  and  he  closed  with  the 
Liturgy:  "Jesus  Christus  blick  dich  an,"  etc. 

The  Singstunde  and  evening  prayer  for  all  closed  this  day  with  a 
blessed  sense  of  His  nearness. 

Jan.  29.  It  stormed  and  snowed  so  hard  that  the  evening  services 
could  not  be  held. 

J  an.  SO.  The  snow  last  night  fell  over  a  foot  deep.  Br.  Lorenz  held 
a  Liturgy  with  the  Communicants. 

Jan.  SI.  Br.  Tiersch  held  Doctrinal  Instruction  for  the  Boys,  tak- 
ing the  Old  Testament  promises  concerning  the  Saviour  up  to  the  time 
of  ]SToah.  Then  the  Congregation  sang  the  Liturgy  "O  Haupt  voll  Blut 
und  Wunden." 

Feb.  2.  In  the  Litany  we  remembered  the  widowed  Choirs,  and  again 
commended  them  to  the  Saviour  for  His  Blessing.  The  preaching  was 
on  the  Gospel  for  the  day;  and  in  the  afternoon  accounts  of  the  work 
of  our  Brethren  among  the  Eree  Negroes  of  Surinam  were  read  from 
the  Nachrichten. 

Feb.  If.  In  the  Conference  at  Bethabara  it  was  decided  to  contract 
with  Br.  Bulitschek  for  a  new  organ,  to  cost  £32 :  Proclamation  money. 
It  is  to  be  used  in  our  Gemein  Saal.  Br.  Schnepf  is  to  take  charge  of 
the  small  farm  by  the  old  kitchen.  Eight  were  selected  from  among 
the  Single  Brethren  and  Boys  who  shall  at  once  move  to  Salem.  The 
snow  continues  to  lie,  and  the  cold  is  greater  than  usual  here. 


670  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Feb.  5.  Today  the  following  moved  from  Bethabara  into  the  Choir 
House  here, — the  Brn.  Zillmann,  Nilson  and  Johann  Miiller,  and  the 
Boys,  Sam  Stotz  and  Andreas  Kremser.  On  the  6th  the  Brn.  Koffler 
and  Gopfert  came;  followed  on  the  10th  by  Br.  Jeremiah  Schaaf. 

Feb.  12.  The  great  needs  of  Salem  received  special  help  today  when, 
quite  unexpectedly,  three  Dunkards  came  and  asked  to  buy  1000  acres 
of  land  in  Wachovia;  which  was  promised  them  when  they  had  seen  it. 

Feb.  13.  The  Brn.  Marshall,  Utley,  Muschbach,  and  Tiersch  went 
today  to  Friedland,  where  the  new  School-house  is  to  be  built.  In  the 
afternoon  Br.  Marshall  ran  the  lines  for  them  with  the  compass,  and 
then,  on  the  very  spot  where  Br.  Gregor  drove  the  first  stake,  the  first 
sill  was  laid ;  then  all  the  men,  women  and  children  gathered  within  the 
four  sills,  and  Br.  Tiersch  sang: 

Herr  Jesu,  auserwehltes  Haupt,  etc. 

and  spoke  on  the  Text  for  the  day :  "The  God  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ 
enlighten  the  eyes  of  your  understanding,  that  ye  may  know  what  is 
the  hope  of  His  calling,"  etc.  pointing  out  that  God,  crucified  for  us, 
revealed  Himself  to  the  hearts  of  poor,  lost  sinners  who  turned  to  Him 
and  sought  and  found  forgiveness  for  their  sins,  then  he  declared  that 
this  place  and  this  house  should  belong  to  the  kingdom  of  God,  and 
that  the  powers  of  darkness,  of  the  world,  of  evil  and  of  folly,  should 
be  kept  far  from  it;  that  it  should  be  consecrated  to  the  Saviour,  for 
the  proclaiming  of  the  Gospel,  for  the  knowledge  of  His  salvation,  for 
the  enjoyment  of  that  grace  and  blessing  which  He  would  give  to  those 
assembled  here  in  His  name.    After  singing: 

Was  liebest  du?  Sunder,  etc. 

Br.  Tiersch  offered  an  earnest  prayer  to  the  Saviour  that  He  would 
fill  all  present,  and  especially  the  children,  with  the  wisdom  of  His 
grace  for  the  salvation  of  their  souls,  *  *  *  and  that  they  might 
always  remember  why  this  house  had  been  built,  and  why  the  Gospel 
should  here  be  proclaimed.    In  conclusion  another  hymn  was  sung: 

Der  Grund  da  wirs  Haus  griinden 
ist  Christus  und.  sein  Blut, 
in  seinem  IsTamen  verbinden 
zu  seh'n  was  Jesus  thut,  etc. 

Sr.  Krause  came  from  Bethabara  to  Salem,  and  remained  for  some 
days  to  arrange  certain  matters  for  the  future  house-keeping  of  the 
Single  Sisters,  and  to  speak  with  Sr.  Christmann. 


Eecokds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  671 


Feb.  14.  In  the  evening  service  we  remembered  the  word  of  the 
Lord,  which  seven  years  ago  He  gave  for  Salem,  thanked  Him  for  His 
grace  which  has  kept  the  promise  and  has  led  us  thus  far,  and  prayed 
that  He  would  lift  up  His  countenance  upon  us,  that  our  houses  and 
streets  might  be  filled  with  His  peace,  and  that  He  here  might  have  a 
Gemein  Ort  which  trusted  beneath  the  shadow  of  His  wings,  enjoyed 
His  grace,  and  brought  honor  to  His  name. 

F eb.  16.  The  Brn.  Herbst  and  Prazel  were  in  Bethabara  today,  where 
a  Vorsteher  Conferenz  was  held,  and  together  with  the  Vorsteher  of 
Bethabara  and  Bethania  they  divided  the  musical  instruments  and  other 
things,  deciding  what  should  be  brought  to  Salem  for  use  in  the  Saal 
and  at  Lovefeasts. 

Feb.  17.  Br.  and  Sr.  Jacob  Meyer  came  from  Bethabara  to  take 
charge  of  the  new  Tavern  here.  With  them  came  their  two  children, 
Maria  Magdalene  and  Philip  Jacob,  and  Sr.  Dixon,  also  their  old 
negress  and  her  children. 

Feb.  18.  Br.  and  Sr.,  Graff  came  from  Bethabara,  and  spoke  with 
the  Married  People  preparatory  to  the  Communion.  He  held  the  even- 
ing Liturgy,  and  mentioned  the  betrothal  of  Br.  Stockburger  to  the 
Single  Sister  Catharine  Christmann. 

Feb.  19.  Br.  Valentine  [Beck]  and  his  wife  moved  to  Salem.  Br. 
Peter  Christ,  who  works  with  him,  moved  into  his  Choir  House. 

Feb.  21±.  The  four  Single  Sisters,  Anna  Maria  Krause,  Anna  Eosina 
Boeckel,  [Maria  Elisabeth]  Kraus,  Elisabeth  Ever  it,  and  the  two  Girls, 
Anna  Johanna  Steip  and  [Magdalena]  Luck,  came  from  Bethabara' 
and  settled  themselves  on  the  first  floor  of  the  Gemein  Haus,  at  the 
south  end,  where  the  Single  Sisters  are  to  live.  As  soon  as  they  were 
located  they  began  to  dig  their  garden,  so  that  it  might  be  ready  for 
planting.  With  the  wagon  which  brought  their  things  came  a  large 
chest  of  Gemein  Nachrichten  for  the  Archives,  which  will  now  be  kept 
in  the  Gemein  Haus. 

Match 1  The  Litany  was  prayed,  and  then  there  was  preaching  on 
the  text,  "Behold,  we  go  up  to  Jerusalem,"  which  made  a  blessed  begin- 
ning of  the  Passion  season.  At  three  o'clock  the  Communicants  and 
Received  assembled,  and  in  their  presence  Br.  Johann  George  Stock- 
burger  was  married  to  Sr.  Catharine  Christmann.  First  the  choir 
sang  the  wedding  Doxology,  and  then  the  blessing  of  the  Church  was 
laid  upon  this  pair,  uniting  them  in  holy  wedlock.  May  the  Lord  re- 
member in  grace  this  first  wedding  in  Salem!  In  the  evening  the  story 
was  read  of  the  founding  of  the  Unity  of  Brethren  on  this  day  [1457]. 


672  JSTokth  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


March  J/..   Br.  and  Sr.  Reuter  moved  to  Salem  today. 

March  10.  The  Aeltesten  Conferenz  discussed  the  Petition  we  will 
send,  asking  that  Dobbs  Parish  may  not  be  divided ;  and  also  considered 
whether  we  should  incorporate  Salem  or  "Wachovia.  The  question  of 
Br.  Miksch's  support  was  considered,  and  at  his  request  permission  was 
given  him  to  open  a  small  shop. 

March  16.  The  road  from  Salem  to  the  Shallow  Ford  was.  laid  out 
and  opened. 

March  17.  Br.,  Marshall  read  to  the  Conferenz  a  draft  of  the  Peti- 
tion to  the  Governor  and  Assembly,  asking  that  our  Parish  might  re- 
main undivided,  and  might  belong  entirely  to  one  county,  either  to 
Rowan  or  to  Surry. 

March  20.  A  heavy  wind  blew  down  a  new  wood-shed,  and  it  was  a 
mercy  that  no  one  was  near  by.  The  six  Sisters  above  mentioned,  also 
Sr.  Bonn,  returned  today  to  Bethabara,  after  having  been  here  for 
some  days  working  in  their  gardens. 

March  23.  Br.  Stockburger  and  his  wife  today  took  charge  of  some 
of  the  fields  and  meadows  in  and  near  Salem. 

March  25.  At  one  o'clock  the  Congregation  assembled.  First  was 
sung  : 

O  Verehrungswiirdige  Minute, 

Tag  den  sonst  kein  Tag  nicht  gleich,  etc. 

and  then  there  was  an  address  on  the  Daily  Word,  concerning  the  In- 
carnation of  the  Saviour. 

March  26.  Br.  Marshall  came  to  us,  and  consulted  with  Brn.,  Utley 
and  Reuter  as  to  the  Contract  to  be  made  tomorrow  with  Br.  Stock- 
burger;  two  copies  shall  be  signed,  one  for  each  party. 

March  28.  Br.  Utley  went  to  the  Yatkin  today,  and  tomorrow  will 
preach  in  MacKnight's  house,  and  visit  the  families  of  his  auditors. 

March  29.  Br.  Tiersch  preached  in  Friedland,  holding  service  for 
the  children  and  also  for  the  house-fathers  and  house-mothers.  Br. 
Lorenz  held  the  usual  services  in  Salem. 

March  30.  The  Single  Sisters,  Anna  Maria  Kraus,  Rosina  Boeckle, 
Elisabeth  Everit,  Christina  Jorde,  and  Anna  Johanna  Steip  moved  to- 
day into  the  Gemein  Haus. 

March  31.  Br.  Wiirtele  moved  today  into  the  Brothers'  House;  and 
little  John  Dixon  went  to  Br.  and  Sr.  Herbst. 

April  1.    There  was  Bible  Reading. 

April  2.    Br.  Lorenz  held  the  Liturgy  for  the  Communicants. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


673 


Aprils.  Br.  Utley  led  the  Liturgy:  "O  Haupt  voll  Bint  und  Wun- 
den." 

April  5.  It  was  Gemein  Tag,  and  accounts  of  the  work  in  Greenland 
were  read  from  the  Nachrichten.  In  the  evening  service  Br.  Tiersch 
spoke  on  the  Daily  Word.    *    *  * 

April  7.  In  the  Conferenz  in  Bethabara  it  was  decided  that  as  Br. 
and  Sr.  Marshall,  and  the  rest  of  the  Single  Sisters,  were  now  moving 
to  Salem  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz  should  meet  in  Salem  next  Tuesday, 
Br.  and  Sr.  Graff  coming  from  Bethabara.  In  the  evening  the  Com- 
municants listened  to  a  letter  from  a  Brother  in  Herrnhut  concerning 
the  Memorabilia  of  the  Unity's  Elders  Conference  for  1770. 

April  8.    Bible  Reading  was  from  the  Harmony,  as  far  as  1f53. 

April  9.  Br.  and  Sr.  Marshall  moved  to  Salem;  as  did  also  the  fol- 
lowing Single  Sisters:—  Elisabeth  Oesterlein,  Maria  Magdalena  Hopf- 
ner,  Dorothy  Schiitz,  Marie  Magdalena  Strub  and  Magdalena  Luck; 
and  Hannah  Leinbach,  from  Bethania,  came  to  Br.  and  Sr.  George 
Schmid.  In  the  evening  Br.  Tiersch  returned  from  Eriedberg,  where 
he  had  held  a  service  for  the  Society,  and  after  it  had  baptised  two 
children  of  our  members  living  there.  In  the  Liturgy  for  Communi- 
cants the  Saviour  let  us  feel  His  gracious  presence,  and  blessed  us  anew 
as  poor  sinners  trusting  in  His  Atonement.  In  the  Singstunde  some  re- 
ports were  read  from  the  Wochen;  and  the  day  closed  with  the  evening 
blessing. 

April  10.  The  Sisters  Anna  Maria  Quest,  Anna  Minister,  Magdalena 
Blar,  Salome  Meurer,  Johanna  Elisabeth  Colver,  Anna  Elisabeth  Wer- 
ner, and  Maria  Schneider  moved  from  Bethabara  into  the  part  of  the 
Gemein  Hans  which  is  to  serve  as  their  Choir  House.  With  them  came 
the  four  Girls,  Maria  Enerson,  Christiana  and  Elisabeth  Dixon,  and 
Catharine  Sehner,  to  live  in  the  Choir  House;  and  Sr.  Maria  Elisabeth 
Engel,  and  the  three  Girls,  Maria  Hirt,  Anna  Johanna  Graff,  and  Anna 
Johanna  Kraus,  to  attend  the  consecration  of  the  Choir  House. 

At  six  o'clock  in  the  evening  the  Lovefeast  was  held  in  their  little 
Saal,  at  which  the  members  of  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz  and  the  Brn. 
Bagge  and  Meyer  were  also  present.    Eirst  was  sung: 

Der,  du  den  elende  Magde  dein,  etc.; 
and  with  the  verse 


Hier  siehest  du  ein  Jungfrau  Chor,  etc. 

11 


674  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


the  Sisters  knelt,  and  Br.  Tiersch  prayed  that  the  Saviour  would  conse- 
crate this  prayer-hall  as  His  own  property,  and  make  these  poor  sinners 
to  be  His  maidens,  and  that  so  often  as  they  here  appeared  before  Him 
to  seek  His  grace,  He  would  let  them  feel  His  presence,  His  blessing 
and  His  comfort.  Hearts  and  eyes  overflowed,  and  the  Saviour  let  it 
be  felt  that  He  was  in  our  midst.  During  the  Lovefeast  Br.  Marshall 
announced  that  Br.  Meyer,  who  was  present,  had  been  appointed  by 
the  Saviour  as  the  Curator8  of  the  Choir,  and  several  verses  of  blessing 
were  sung  for  him,  and  he  was  commended  to  the  grace  and  help  of  the 
Saviour.  At  the  close  of  the  Lovefeast  the  singers  rendered  a  Psalm, 
appropriate  to  the  Daily  Word  and  Text  for  the  day  and  to  the  conse- 
cration of  the  Choir  House  and  prayer-hall.  After  Br.  Marshall  had 
made  an  address  to  the  Sisters  they  united  with  the  Congregation  in 
singing :  "O  Haupt  voll  Blut  und  Wunden";  and  at  its  close  their 
sleeping-hall  was  consecrated,  Br.  Marshall  leading  the  Liturgy. 

[Marshall's  report  to  U.  E.  C,  Aug.  SI,  1769.  As  a  Gemein  Haus 
has  two  entrances  we  saw  the  possibility  of  using  half  of  the  house  for 
the  Single  Sisters,  and  the  other  half  for  the  ministers  and  their  wives. 
The  Sisters  can  have  their  sleeping-hall  under  the  roof  and  the  two 
families  will  be  as  separate  as  though  they  were  in  two  houses;  the 
yards  also  can  be  separate.  We  at  first  thought  of  arranging  the  two- 
story  house  for  the  Sisters,  at  least  for  a  few  years,  but  the  people  of 
this  land  are  rude,  and  if  the  Sisters  were  placed  where  strangers  came 
to  trade  they  would  be  exposed  to  insolence  by  day  and  night.  To  be  in 
the  same  house  with  the  minister  and  his  wife  gives  them  protection.] 
April  11.  Br.  Merkly  moved  from  Bethabara  into  his  Choir  House 
here,  where  he  will  have  charge  of  the  Bakery.  In  the  evening  we  be- 
gan to  read  the  story  of  Christ's  Sufferings,  and  hymns  were  sung  re- 
ferring to  His  bitter  Passion. 

April  12.  Sunday.  Br.  Marshall  prayed  the  Church  Litany  with  the 
Congregation.  Br.  Tiersch  preached  on  the  Epistle  for  the  day,— Phil. 
II,  "He  humbled  himself."  In  the  afternoon,  from  the  1st  Beylage,  1771, 
we  read  the  Memoirs  of  Br.  Bottger  and  Sr.  Chr.  Hauff.  At  two  o'clock 
there  was  a  Congregation  Council  of  all  adult  Communicants,  in  which 
Br.  Marshall  called  for  the  election  of  an  Aufseher  Collegium.  The 
four  Brethren,  Traugott  Bagge,  as  Chairman  of  the  Collegium,  Br. 
Meyer,  as  Curator  of  the  Single  Sisters,  Br.  Utley  as  Gemein  Vorsteher, 

8  The  Curator  advised  the  Sisters  in  business  matters,  and  represented  them  in  the  Aufseher 
Collegium  which  handled  the  financial  and  general  material  interests  of  the  congre- 
gation The  Pflegerin  and  Vorsteherin  of  the  Single  Sisters  were  ex  officio  members 
of  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz,  or  Board  of  Elders,  attending  the  meetings  of  that  Board 
in  person  when  matters  were  to  be  discussed  which  affected  the  women  of  the  con- 
gregation. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


675 


and  Br.  Muschbach,  as  Vorsteher  of  the  Single  Brethren,  were  an- 
nounced as  ex-officio  members  of  the  Collegium,  and  the  Couneil  was 
told  that  the  Saviour  had  approved9  that  one  married  and  two  single 
Brethren  should  be  elected;  and  that  all  the  Brethren  should  consider 
before  the  lord  whom  they  thought  best  suited  for  this  office  In  the 
evening  at  seven  o'clock  the  Council  met  again,  and  Br.  Peterson  col- 
lected the  votes  of  the  Brethren  at  the  door  as  they  entered,  and  brought 
the  votes  to  the  table,  Br.  Marshall  opened  them  and  read  them  to  the 
Council,  Br.  Tiersch  recorded  and  read  them,  and  it  appeared  that  the 
Brn.  Herbst,  Merkly  and  Petersen  had  received  the  largest  number  of 
votes.  The  seven  Brethren  of  the  Aufseher  Collegium  were  then  blessed 
by  the  Congregation  for  their  important  office,  and  for  them  was  sung: 

Wahlest  diese  Diener  selber,  etc. 
Lass  ihrem  Herzen  wohl  seyn,  etc. 

The  Saviour  permitted  His  presence  and  the  grace  of  God  to  be  felt 
m  this  transaction,  and  the  harmony  and  unanimity  which  prevailed 
promised  well  for  the  future. 

This  afternoon  at  six  o'clock  Br.  Wiirtely  passed  away  in  the  arms 
of  Jesus  which  was  announced  to  the  Congregation  at  eight  o'clock- 
and  m  the  same  meeting  today's  portion  of  the  Passion  story  was  read 
interspersed  with  the  singing  of  Chorales,  which  was  continued  on  the' 
iollowmg  days. 

_  April  13  In  the  afternoon  the  Aufseher  Collegium  had  its  first  ses- 
sion, at  which  Br.  Marshall  delivered  their  instructions  to  the  whole 
Collegium,  and  especially  to  the  Curator,  and  so  installed  them  in  office 
Ineu  two  of  the  members  undertook  to  open  a  straight  path  from  the 
Gemem  Haus  to  God's  Acre,  and  have  it  put  in  order.  In  the  evening 
the  reading  of  the  Passion  story  was  continued. 

April  U  Br.  and  Sr.  Graff  came  to  Conferenz,  which  met  in  the 
afternoon  from  one  to  three  o'clock,  arranged  for  the  Easter  Services, 

little  Jacob  also  Joseph  Dixon,  and  Br.  Ludwig  Meinung,  moved  to 
oalem.    In  the  morning  at  ten  o'clock  there  was  the  funeral  of  Br 

WnTJZ   7'     M'  aftCT  an  addre3S  *  Br"  Tiers<*  on  the  Daily 
Word,  his  Memoir  was  read,  and  a  poem  which  had  been  composed  by 
Br.  Soelle  on  his  home-going.    Then,  with  the  usual  Liturgy,  his  body 
was  accompanied  to  its  last  resting  place,  and  lowered  into  the  earth 
m  the  evening  the  reading  was  continued. 


676  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


April  15.  The  Aufseher  Collegium  was  in  session  all  morning.  In 
the  afternoon  there  was  a  conference  of  Diener,  in  which  Br.,  Prazel 
was  made  head  Diener,  his  assistants  being  the  Brn.  Koffler,  Aust, 
Spieseke,  Valentine  Beck,  and  Miksch,  and  the  Srs.  Keuter,  Aust,  Beck, 
Herbst,  and  Anna  Miinster.  They  will  serve  in  the  Saal  a  week  at  a 
time,  turn  about,  and  especially  assist  at  Lovefeasts.  We  all  rejoiced 
to  see  how  willing  the  Brethren  and  Sisters  were  to  serve  as  best  they 
could.  Many  things  concerning  the  management  of  the  Saal  were  also 
discussed  and  decided.    In  the  evening  the  reading  was  continued. 

April  16.  In  the  afternoon,  at  a  meeting  for  the  entire  congregation, 
the  account  of  Thursday  was  read  and  sung.  Then  the  sacrament  of  the 
Pedilavium  was  celebrated,  first  by  the  Communicant  Sisters,  and  then 
at  five  o'clock  by  the  Communicant  Brethren.  The  Sisters  were  served 
by  Srs.  Tiersch,  Eeuter,  Bonn,  Beck,  Herbst,  Steiner,  A.  Miinster,  and 
Magd.  Blar;  the  Brethren  by  Brn.  Bagge,  Muschbach,  Petersen,  Herbst, 
Meyer,  Beck,  Bonn,  Merkly,  Koffler,  Priem,  Steiner,  and  Toego  Nissen. 
At  eight  o'clock  the  story  of  our  Lord's  agony  on  the  Mount  of  Olives 
was  read  and  sung,  with  tender  hearts.  At  nine  o'clock  the  Communi- 
cants partook  of  the  Lord's  Supper,  in  remembrance  of  that  night  in 
which  He  was  betrayed,  and  He  blessed  the  poor  sinners,  86  in  number, 
who  shared  His  Body  and  Blood. 

April  17.  On  Good  Friday,  at  half  past  eight,  five  Brethren  and 
Sisters  had  the  Post-Communion,  and  the  Srs.  Eahel  [Bagge]  and 
Bishoff  received  the  Communion  for  the  sick.  At  nine  o'clock  the  story 
of  the  trial  of  the  Saviour  was  read ;  at  ten,  the  account  of  the  Cruci- 
fixion; in  the  afternoon  at  two  the  story  of  His  Death,  at  three  the 
piercing  of  His  side,  and  in  the  twilight  the  account  of  His  burial 
was  read.  Truly  words  cannot  tell  how  the  Holy  Spirit  made  this 
simple  story  alive  to  our  hearts,  so  touching,  that  our  tears  accompanied 
the  Passion  Liturgy  and  as  we  sang : 

Pur  mich !    Pur  mich  ! 

Ihn  in  tausandfachen  Dank,  etc. 

We  closed  this  Good  Friday  with  the  Liturgy,  "Mein  Leiche  Jesu." 

A  pril  18.  At  two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of  Great  Sabbath  the  en- 
tire Congregation,  including  the  children,  met  in  the  Sabbath  Lovefeast, 
when  the  Festal  Ode10  was  sung  and  played.  In  the  evening  at  eight 
was  a  solemn  evening  prayer  in  each  Choir.  Br.  Marshall  held  the 
service  for  the  Married  People. 


10  Filed  with  the  Diary. 


Eecokds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  677 

_  April  19.  In  the  morning  at  five  o'clock  we  prayed  the  Easter  Litany 
m  the  Saal,  as  the  dark,  rainy  weather  made  it  impossible  to  visit  the 
sleeping-place  of  our  three  Brethren  who  have  gone  home;  and  we 
asked  that  we  might  have  everlasting  fellowship  with  them,  and  with 
all  members  of  the  Brethren's  Church  who  have  gone  home  since  the 
last  Easter  Day.    At  nine  o'clock  the  story  of  the  Eesurreetion  was 
read;  and  at  one  in  the  afternoon  the  account  of  the  forty  days  after 
faster.    At  ten  in  the  morning  there  was  preaching  on  I  Cor  XV 
1-10,-that  Christ  died,  was  buried,  and  rose  again,  according  to  the 
Scriptures;  at  half  past  twelve  was  the  Children's  Hour.  In  the  evening 
at  eight  we  read  a  sermon  by  Br.  Johannes  [von  Watteville]  on  the 
text :    Woman,  why  weepest  thou?"   At  seven  the  Aeltesten  Oonferenz 
met  to  plan  for  the  Gemein  Tag  tomorrow. 

April  20.  At  six  in  the  morning,  in  the  Brothers  House,  there  was 
a  Wefeast  for  the  musicians,  and  those  appointed  to  care  for  the  sick. 
At  half  past  eight  the  Gemein  Tag  was  begun  by  singing  the  liturgy: 

"Tritt  her,  O  Gemein, 
vors  heilge  Dreyein!" 

then  Nachrichten  were  read  in  three  sessions.  In  the  afternoon  was 
Parish  meeting,  in  which  the  Petition  for  the  confirmation  of  our  Parish 
Act  was  read  and  approved.  The  Meeting  elected  as  Vestrymen,  Herbst, 
George  Holder,  Steiner,  Merkley,  Priizel,  Traugott  Bagge,  Eeuter  and 
re-elected  Muschbach,  Meyer,  Kiinzel,  Crohn"  L  Pfaft  These twelve 
elected  the  Brn.  Muschbach  and  Eeuter  as  Church  Wardens.  Another 
meeting  was  held  at  three,  so  that  those  from  out  of  town  might  attend, 
-tirst  an  Ode    was  sung,  with  instrumental  accompaniment;  then  Br 

riot  *  ■  i,      n,T'  6  USMl  Litany'  the  Sin§',e  Brother  Fried- 

rich  Eemhold  Glokmann,  the  Boy,  Gottlieb  Strehle,  and  the  Girl,  Elisa- 
beth Dixon,  were  received  into  the  Congregation  with  the  Kiss  of  Peace  ■ 
and  the  Congregation  knelt  and  prayed  God's  blessing  for  itself  and 
the  three  just  received,  for  His  entire  Brethren's  Unity  *  *  * 
After  this  service  the  Communicants  and  Eeceived  sang  the  Liturgy:' 
Lnschuldiges  Gottes  Lamm." 

April  21.    There  was  Aeltesten  Conferenz,  Br.  Gran  being  present. 
In  the  evening  there  was  reading  from  the  Wochen 

first  Th6re        BiUe  Eeading-  WS  b6U  W3S  "»*  for  the 


678 


North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


April  23.    Br.  Lorenz  led  the  Liturgy  for  the  Communicants. 
April  2Jf.    Br.  Tiersch  led  the  Liturgy,  "O  Haupt  voll  Blut  und 
Wunden." 

April  25.  Br.  Marshall  read  a  sermon  of  the  Jiinger,  from  the  Wo- 
chen.  Br.  Bagge  left  with  the  wagon  for  Charlestown.  For  fourteen 
days  the  Aufseher  Collegium  has  been  considering,  with  great  assidu- 
ity, the  condition  of  the  financial  affairs  of  Salem  Congregation,  its 
debts  and  its  property,  planning  so  that  from  the  start  the  two  might 
be  brought  into  accord.  Br.  Miksch  has  been  permitted  to  use  the 
Square  in  front  of  the  Gemein  Haus  for  his  support.  Suggestions  con- 
cerning work  and  wages  were  also  prepared,  to  be  submitted  to  the 
Grosse  Heifer  Confer enz  and  the  Congregation  Council., 

[Marshall's  Report  to  U.  E.  C,  April  25,  1112.  The  last  session  of 
the  Assembly  did  not  grant  our  Petition  that  the  whole  of  Wachovia 
might  be  in  Surry  County,  nor  the  Petition  of  Surry  County  that  it 
might  be  enlarged.  Therefore  Bethabara  and  Bethania  are  in  Surry 
County,  and  in  St.  Jude's  Parish;  but  Salem  and  the  lower  part  of 
Wachovia  are  in  Eowan  County  and  hold  the  rights  of  the  Parish 
of  Dobbs.  Surry  County  plans  to  send  another  Petition  to  the  next 
Assembly,  and  we  will  do  the  same,  following  the  advice  of  various 
friends,  among  them  Chief  Judge  Henderson,  who  was  in  Bethabara 
on  March  19th. 

Our  bell  for  Salem,  which  we  had  cast  in  Bethlehem,  arrived  at  last 
during  the  Passion  Week,  and  immediately  after  Easter  it  was  set  up 
near  the  Gemein  Haus.  It  weighs  275  lbs.  and  can  be  heard  from  one 
end  of  town  to  the  other.  In  Bethabara  it  was  my  duty  to  strike  the 
hours,  and  I  shall  do  it  here  part  of  the  time. 

In  general  our  situation  is  as  usual,  that  is  to  say  many  of  our  neigh- 
bors are  bitter  against  us,  partly  because  we  are  a  godly  people,  partly 
because  of  our  outward  prosperity,  but  so  far  it  has  more  annoyed  than 
injured  us.  In  some  measure  this  is  a  remainder  from  the  Begulator 
period,  of  which  the  spirit  persists  though  it  is  nowhere  in  control.] 

April  26.  The  Church  Litany  was  prayed,  and  made  so  deep  an  im- 
pression on  the  Congregation  that  it  was  decided  not  to  have  it  a  pub- 
lic service,  which  might  be  attended  by  strangers  who  really  did  not 
appreciate  it,  but  that  in  future  it  should  be  only  for  the  Congrega- 
tion and  others  who  asked  for  and  received  permission  to  attend.  At 
ten  o'clock  there  was  public  preaching.  In  the  afternoon  the  Jiinger's 
Sermon  to  the  Eeceived  was  read,  the  three  who  have  recently  been 
received  sitting  on  the  front  bench,  and  with  them  Johann  Samuel, 


Eecoeds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


679 


who  has  been  baptised  within  the  year;  after  this  they  had  Lovefeast 
in  their  Choir  House.  In  the  afternoon  at  two  o'clock,  and  at  seven 
there  was  Congregation  Council,  in  which  the  following  were  elected 
members  of  the  Grosse  Heifer  Conferenz :  the  Brn.  Renter,  Aust  Koffler 
Schaaf,  Walther,  and  Priem,  and  the  Srs.  Anst,  Meyer,  and  Bonn;  ex 
officio  members  are  the  members  of  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz  and  the 
Aufseher  Collegium,  Br.  Bonn  as  Community  Doctor,  Br.  Soelle  THome 
Missionary],  Br.  Prazel  and  Sr.  Renter  as  head  Saal  Dieners,  and  Sr 
Bishoff. 

April  27.  The  Grosse  Heifer  Conferenz  met  at  eight  o'clock  in  the 
morning,  and  agreed  to  meet  at  this  hour  each  Monday.    Br  Marshall 
set  before  them  the  purpose  of  this  Conferenz,— that  it  should  have  a 
watchful  eye  on  the  Congregation,  seeing  all  that  happened,  all  that 
would  increase  the  well-being  of  the  Congregation  and  the  Choirs  or 
all  that  might  hinder  it.    The  members  were  urged  to  bring  into  the 
Conferenz  of  their  own  accord  anything  that  required  consideration, 
matters  that  needed  the  decision  of  the  Lord  would  then  be  referred 
to  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz,  and  other  important  matters  to  the  Con- 
gregation Council.     The  first  question  considered  was  the  order  of 
Church  Services,  that  they  might  conform  to  those  usual  in  a  Gemein 
Ort;  it  was  also  agreed  that  there  should  be  one  public  preaching  in 
English  in  Salem  each  month.    The  bell  which  has  been  hung  near 
the  Gemein  Saal  was  ordered  rung  at  7  A.M.  and  11 :30  A.M  and  at 
7  RM.;  the  twilight  service  is  to  be  at  7:30,  and  the  Singstunde  at  9 

_  MayS.    The  Single  Sisters,  including  those  from  Bethabara,  closed 
their  Choir  year  in  a  repentant  and  blessed  state  of  mind. 

May  4  After  morning  prayers  Br.  aud  Sr..  Graff  came  from  Betha- 
bara, and  at  10  o'clock  Br.  Graff  held  the  Reception  for  the  Single 
Sisters,  his  daughter,  Anna  Johanna,  being  received  into  the  Single 
Sisters  Choir.  The  entire  Grosse  Heifer  Conferenz  partook  of  the 
Festal  Lovefeast  with  the  Single  Sisters;  during  the  service  a  report 
of  the  Choir  was  read  *  *  *  In  Salem  there  live  17  Single  Sisters 
and  6  Girls;  m  Bethabara  3  Single  Sisters  and  1  Girl;  total  27  Then 

"  ;f  tlPSalmTWa^  SUng-  At  4  °'eloek  Br-  Marshall  made  an  address 
to  the  Choir  In  the  evening  service  a  sermon  of  the  Jiinger  was  read, 
which  he  had  preached  in  1754,  on  what  a  young  woman  should  be  ac- 
cording to  the  Scriptures  and  the  Early  Church.  Br.  Graff  con- 
ducted the  Smgstunde,  and  commeuded  the  Single  Sisters  to  the  Con- 
gregation for  its  blessing;  and  after  9  o'clock  the  Sisters  closed  their 
Festal  Day  with  a  Choir  Communion. 


680  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


May  6.  Br.  Soelle  lias  reported  concerning  his  trip  to  the  Hugh 
Warren13  as  follows.—  He  had  been  there  from  April  3rd  to  8th,  and 
had  preached  to  the  Baptists,  had  heard  their  minister,  Mr.  Davis, 
preach,  and  had  attended  the  baptism  of  four  adults,— the  minister  had 
borne  a  good  witness  to  the  Saviour,  and  had  told  his  hearers  that  it 
helped  nothing  to  belong  to  this  or  the  other  persuasion,  to  be  plunged, 
dipped,  or  sprinkled,1*  but  the  blood  of  Christ  must  be  their  righteous- 
ness. There  was  a  young  man  who  was  drunk,  and  who  lightly  said  to 
Br.  Soelle  and  a  Baptist  that  they  should  make  him  contrite  and  re- 
pentant ;  Br.  Soelle  made  no  answer,  but  the  Baptist  told  him  he  had 
s)  better  not  joke,  or  the  Lord  would  lay  His  hand  heavily  upon  him,  and 
just  then  the  man  was  suddenly  attacked  with  cramps,  and  had  to  be 
taken  to  bed,  and  suffered  much  pain  until  the  following  day.  Br. 
Soelle  also  preached  the  Gospel  to  a  large  English  congregation  in  Mr. 
Kimborough's  house;  they  offered  to  elect  him  their  Pastor,  and  to 
give  him  $100.00,  asking  him  to  try  them  for  a  year,  but  he  declared 
to  them  that  he  was  a  free  servant  of  Christ,15  and  might  no  longer  tie 
himself  to  one  congregation. 

On  Good  Friday,  April  17th,  Br.  Soelle  was  in  Friedland,  and  held 
service  for  the  company  there;  then  he  visited  Ulrich  Richards  on  his 
way  to  Hugh  Warren,  where  he  preached  in  English  and  in  German 
on  Easter  Day. 

May  8.  The  Sisters  have  requested  their  own  sick-visiting,  and  five 
Sisters  have  been  found  willing  to  serve;  therefore  Sr.  Bonn  has  again 
been  offered  and  has  undertaken  the  office16  for  which  she  was  destined 
when  she  was  married.  Sr.  Aust  is  general  sick-nurse,  and  the  Srs. 
Renter,  Tiersch,  Utley,  Beck,  Herbst,  and  Schnepf,  will  in  turn  visit 
the  sick  for  a  week. 

May  10.  At  three  in  the  afternoon  there  was  Lovefeast  for  the  Diener 
and  musicians,  36  being  present. 

May  12.  Was  the  anniversary  of  the  renewal  of  the  Unity  of  Brethren 
in  Herrnhut  [1727],  and  an  account  of  the  celebration  in  Herrnhut 
in  the  year  1760  was  read. 

May  15.  Br.  Bachhof  sent  us  word  from  Friedberg  that  the  Brethren 
there  had  been  summoned  to  Muster,  and  that  the  Captain  would  recog- 
nize only  Communicants  as  free,  the  others  must  pay  a  fine;  on  the 
request  of  a  Communicant  Brother  the  Captain  has  agreed  to  make 

13  The  Uharie. 

14  The  three  words  are  in  English  in  the  Diary. 

15  "Ein  freier  Knecht  Christi." 

16  Midwife. 


Recokds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  681 

the  fine  only  one  shilling,  and  the  aforesaid  Brother,  George  Hartman 
will  collect  the  fines  and  take  them  to  the  Captain. 

May  18 The  Grosse  Heifer  Conferenz  considered  the  question  of 
visitors  to  the  town,  and  that  the  Brn.  Marshall,  Bonn  and  Bagge  have 
had  to  see  them;  it  was  decided  to  ask  Br.  Renter  to  accept  the  office  of 
Fremden  Diener,  and  to  take  charge  of  all  visitors.  In  the  Brothers 
House  either  Br.  Muschbach,  Koffler,  Prazel,  or  Spiesike,  whichever 
happens  to  be  nearest,  shall  take  charge  of  visitors.  Strangers  must 
not  visit  in  the  Single  Sisters  House  without  permission  asked  and  given 
and  a  definite  time  set. 

May  19.   Br.  Bagge  returned  from  Charlestown,  to  our  great  delight 
May  M,    Br.  Tiersch  held  Doctrinal  Day  for  the  Single  Brethren, 
making  an  address  on  the  text  "Ye  are  bought  with  a  price,"  and  speak- 
mg  of  the  Principles  of  their  Choir.    *    *  * 

May  25^  Br.  Fritz  arrived  from  Europe.    [Marshall's  report.  This 
time  Br.  Bagge  could  only  get  four  wagons  for  his  trip  to  Charlestowu 
on  account  of  the  great  lack  of  food,  because  of  which  many  animals 
have  died,  or  have  become  unfit  for  work.   In  Charlestown  he  met  the 
long-expected  Br.  Fritz,  who  for  lack  of  opportunity  to  come  hither 
had  been  detained  there  for  some  time,  and  had  been  working  at  his 
profession,  and  had  established  a  good  reputation.    A  certain  gentle- 
man of  means,  who  was  returning  from  London,  learned  to  know  him 
on  board  ship,  and  Fritz  has  since  visited  him  several  times;  and  on 
he  journey  hither  the  gentleman  insisted  that  Br.  Fritz  must  spend 
the  night  with  him  as  he  passed  his  plantation.    The  gentleman,  ap- 
parently, would  not  be  ill-pleased  to  have  a  Brother  come  to  preach 
to  his  negroes,  but  this  will  depend  on  the  result  of  further  visits.] 

lisfTdf  'J""  th?.m<TnS  at  ^  fi«  Congregation  assembled  and 
listened  to  the  reading  of  the  Ascension  of  the  Saviour 

theX' RoomFritZ  a°Ved  iDt°       Br°therS  H0US6  t0  ^  °f 

*  JT\  \  ™is™^J-  *  *  *  Br.  TJtley  preached  in  English. 
Cm,  of  P  taf*ernO0n  the  Communicants  pledged  themselves  in  the 

rlerva  ionTh  I  ***  ^>  ^  ttat 

ofTe  Z7  Gholt    d  COmmU  themS6lVeS  t0  ^ 

f  J*  theievenillS  at  six-thirty  there  was  Communion  Love- 
feast  and  after  it  the  Absolution  and  the  Holy  Communion.  Includ- 

86  print      ^  °f  Y°Ai™>  -re 


682 


JSTokth  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


June  17.  In  memory  of  the  beginning  of  building  in  Herrnhut 
[1722]  Br.  Marshall  read  the  account  from  Br.  Cranz'  Church  His- 


tory.17 


June  20.   The  hours  were  struck  on  the  new  bell. 
June  21.  Br.,  Utley  preached  today  to  the  English  near  MacKnight's ; 
and  Br.  Tiersch  was  in  Eriedland.   Brn.  Marshall  and  Lorenz  held  the 
services  here. 

June  22.  The  Brn.  Eichter  and  Muschbach  returned  today  from  the 
Catawba  Kiver,  where  they  went  eight  days  ago  to  buy  cattle.  How- 
ever, they  were  too  late,  for  the  cattle  man  had  sold  everything. 
June  2J+.  Our  nine  Boys  celebrated  their  Festival.  *  *  * 
June  29.  The  Grosse  Heifer  Conferenz  met,  and  in  the  evening  the 
Congregation  Council;  in  both  we  discussed  the  necessity  of  building 
a  bridge  over  Muddy  Creek  on  the  new  road  to  the  Shallow  Ford,  as 
otherwise  trade  with  Salem  will  be  much  hindered.  After  full  con- 
sideration the  Brethren  who  are  members  of  Council  and  tax-payers 
took  charge  of  the  matter,  and  agreed  to  employ  a  Mr.  Gentry,  a  car- 
penter, who  is  to  build  the  bridge  for  £20  Proc.  Brn.  Herbst,  George 
Schmid,  and  Triebel,  having  visited  the  place,  and  having  talked  with 
the  carpenter,  made  an  agreement  with  Mr.  Gentry,  the  Brn.  Bagge, 
Meyer  and  Muschbach  also  being  present.  Mr.  Gentry  agrees  to  have 
the  bridge  built  by  Nov.  1st;  it  to  be  fifteen  feet  high,  and  of  the  stipu- 
lated length. 

June  30.  The  Aeltesten  Conferenz  met  with  Brn.  Ernst,  Bachhof  and 
Soelle,  partly  to  consider  the  journey  of  the  Brn.  Ernst  and  Bachhof 
to  Pennsylvania,  where  they  will  be  ordained  during  the  visit  of  the 
Deputies  from  the  Unity's  Elders  Conference. 

July  6.  In  the  evening  a  sermon  of  Br.  Johannes,  1770,  in  Herrnhut, 
was  read,  commemorating  the  Martyrdom  of  J ohn  Hus. 

July  7.    Br.  Kothrock18  and  his  son  returned  today  to  Pennsylvania. 

July  15.  Br.  Schaub  brought  his  son  to  Salem;  the  latter  brought 
pleasing  news  from  Christiansbrunn,  Nazareth,  Bethlehem  and  Lititz. 

July  19.  Br.  Utley  was  among  the  English  on  the  Yadkin,  and  as 
the  crowd  was  too  large  for  the  shed  where  they  usually  meet  he  went 

17  Alte  und  Neue  Bruder-Historie  oder  hurz  gefasste  Geschichte  f^J^TlThundeH^ 
VnUdt  in  den  altern  Zeiten  und  insonderheit  xn  dem_  degenwarUgen  ^^^'^ 
David  Cranz.  Barby,  1771.  868  pages  and  »V  m'.!,?^  1780  A  four  part 
Translated  into  English  by  Benjamin  La  Trobe  and  Pub^dm^78^artf  { °£d  II 
continuation  of  the  Cranz  history  was  written  by  J.  R.  Hegner  Sr -.  Parts  1  and  xi 
appearing  as  one  volume  from  Barby  in  1791;  Part  III  from  Barby  in  1804,  and 

^^V^^  for  Philip  Roth^ck,  ^^J™  ^ 

Heckedorn,  both  of  Yorktown,  Pa.,  and  200  acres  additional  for  Peter  Pfaff  wm^ 
completed  the  sale  of  land  from  the  Christian  Schmidt  lot,  No.  18  in  the  Etabnsse- 
ment.    Marshall's  Report  to  V.  E.  C. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


683 


with  them  into  the  woods  and  preached  under  the  trees.  Later,  in  Mr. 
Ellroth's  house,  he  baptised  three  children. 

July  27.  In  the  Grosse  Heifer  Conferenz  it  was  agreed  to  clear  the 
streets,  fence  those  leading  to  open  barn  yards,  and  so  far  as  possible 
to  keep  things  neat  and  clean  around  the  houses. 

July  30  A  minister  of  the  Reformed  Church,  Jonas  Yung,  passed 
on  his  way  from  Pennsylvania  to  the  Hughwarren,  whither  he  has  been 
called. 

Ay-J-  The  hymns  of  the  Singstunde  followed  the  thought  of  the 
Daily  Word :  "Endeavor  to  keep  the  unity  of  the  Spirit,"  etc. 

Aug  2.  Br.  Marshall  prayed  the  Church  Litany  with  the  Congrega- 
tion; then  the  account  was  read  of  the  second  session  of  the  Ministers' 
Conference  held  in  Herrnhut,  June  13,  this  year,  then  Br.  Utley 
preached  in  English  on  the  text:  "He  is  the  atonement  for  our  sins" 
etc.  Afternoon  we  read  the  Memoir  of  Sr.  Clement;  and  the  Married 
People  listened  to  a  sermon  of  the  Junger.  Br.  Tiersch  spoke  in  the 
evening  service,  which  was  closed  with  the  Liturgy:  "Tritt  her  O 
Gemein."  ' 

The  Aufseher  Collegium  has  given  the  condition  of  the  Salem  Dia- 
come  careful  attention,  and  has  at  last  closed  the  former  Building  Ac- 
count The  Salem  Land  account  will  have  to  its  credit  the  Quitrents 
from  building  lots,  the  returns  from  the  woods,  from  the  sale  or  rent 
of  family  houses,  and  the  profits  from  the  businesses  and  professions 
carried  on  for  the  benefit  of  the  Gemein  Diaconie;  and  from  this  Ac- 
count the  Gemein  Diaconie  will  pay  the  Quitrents  on  the  Salem  Land 
to  the  Unity  Administration,  interest  on  money  borrowed  for  the  build- 
ing of  Salem,  repairs  on  the  Gemein  Haus  and  other  houses  belonging 
to  the  Congregation,  and  the  salaries  of  the  Congregation  officials. 

Aug.  8  A  written  report  of  the  above  was  submitted  to  the  Grosse 
Heifer  Conferenz,  and  there  carefully  considered;  and  in  the  evening 
it  was  laid  before  the  entire  Congregation  Council,  and  carefully  ex- 
plained by  Br.  Marshall;  and  the  Congregation  acknowledged  with 
hankful  hearts  that  the  Saviour  has  helped  us  so  far  that  we  not  only 
live  in  the  houses  of  peace,  but  may  also  worship  undisturbed  in  His 
presence  in  the  Gemein  Saal. 

Aug.  U.  The  Aeltesten  Conferenz  decided  to  postpone  our  Com- 
munion to  Aug  13th.  Br.  and  Sr.  Tiersch  went  to  visit  Bethabara  and 
Bethama;  Br.  Marshall  held  the  meeting  for  Communicants;  and  Br 
i.orenz  the  Singstunde. 

Aug.  5.  There  was  Bible  Beading  from  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles, 
chapters  XV  and  XVI.  *  ' 


684  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Aug.  6.  Br.  Marshall  conducted  the  Liturgy,  and  Br.  Utley  the 
Singstunde.  Two  men  had  a  fight  on  the  street  today,  and  as  a  stranger 
tried  to  stop  them  one  turned  on  him  and  broke  his  leg. 

Aug.  7.  In  the  evening  a  sermon  was  read,  then  was  sung  the 
Liturgy:  "Da  Jesus  an  der  Creuze  stund." 

Aug.  8.    Singstunde  in  the  evening. 

Aug.  9.  After  praying  the  Church  Litany  there  was  preaching  on 
Eph.  IV, :— one  body,  one  spirit.  Then  Nachrichten  were  read;  and 
a  sermon  of  the  Jiinger  was  listened  to  by  the  Married  People.  In  the 
evening  the  Congregation  listened  to  the  reading  of  Br.  Layritz's  sermon 
on  the  Daily  Word  for  this  day :  "I  have  something  against  thee  be- 
cause thou  hast  left  thy  first  love." 

Aug.  10.  We  were  pleased  by  the  arrival  of  our  Governor,  [Josiah] 
Martin.  The  Brn.  Marshall  and  Bonn  went  to  meet  him,  and  gave 
him  welcome  at  our  boundary,  and  he  was  ushered  into  Salem  by  the 
trombones.  In  his  suite  were  Col.  Nash,  the  lawyer  Canon,  and  his 
secretary  Biggelson.  They  invited  the  six  Brethren,  Marshall,  Tiersch, 
Utley,  Bagge,  Bonn  and  Muschbach  to  join  them  at  meals  for  all  four 
days,  taking  advantage  of  the  opportunity  to  learn  about  Wachovia 
in  general,  about  our  settlement,  the  Parish,  and  many  other  things. 
Toward  evening  they  visited  the  Single  Brothers  House,  the  store, 
apothecary  shop,  pottery,  and  blacksmith  shop,  with  much  satisfaction. 
In  the  evening  at  eight  o'clock  the  entire  company  attended  the  Sing- 
stunde, as  they  did  on  the  other  days  also;  the  Passion  of  Jesus  was 
sung  with  alternate  German  and  English  stanzas,  interspersed  with 
choir  anthems. 

Aug.  11.  His  Excellency  visited  Bethabara  and  Bethania,  accom- 
panied by  several  Brethren ;  they  returned  in  the  evening. 

Aug.  12.  They  were  conducted  through  the  Gemein  Haus  and  the 
apartments  of  the  Single  Sisters;  visited  God's  Acre,  and  the  new 
plantation  near  Salem,  and  showed  their  approval. 

Aug.  13.  The  Governor  had  the  boundaries  of  Wachovia  clearly 
pointed  out  on  his  map  of  the  Province  of  North  Carolina,  and  ex- 
pressed his  regrets  that  our  Petition  concerning  the  Parish  had  not 
been  granted,  but  he  gave  us  hope  that  if  the  Brethren  would  send 
in  their  Petition  once  more  they  would  secure  their  object  and  the 
Parish  would  remain  undivided.  In  the  evening  meeting  the  address 
was  on  the  Daily  Word,  concerning  the  praise  due  to  the  Saviour  on 
this  day  throughout  the  entire  Unity  of  Brethren  for  the  Baptism  of 
His  Spirit,  poured  out  first  on  the  Congregation  of  Herrnhut  on  this 


Eecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


685 


day  [1727],  and  in  which  all  His  Congregations  have  been  made  par- 
takers.   May  His  Sufferings  and  Death  remain  forever  in  our  hearts ! 

Aug.  U.  Gov.  Martin  and  his  suite  left,  well  satisfied  with  their 
visit;  the  Ern.  Marshall  and  Bagge  accompanied  them  to  Friedland 
Settlement,  where  on  our  boundary  line  they  parted  in  most  friendly 
fashion. 

Today  Br.  Muschbach  had  a  long  conference  with  the  Aeltesten  Con- 
ferenz;  he  leaves  tomorrow  with  Br.  George  Holder,  who  is  going  to 
Pennsylvania  to  visit  his  relatives.    Matthias  Beuz  goes  with  them. 

At  half  past  twelve  the  Communicants  met,  and  the  Lord's  Supper 
was  announced  for  tomorrow. 

Aug.  15.  After  Lovefeast,  and  the  prayers  for  absolution,  75  Com- 
municants partook  of  the  Lord's  Supper;  the  Married  Sister,  Catharine 
Stockburger,  and  the  Single  Sisters,  Hanna  Leinbach  and  Anna  Johanna 
Steup,  were  present  for  the  last  time  as  Candidates.  The  Saviour  was 
graciously  present  in  our  midst,  and  let  us  feel  His  peace.    *    *  * 

Aug.  16.  After  the  Ministers'  Communion  and  the  Liturgy  there 
was  preaching  on  Zeph.  II,  "The  Lord  thy  God  is  nigh  thee,  a  strong 
Saviour."  In  the  afternoon  was  Children's  Hour,  and  Beading  Meet- 
ings with  Nachrichten  from  Bethlehem,  July  to  September,  1771.  The 
close  to  this  blessed  day  was  made  with  the  Liturgy,  and  the  service  in 
praise  of  God  the  Father. 

Aug.  17.  Was  the  Festival  of  our  six  Girls,  who  had  a  Lovefeast, 
with  forty  guests  present.  During  the  Lovefeast  there  was  music  com- 
posed by  Br.  Gregor.  In  his  address  Br.  Tiersch  held  the  Saviour  be- 
fore them  as  the  truest  Friend  of  Children,  and  it  could  be  felt  that 
He  was  moving  their  tender  hearts.  In  the  evening  service  at  eight 
0  clock  the  Girls  were  commended  to  the  thought  and  blessing  of  the 
Congregation. 

Aug.  18.  Br.  Marshall  made  an  address  to  the  Communicants  on 
the  Daily  Word:  "The  Lord  of  peace  himself  give  you  peace  always 
by  all  means."  The  Communicants  among  the  Single  Sisters  had  a 
Liturgy;  and  the  Congregation  closed  the  day  with  a  Singstunde. 

Today  there  was  Aeltesten  Conferenz  concerning  the  plan  for  Fried- 
berg. 

Br.,  Lorenz  Bagge,  with  the  assistance  of  Br.  Ludwig  Meinung  will 
keep  the  accounts  of  the  Single  Brothers  House,  ad  interim;  and  Br. 
-Petersen  will  look  after  its  management,  and  superintend  the  work- 
shops. 

Aug.  19.   Br.  IJtley  returned  from  the  Atkin,  where  he  preached  last 


686  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Sunday,  and  visited  a  number  of  families  in  their  homes.  On  Sunday- 
he  first  preached  in  German  to  a  large  gathering  in  Ellroth's  house, 
then  in  English  in  MacJSTight's  house;  then  he  preached  in  English  in 
Col.  Hunt's  house  on  the  other  side  of  the  Atkin,  and  in  Bryant's  Set- 
tlement, where  they  have  decided  to  build  a  meeting  house  in  which 
only  our  Brethren  are  to  preach.  The  Bible  Beading  today  was  Acts 
XVI.   A  package  for  Bethlehem  and  Europe  was  sent  by  Mr.  Lanmann. 

Aug.  20.  Br.,  Tiersch  was  in  Friedland,  where  he  held  service,  visited 
at  all  the  homes,  and  had  several  hearty  interviews  after  the  service. 
In  the  evening  Br.  Lorenz  led  the  Liturgy  for  Communicants,  and  Br. 
Tiersch  the  Singstunde.  Today  we  heard  that  Br.  and  Sr.  Matthew 
Stach19  and  Br.  and  Sr.  Aust  are  nearing  Wachovia,  and 

Aug.  21.  Br.  and  Sr.  Marshall  went  to  Bethabara  to  receive  them. 
In  memory  of  the  beginning  of  the  Mission  to  St.  Thomas  the  history 
of  it  was  read,  and  a  sermon  of  Br.  Leonard20  was  read,  which  he  had 
preached  in  Herrnhut  on  this  day  in  1762.  The  closing  service  was 
the  Liturgy :  aO  Haupt  voll  Blut  und  Wunden." 

Aug.  22.    Singstunde  in  the  evening. 

Aug.  23.  Gemein  Tag  was  observed  with  the  reading  of  Nachrichten 
from  Bethlehem  for  April, — the  German  Congregations, — and  the  re- 
port of  the  last  colony  to  Sarepta.21  In  the  evening  service  there  was  an 
address  on  the  Daily  Word  and  Doctrinal  Text  for  the  day. 

Aug.  21f..  Br.  and  Sr.  Marshall  returned,  and  with  them  came  the 
Brn.  Stach  and  Aust  to  visit  here,  the  former  went  back  to  Bethabara 
this  evening. 

Several  Sisters  and  Girls  have  been  working  in  Bethabara  for  the 
past  week,  so  Sr.  Quest  took  the  other  three  Girls  thither,  and 

Aug.  25.  They  were  joined  by  those  from  Bethania,  and  Br.  Graff 
read  their  Doctrinal  Sermon  to  them  there. 

Here  in  Salem  Br.  Tiersch  did  the  same  for  the  Boys,  laying  it  upon 
their  hearts  that  they  should  let  the  Saviour  manifest  Himself  to  them 

19  Matthew  Stach  was  born  March  4,  1711,  at  Mackendorf,  Upper  Silesia,  on  the  borders  of 

Moravia.  Joined  the  Unity  at  Herrnhut  in  1728.  He  and  his  brother,  Christian 
Stach,  left  for  Greenland  in  January,  1733,  the  first  Moravian  Missionaries  to  the 
Esquimaux.  He  was  ordained  a  Presbyter  while  in  Europe  in  1741;  and  was  also 
married  during  that  year.  He  returned  from  Greenland  to  Europe  in  1771,  after 
38  years  of  Mission  service.  He  died  in  Bethabara,  N.  C.  December  21,  1787. 
Oroeger's  History  of  the  Renewed  Unitas  Fratrum  says:  "The  last  years  of  his  life 
he  dedicated  to  his  poor  wife,  who  left  him  for  a  long  time.  At  last  she  came  to  herself, 
and  he  treated  her  no  other  than  as  the  lost  piece  of  silver,  laboring  with  longing  and 
confidence  for  her  redemption."  In  the  new  surroundings  of  the  New  World  she 
again  became  a  Communicant  member  of  the  church.  After  the  death  of  Matthew 
Stach  she  moved  to  Friedberg,  and  died  there,  March  21,  1800. 

20  August  21,  1732,  Leonard  Dober  and  David  Nitschmann   (the  carpenter)   left  Herrnhut 

for  St.  Thomas,  the  first  Missionaries  to  the  slaves  on  that  Island. 

21  A  Moravian  congregation  in  southern  Russia. 


Eecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


687 


this  year,  and  forgive  their  sins.,  Br.  Layritz'  sermon,  "Defile  not  the 
land,"  was  read  at  the  evening  service. 

Aug.  25.  After  long  wishing  and  waiting  we  today  had  a  good  rain ; 
there  has  been  only  one  other  since  spring,  and  while  the  winter  grain 
turned  out  well  the  summer  grain,  and  especially  corn  and  garden 
vegetables,  have  suffered  much  from  the  continued  drought.  In  the 
evening  the  most  recent  Wochentlichen  JNTachrichten,  Nos.  9-14,  were 
communicated. 

Aug.  26.   Bible  Eeading  was  Acts,  XVII  and  XVIII. 

Aug.  27.  Br.  Tiersch  made  an  address  to  the  Communicants  on  the 
Texts  for  the  day. 

Aug.  28.  A  sermon  of  the  Junger  was  read,  then  the  Liturgy,  "Da 
Jesu  an  dem  Creuze  stund,"  was  sung.  The  eight  Single  Brethren  from 
Bethabara,  and  one  from  Bethania,  came  this  evening  to  Salem,  and 
in  their  Choir  House  closed  their  Choir  Year,  and  the  Communicants 
among  them  had  the  Pedilavium. 

Aug.  29.  They  began  their  festival  with  renewed  grace  and  blessing 
from  their  Choir  Head.  After  morning  prayers  the  Ministers  spoke 
with  them  in  groups  according  to  age,  and  also  took  dinner  with  them. 
At  their  Lovefeast  the  Psalm  was  sung  which  had  been  prepared  by 
Br.  Gregor  and  sent  to  Pennsylvania  for  this  Festival,  and  it  had  a 
fine  musical  accompaniment.  In  their  Memorabilia  it  was  noted  that 
this  [Choir]  year  15  Brethren  have  come  to  Salem  from  Bethabara,  2 
from  Europe  and  2  from  Pennsylvania;  on  the  other  hand  2  have 
gone  to  Pennsylvania,  5  have  married,  and  one  has  been  called  home. 
The  entire  Choir  contains  45  Single  Brethren.  Br.  Tiersch  then  made 
an  address  to  the  Choir  on  the  Text  for  the  day.  In  the  evening  serv- 
ice the  Congregation  commended  the  Single  Brethren  to  the  Saviour 
with  deep  interest,  singing  a  prayer  for  the  blessing  of  the  Church  in 
the  peace  of  Jesus  Christ.  The  Choir  Communion  closed  the  services 
for  the  day., 

Aug.  30.  Br.  and  Sr.  Graff  were  in  Friedberg  to  speak  with  the 
Communicants  preparatory  to  the  Lord's  Supper,  so  after  the  Com- 
munian  Liturgy  with  the  Single  Brethren  Br.  Lorenz  accompanied  the 
nine  Brethren  to  Bethabara,  and  held  the  Sunday  services  there.  Here 
in  Salem  after  praying  the  Church  Litany  Br.  Utley  preached  in 
English,  several  friends  being  attentive  listeners.  In  the  evening  Br. 
Marshall  read  to  the  Brethren  and  Sisters  the  Unity  Memorabilia  for 
1771,  and  at  the  close  the  Congregation  sang 

Ja,  Amen!  da  sind  beyde  Hande! 


688  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Aug.  SI.  Br.  and  Sr.  Graff  returned  from  Friedberg,  where  they 
held  the  Communion  for  17  members,  in  the  felt  presence  of  the 
Saviour.  Martin  Walk  partook  for  the  first  time.  In  the  afternoon 
they  attended  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz  in  Salem. 

Sept.  2.  Bible  Reading  in  the  evening;  two  gentlemen  from  Hills- 
borough were  present. 

Sept.  7.  The  Married  Choir  was  awakened  by  the  trombones;  and 
had  morning  prayer  at  nine  o'clock.  At  two  in  the  afternoon  was  the 
festal  Lovefeast,  during  which  it  was  remarked  that  the  Brethren 
and  Sisters  Herbst,  Valentine  Beck,  and  Charles  Holder  had  during 
this  [Choir]  year  been  married  in  Bethabara  for  Salem,  and  that 
Br.  and  Sr.  Stockburger  had  been  the  first  couple  married  in  our  new 
Gemein  Saal.  Ten  couples  moved  this  [Choir]  year  to  Salem,  making 
18  couples  with  the  eight  who  were  already  here.  The  Lord  gave  Br. 
and  Sr.  Meyer  a  little  son,  who  was  baptised  in  Bethabara  by  Br. 
Gregor.  During  this  year  the  Sisters  established  sick-visiting  among 
themselves.  After  this  recital  of  the  events  of  the  year  a  Festal  Psalm 
was  sung  with  instrumental  accompaniment.  Soon  after,  Br.  Marshall 
made  the  festal  address  on  the  text:  "Let  the  house  of  thy  servant 
be  blessed."  *  *  *  After  the  address  Br.  and  Sr.  Graff  returned 
to  Bethabara,  Br.  Lorenz  held  the  evening  service,  and  the  Congrega- 
tion sang  their  blessing  for  the  Married  People.  At  seven  was  the 
Pedilavium,  and  at  nine  the  Choir  Communion,  and  we  felt  that  our 
High  Priest  was  in  our  midst. 

Sept.  11.  In  the  evening  meeting  of  Communicants  the  Older  Girl, 
Anna  J ohanna  Steup,  was  blessed  with  the  laying  on  of  hands,  and  par- 
took for  the  first  time  of  the  Lord's  Supper  in  the  Choir  Communion 
of  the  Single  Sisters. 

Sept  21.  In  the  morning  the  Heifer  Conferenz  met,  and  arranged 
for  the  care  of  the  roads  leading  to  the  different  towns.  Br.  Bonn  was 
appointed  to  make  a  list  of  the  Taxables  in  Wachovia  in  Eowan  County, 
and  Br.  Merk  those  in  Surry  County,  and  hand  them  in  at  the  next 
Court,  jSTov.  3rd. 

[A  report  from  Wachovia,  found  in  the  Bethlehem  Archives,  gives 
the  following  information  about  the  roads  laid  out  during  this  year. 
"At  last  we  found  a  direct  road  from  Salem  to  the  mill  site  on  the 
Lech,  or  Brushy  Fork,  where  we  built  a  bridge  and  re-opened  the  old 
road  to  Belews  Creek,  and  the  neighbors  opened  a  road  into  this  from 
the  east  by  Mr.  Robert  Walker's,  so  that  Salem  has  now  good  connec- 
tions in  all  directions;  and  as  shortly  afterwards  a  road  to  Pufiington's 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  689 

Iron  Works  was  opened  from  Walker's  we  have  now  a  good  road  to 
Capt.  Robert's  in  Virginia,  and  from  there  to  Pennsylvania,  which  we 
have  long  desired."  A  Map  of  North  Carolina,  by  Samuel  Lewis,  dated 
1796,  now  in  the  rooms  of  the  1ST.  C.  Historical  Commission,  shows  the 
"Iron  Works"  on  Snow  Creek,  about  three-fifths  of  the  way  from  the 
boundary  of  Wachovia  to  the  Virginia  line.] 

Sept.  28.  The  Grosse  Heifer  Conferenz  spoke  with  Br.  Reuter  about 
his  duties  as  Church  Warden,  and  that  he  alone  should  give  alms  to 
strange  beggars,  so  that  they  should  have  no  excuse  to  go  from  house  to 
house. 

Sept.  29.  Congregation  Council  met,  and  considered  1)  the  Con- 
gregation accounts,  for  the  Nachrichten  and  cost  of  bringing  them 
amounts  to  about  £60:  Proc.  Bethabara  and  Bethania  will  bear  part 
of  the  expense.  In  Salem  contributions  to  the  Congregation  Account 
are  to  be 

from  a  Communicant  Brother  16d,  Communicant  Sister  8d 
Received  Brother   10d,    Received  Sister   5d>' 

2)  Contributions  for  the  Lovefeast  remain  3d  per  person.  The  deficit 
m  this  Account  will  be  assumed  by  the  first  named  Account,  which  has 
a  surplus  of  some  pounds. 

3)  Each  person  in  the  Congregation  in  turn  is  responsible  for  the 
cleaning  of  the  Gemein  Saal;  a  Single  Brother  or  Married  Person  who 
does  not  clean  shall  pay  1  shilling.  The  Saal  shall  be  cleaned  twice  a 
week. 

4)  The  roads  have  been  divided  among  our  three  towns,  by  agreement 
of  the  Committees. 

Salem,  including  Priedberg  and  Friedland,  has  66  Taxables,  there- 
fore 59%  miles; 
Bethabara  18  Taxables,  therefore  13  miles; 
Bethania  35  Taxables,  therefore  27%  miles. 

5)  The  winter  arrangement  of  services  is  to  be 

a)  Evening  service  one  quarter  of  an  hour  after  the  bell  rings 

for  sunset. 

b)  The  first  bell  for  Singstunde  will  ring  at  8:45  and  the  serv- 

ice will  begin  with  the  second  bell  shortly  afterwards. 

c)  On  Sunday  the  Litany  will  be  at  9,  followed  by  preaching; 

on  a  Gemein  Tag  there  will  be  three  sessions  in  the  morning. 

d)  Sunday  evening  at  7  there  will  be  service  for  the  entire  con- 

gregation; at  8  the  Liturgy  for  the  Communicants  and 
Received. 

12 


690  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Sept.  30.  During  this  month  Br.  Soelle  has  made  a  60  mile  trip 
to  Fox  Nap,  where  many  Germans  live,  poor  in  religious  and  in  ma- 
terial matters;  they  rejoiced  to  listen  to  him,  as  this  was  the  first 
preaching  in  their  neighborhood.  They  promised  to  build  a  meeting 
house  if  Br.  Soelle  would  come  to  them  now  and  then. 

Oct.  6,  7.  Br.  Bulitschek  set  up'  our  new  organ,  and  tuned  it  with 
Br.  Graff's  help.  When  finished  it  was  at  once  played  for  services, 
and  will  make  them,  and  especially  the  Singstunden,  more  attractive. 
[Marshall's  report  to  U.  E.  C.  It  has  two  stops,  is  neatly  made,  has 
a  very  good  tone,  the  organist  can  see  the  minister  through  it,  and  in 
general  it  is  as  well  arranged  as  we  could  wish.] 

Oct.  18.  Br.  George  Holder  returned  from  Pennsylvania  today. 
With  him  came  the  Single  Brn.  Peter  Rose  and  Andreas  Glotz;  Br. 
Casper  Fischer,  his  wife  and  four  children,  stopped  in  Bethabara. 

Oct.  31.  The  Communicants,  in  their  Lovefeast,  remembered  the 
blessed  work  of  God  through  Luther's  Reformation,  250  years  ago. 
The  two  sisters,  Maria  Elisabeth  and  Anna  Johanna  Krause  (the  latter 
the  first-born  child  of  the  Unity  in  Wachovia)  were  blessed  by  the  Srs. 
Marshall  and  Quest22  for  their  first  participation  in  the  Lord's  Supper, 
which  they  then  shared  with  the  Congregation. 

Nov.  6.  Today  Br.  Lorenz  went  with  Br.  Spach's  wagon  to  Cross 
Creek;  and  Br.  Bagge  sent  six  wagons  to  Charlestown. 

Nov.  8.  Br.,  Valentine  Beck  held  the  services  in  Friedland  today 
for  the  first  time. 

Nov.  13.  In  the  morning  at  9  o'clock  the  Congregation  met,  and 
Br.  Marshall  made  an  address  on  the  Daily  Word,  speaking  of  the 
grace  which  the  Unity  has  experienced  since  the  Lord  declared  Him- 
self to  be  their  Elder;  then,  all  kneeling,  he  prayed  that  the  Saviour 
would  bless  His  Congregation  here  in  Salem,  and  let  them  know  that 
He  is  their  God.  Then  all  the  Sisters  met,  then  all  the  Brethren,  and 
to  each  section  was  read  the  Jiinger's  sermon,  preached  on  Nov.  13, 
1759,  in  Zeist,  after  which  they  humbly  worshiped  their  Chief  Elder. 
In  the  afternoon  at  two  the  Lovefeast  was  held,  in  which  our  Congre- 
gation Anniversary  was  also  celebrated.  The  children  were  present, 
and  were  told  the  story  of  why  the  Saviour  was  the  Chief  Elder  of  the 
Unity,  and  that  He  had  the  children  also  in  His  special  care,  when 
they  loved  Him  and  remembered  what  He  had  done  for  them;  and  that 
He  had  permitted  us  to  meet  in  this  Saal,  consecrated  to  Him,  in  order 
that  He  might  bless  us.    During  the  past  year  He  has  shown  us  His 

22  The  Srs.  Marshall  and  Quest  were  Akoluthie,  and  the  latter  was  Pflegerin  of  the  Single 
Sisters.    Later  only  ministers  confirmed  candidates  for  the  Lord's  Supper. 


Mks.  John  Michael  Graff 
ribbons,  the  color  denoting  that  she  was  a  Married L  Sister.  P 


Kecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


691 


favor,  and  we  acknowledged  this  with  heartfelt  thanks,  and  pray  that 
He  will  lead  us  on,  and  continue  to  work  in  grace  among  us.  During 
the  Lovefeast  a  Festal  Psalm23  was  sung,  with  instrumental  accom- 
paniment.. After  this  the  Communicants  shared  the  Cup  of  Covenant, 
pledging  themselves  to  be  His  people  until  they  should  see  Him  face 
to  face.  At  eight  o'clock  in  the  evening  the  services  of  the  day  were 
closed  with  a  Liturgy. 

Nov.  17.  In  the  evening  Br.  Johann  Klein's  remains  were  quietly 
re-interred,  Br.  Lorenz  having  brought  them  from  Cross  Creek. 

Nov.  19.  The  mill,  three  miles  below  Salem,  is  so  nearly  finished 
that  they  can  begin  to  grind  corn. 

Nov.  °21.  Br.  Enerson  was  taken  to  Bethabara,  where  he  can  be 
better  cared  for. 

Nov.  22.  In  the  Litany  we  remembered  Br.  David  Mtschmann,  who 
recently  went  home  in  Bethlehem,  [Pa.],  and  shortly  thereafter  we 
heard  that  Br.  Pfeiffer  was  called  home  from  Bethabara  this  morning 
about  two  o'clock.    Br.  Utley  preached  in  English  today. 

Nov.  23.  Mo.t  of  the  Single  Brethren  went  to  Bethabara  to  Br. 
Pfeiffer's  funeral. 

Dec.  If.  Br.  Steinman  went  today  to  Bethabara,  where  he  will  re- 
main for  a  time  and  then  settle  on  the  land  he  has  bought. 

Dec.  5.  The  wagons  returned  from  Charlestown.  They  brought 
letters  and  Nachrichten  from  Europe,  and  fifteen  copies  of  the  Life 
of  Count  Zinzendorf.24 

Dec.  10.  In  a  meeting  of  Communicants  it  was  announced  that  Br. 
Ludwig  Meinung  has  this  day  been  betrothed  to  the  Single  Sister,  Maria 
Magdalena  Hoepfner. 

Dec.  16.   The  new  road  to  the  Shallow  Eord  was  laid  out  and  opened. 

Dec.  20.  There  was  English  preaching,  to  which  the  new  family 
from  Caroll's  Manor  came  from  Bethabara. 

Dec.  21.  Br.  Reuter  laid  off  450  acres  of  land  on  the  Laer  for  the 
family  from  Caroll's  Manor. 

Dec.  21,.  At  six  in  the  evening  the  children  had  their  Lovefeast,  and 
Br.  Tiersch  spoke  with  them,  *  *  *  .  During  the  Lovefeast  they 
were  catechised,  and  gladly  answered  the  simple  questions  concerning 
the  birth  of  the  Saviour.  At  the  close  they  received  lighted  candles; 
and^sung  a  sweet  Ave  and  Hallelujah  to  the  Infant  Jesus. 

23  Filed  with  the  Diary 

^^^^^i^^^^^^  Berrn  von  Zirvendorf  und  Pottenalorf, 
date  of  publication^  Tut  th«  w?L  ,  It  is,in  eight  Parts:  the  ^  fe  without 

published lin  1775         *  the  Introdu<*ion  v  dated  March  30,  1772.    Part  VIII  was 


692  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


At  eight  o'clock  the  Congregation  assembled.  The  Texts  for  the  day 
were  sung;  then  Br.  Tiersch  spoke  earnestly  about  them.  Then  the 
Old  Testament  Promises  were  sung  antiphonally  by  choirs  of  Brethren 
and  Sisters ;  and  the  story  of  the  birth  of  our  dear  Lord  was  read,  the 
choir  of  Brethren  singing  the  Angels'  message:  "Unto  you  is  born 
this  day  a  Saviour/'  and  the  choir  of  Sisters  the  air:  "Holdselig 
Kindlein  in  Kripp  und  Windlein."    During  the  singing  of  the  hymn ; 

Ja,  Er  liegt  in  seinem  Krippe 
ruft  zu  sich 
mich  und  dich, 

the  Congregation  bowed  before  our  God,  made  manifest  in  the  flesh, 
thanking  Him  for  His  incarnation  and  death;  the  choirs  responding: 
"Ereue  dich  und  sey  frolich,"  etc.  After  the  choirs  had  sung  their 
"Ehre  sey  Gott,"  in  harmony  with  the  choirs  above,  the  Congregation 
sang  the  "Hallelujah,"  and  went  peacefully  and  thankfully  to  rest. 

Dec.  25.  At  nine  o'clock  the  Congregation  met  for  the  Liturgy  and 
the  Hymn  of  Praise  to  the  Son.,  At  ten  Br.  Tiersch  preached  on  the 
Christmas  Gospel.  In  the  afternoon  there  was  a  service  for  the  chil- 
dren; then  first  the  Married  People  and  Widowed  Choirs,  then  the 
Single  Brethren,  and  finally  the  Single  Sisters,  met  for  worship  in  the 
presence  of  our  Immanuel.  In  the  evening  service  for  the  entire  Con- 
gregation there  was  choir  music,  and  a  Christmas  sermon  by  Br. 
Johannes  was  read ;  and  the  day  closed  with  the  evening  blessing. 

Dec.  27.  The  Communicants  and  Married  People  met  for  the  wed- 
ding of  Br.  Ludwig  Meinung  and  Sr.  Maria  Magdalena  Hoepfner.  Br. 
Tiersch  spoke  on  the  Daily  Word,  pointing  out  that  the  doctrine  of 
the  Atonement  was  the  foundation  of  the  Unity,  of  each  Choir,  and 
especially  of  the  Choir  of  Married  People,  and  that  all  the  Choir  plan 
of  warning  and  instruction  rested  on  the  holy  sufferings  and  death  of 
Jesus,  *  *  *  .  The  wedding  Doxology  was  sung  by  the  choir ;  then, 
in  the  name  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  Br.  Tiersch  united  the  two  above 
named  in  marriage,  pronouncing  the  blessing  of  the  Church  in  the  felt 
presence  of  the  Church's  Head. 

Dec.  31.  The  Watch  Services  began  at  half  past  eight  with  a 
Lovefeast.  *  *  *  In  the  second  service,  at  ten  o'clock,  the  Con- 
gregation heard  a  resume  of  what  the  Saviour  has  done  in  all  Orts 
Gemeinen,  for  the  Pilgrims,  among  the  heathen,  the  Diaspora,  and  in 
Home  Missions.  *  *  *  After  eleven  o'clock  the  Congregation  met 
for  the  last  time.  The  Text  for  the  day:  "Grace  be  with  all  them  that 
love  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ  in  sincerity,"  was  sung;  then  the  Memo- 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


693 


rabilia  of  the  Congregations  and  Societies  in  Wachovia  were  read.  As 
the  Congregation  sang 

Setz  tins  deinen  ganzen  Volke, 
Herr,  zu  einer  warmen  Wolke, 

the  trombones  announced  the  entrance  into  the  New  Year,  and  the  Con- 
gregation knelt  before  the  Lord,  and  Br.  Tiersch  prayed  to  the  Saviour, 
and  commended  the  Congregation  to  Him,  and  He  Himself  spoke  the 
Amen  saying:  "Friede,  Friede  sey  mit  euch."  Then,  all  standing,  the 
Congregation  sang: 

Gottlob,  ein  Schritt  zur  Ewigkeit 

ist  abermals  vollendet! 
and  after  the  reading  of  the  first  Daily  Word  and  Doctrinal  Text,  the 
blessing  of  the  Lord  was  sung  and  pronounced  upon  the  Congregation, 
and  at  the  words:  "Friede,  Friede,"  the  Kiss  of  Peace  was  exchanged. 

Extracts  from  the  Minutes  of  the  Aufseher  Collegium,  1112. 

[The  Minutes  of  the  Aufseher  Collegium,  as  written  by  Traugott 
Bagge,  are  a  model  of  clearness  of  diction  and  good  penmanship.,  They 
present  the  deliberations  of  a  Board  of  intelligent,  far-seeing,  practical 
men,  concerned  for  the  welfare  of  the  Congregation,  the  Community 
and  each  individual  citizen  thereof;  of  a  Board  that  applied  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  "Budget  System"  to  the  problems  of  1772,  even  though 
it  was  a  century  and  more  before  men  named  the  plan.    Moreover  as 
the  Diary  presents  the  picture  of  Salem  life  from  the  ideal,  the  religious, 
side,  so  these  Minutes  show  the  intensely  human  side,  the  trifling  but 
annoying  problems,  the  differences  of  opinion,  the  restlessness  of  youth 
under  restraint,  the  difficulties  of  a  period  of  re-adjustment  in  economic 
matters.   The  paragraphs  translated  show  the  financial  plan  for  Salem, 
m  so  far  as  it  was  worked  out  during  this  year;  and  to  these  are  added 
a  few  items  to  show  that  Salem  was  not  a  community  of  saints,  but 
merely  the  residence  of  men  and  women  who  honestly  meant  to  do 
their  best  for  their  God,  their  Church,  and  for  themselves,  but  who 
sometimes  missed  the  mark,  even  as  do  their  descendents  of  the  Twen- 
tieth Century.] 

Wednesday,  the  15th  of  April,  1112. 
This  Collegium  consists  at  present  of  the  following  persons: 
Richard  Utley,  Congregation  Vorsteher, 

Johann  TJlrich  Muschbach,  Vorsteher  of  the  Single  Brethren, 


694  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Jacob  Meyer,  Curator  of  the  Single  Sisters, 
Niels  Petersen,  a  Single  Brother, 
Christoph  Merkly,  a  Single  Brother, 
Johann  Henrich  Herbst,  a  Married  Brother, 
Traugott  Bagge,  Chairman. 

Day  before  yesterday  Br.  Marshall  organised  this  Board,  and  in- 
stalled the  Curator  of  the  Single  Sisters,  according  to  the  Synod  of 
1769 ;  today  the  Board  met  in  its  first  session,  Br.  Marshall  also  being 
present. 

The  history  of  the  Wachovia  Tract  was  outlined,  and  its  purchase 
by  the  Unity  and  the  Shareholders;1  and  it  was  noted  that  the  Quit 
Kent  had  been  paid  by  the  Unity  and  the  Shareholders,  and  by  the 
Unity  for  those  Shareholders  who  had  fallen  behind.  The  Unity  had 
received  nothing  from  Wachovia  toward  the  Quit  Rent  until  a  few 
years  ago,  when  Bethabara  began  to  pay  £10 :  Sterling  annually  as  rent. 

The  Oeconomie,  or  common  housekeeping,  is  now  to  cease,  so  the 
Diaconie  hitherto  existing  in  Bethabara  will  be  divided  into  three  :— 

1)  The  Unity  Administration  Diaconie,  which  will  take  over  all 
the  debts  and  all  the  credits  of  the  former  Diaconie. 

2)  The  Bethabara  Diaconie. 

3)  The  Salem  Congregation  Diaconie. 

The  Branches  to  be  conducted  in  Salem  for  the  benefit  of  the  Salem 
Diaconie,  that  is  the  Store,  Tavern,  Pottery,  and  Tanyard,  shall  be 
indebted  to  the  Salem  Diaconie,  and  it  in  turn  to  the  Administration 
Diaconie,  for  the  value  of  their  stocks,  according  to  the  recent  inven- 
tories, paying  annual  interest  at  5%. 

The  Store  in  Salem  and  the  Store  in  Bethabara  shall  be  one  busi- 
ness. After  all  expenses  of  the  business  have  been  paid  the  profit  from 
both  Stores  shall  be  divided,  two-thirds  to  Salem  Diaconie  and  one- 
third  to  Bethabara  Diaconie. 

Until  the  houses  now  being  erected  in  Salem  are  finished  the  cost 
will  be  carried  by  the  Administration. 

The  amount  remaining  from  the  £500 :  Proc.  given  by  the  Unity  for 
traveling  expenses  of  the  Single  Sisters  and  a  building  for  them,  will 
be  applied  to  the  cost  of  the  Gemein  Haus;  but  in  case  this  Choir 
builds  a  House  for  itself  the  Diaconie  will  give  the  same  amount  to- 
ward their  building., 

Br.  Reuter  was  told  that  in  order  to  support  himself  he  might  sur- 
vey land,  and  write  Warrants,  Deeds,  Wills,  Bills  of  Sale,  etc.  for  non- 


1  Shareholders  in  the  Nord  Carolina  Land  und  Colonie  Etablissement. 


Kecoeds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


695 


residents  as  well  as  for  Brethren  and  Sisters  in  the  town,  and  a  price 
will  be  named  for  each  type  of  service. 

The  Brn.  Beck  and  Bonn  wish  to  buy  the  houses  in  which  they  are 
living.  It  was  agreed  that  for  houses  bought  interest  should  be  charged 
at  5%  on  the  unpaid  part  of  the  purchase  price;  rent  on  other  houses 
should  be  reckoned  at  6%  on  the  latest  appraised  value  plus  any  ad- 
ditional expenditure  since  the  appraisment  was  made,  if  the  renter 
keeps  up  repairs,  and  at  7%  if  the  Salem  Diaconie  makes  repairs. 

What  Br.  Beck  owes  for  the  stock  in  his  gun-stock-making  business 
and  what  the  Brothers  House  owes  for  the  gunsmith  business,  shall  be 
entered  in  the  Administration  books  at  the  figure  at  which  they  were 
taken  over  from  the  Bethabara  Diaconie. 

Incidentally  the  wish  was  expressed  that  all  Brethren,  and  especially 
the  young  people  who  are  being  trained  to  work  in  our  midst,  might 
accompany  their  work  with  Industry,  Faithfulness,  Ability,  and  Good 
Behaviour,  laying  aside  all  desire  for  convenience  or  profit  which  would 
impair  or  spoil  their  work;  this  would  be  for  the  benefit  of  employers 
and  those  who  sell  finished  work,  would  increase  our  credit  among  our 
neighbors,  and  would  draw  customers  to  the  town. 

It  will  be  easier  for  the  above-mentioned  Diaconie  Branches  if  they 
pay  their  interest  on  stock  monthly  or  quarterly;  and  then  the  Diaconie 
will  be  in  position  to  pay  the  interest  to  the  Administration. 

Thursday  the  16th  of  April. 

As  it  will  be  well  to  have  land  around  Salem,  so  that  no  one  may 
become  our  neighbor  who  would  disturb  us,  during  the  last  Visitation2 
a  Lot  of  about  3000  acres  was  laid  off  around  and  for  Salem;  for  this 
the  Administration  will,  receive  an  annual  rental  of  £20 :  Sterling  for 
the  first  five  years,  beginning  June  1,  1772,  £30:  Sterling  for  the  next 
five  years,  and  £40 :  Sterling  yearly  thereafter. 

Br.  Reuter  has  handed  in  his  list  of  prices,  as  follows  :— 
An  Advertisement,  Bill  of  Sale  for  cattle,  Note  of  Hand, 

Certificate  of  Scalps,  etc   4  pence 

A  Warrant,  beginning  Whereas,  etc   6  pence 

A  Bill  of  Sale  or  Indenture  on  Improvements3  1  shilling 

A  Bond   fi  8 

.    8  pence 

An  Attachment  without  Bond,  an  Execution  where  the 

 ^er  is  ^et  P^sent    ±  sMUing 

2^^r%eZ\Zder^Zef  im*  S!^?  ^er.  Conference,  were  in  Wachovia,  Sep- 
of  Bethlehem  Pa 7  o  7™  «™  \    Rev   Hans  Christian  Alexander  von  Schweinitz,  then 
3  Land  waaTu      f  a->  came  somewhat  earlier,  leaving  when  they  did 
Land  was  held  under  Lease,  but  the  Improvements  might  be  solfand  the  Lease  transferred. 


696 


North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


A  Power  of  Attorney  to  Pennsylvania,    18  pence  to    2  shillings 

Writing  duplicate  copies  of  a  German  Lease  or  Agreement 

for  land  purchased  and  partly  paid  for    5  shillings 

A  Deed  of  Conveyance    8  shillings 

Lease  and  Eelease  -  -   10  shillings 

Further ;  to  survey  and  mark  building  lots  and  see  that  the 
fences  are  properly  set,  if  he  is  given  the  necessary 

help  in  chain-carrying  and  driving  stakes    5  shillings 

To  survey  and  stake  a  field  or  meadow,  if  given  the  neces- 
sary help  as  above  mentioned,  for  a  lot  of  not  more 

than  three  acres,  per  acre    1  shilling 

Over  three  acres,  each  additional  acre    6  pence 

The  Board  considers  these  prices  fair. 

Saturday  the  18th  of  April. 

The  Board  studied  the  plan  of  Salem,  and  its  houses,  in  order  to 
determine  the  house-rent  and  ground-rent  of  the  houses  used  by  the 
businesses  of  the  Diaconie,  and  how  best  to  arrange  monthly  payments 
of  the  amounts  hitherto  paid  by  the  businesses  to  the  Unity,  and  the 
interest  on  their  stock,  as  decided  on  the  15th  of  this  month. 

Careful  consideration  was  given  to  the  question  of  how  to  help  Br. 
Micksch  to  secure  a  livelihood,  but  his  circumstances  make  it  difficult. 
For  the  time  being,  if  he  is  industrious,  he  may  be  able  to  secure  the 
necessaries  of  life  by  making  candles,  snuff,  and  fine-cut  tobacco,  and 
selling  oil,  young  fruit  trees  which  he  has  raised,  garden  seeds,  veg- 
etables, cucumber  pickles,  turnips,  dried  fruit,  and  the  like;  but  in  the 
beginning  he  will  probably  have  a  rather  hard  time. 

For  the  present  the  Store  shall  pay  annually  to  the  Diaconie 

for  interest  on  £2632  :  2  :  3,  stock,  @  5%   131 :12 


house-rent,  on  £400:  @  6%    24 

ground-rent  on  three  corner  lots,  18  sh.  Sterl   1 

contribution  from  the  business    8 


12 


£165:  4:  1 


The  Tavern  shall  pay  annually 

interest  on  £483:10:8,  stock,  @  5%   24:  3:  6 

house-rent,  on  £800:   @  6%   48:—:— 


Kecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


697 


ground-rent  on  two  corner  lots,  12  sh. 

two  half  lots,  5  sh. 

twice  11  feet,  1 :10d, 

in  all  18  sh,  lOd,  Sterling   1 :13 .  q 

contribution  from  the  business    a.  .  


£  81:17:— 

The  Tannery  shall  pay  annually 

interest  on  £552:  5:  1,  stock  @  5%   27:12:  3 

house-rent  on  £250:  @  6%    15.  ._ 

ground-rent  on  the  lots  and,  land,  20  sh.  Sterling 

in  all   1:15;  7 

contribution  from  the  business    4:  •  


£  48:  7 :10 

The  Pottery  shall  pay  annually 

interest  on  £124:  3:  2,  stock,  @  5%   q:  4 

house-rent,  on  £300:  @  6%    ig  .  

ground-rent  on  one  corner  lot  and  3  ft   11 

contribution  from  the  business    5.  


£  29:15:  3 

In  the  above,  according  to  the  already  established  rate,  one  Spanish 
Dollar,  now  8  shillings  Proa,  is  counted  at  4  sh.  6d.  Sterling. 

Each  building  lot  has  a  66  ft.  front;  each  additional  foot  shall  bring 
Id  Sterl.  more  ground-rent  than  is  calculated  for  the  66  ft.  lot. 

According  to  the  above  the  Congregation  Vorsteher  shall  collect 
each  month4 

from  the  Store   12  :i4  •  

from  the  Tavern    g.  g.  

from  the  Tannery    3-14-6 

from  the  Pottery   2:5-6 


£25:—:— 

Wednesday  the\  22nd  of  April. 
The  wish  was  expressed  that  we  should  plan  for  the  building  of  a 
brewery  m  the  town,  and  that  less  strong  drink  should  be  distilled; 

^Va7s^  J-ed  largely  for  Ministers'  salaries, 

had  their  rooms  rent  free  receded  ^52:  N.  C.  currency,  per  annum;  they  also 


698  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 

for  beer  would  be  much  more  wholesome  for  our  Brethren,  and  the 
neighbors  would  buy  it  in  quantity.  But  we  see  no  chance  for  this 
as  yet. 

This  year  we  will  have  to  pay  a  good  price  for  barley  and  other 
things,  and  the  Store  in  Salem  and  Bethabara  on  the  one  side,  and  the 
Single  Brothers  House  here  on  the  other,  must  not  work  in  opposition, 
but  should  tell  where  it  can  be  bought  rather  than  seize  it  for  them- 
selves. The  price  of  grain  shall  be  settled  with  the  residents  of  the 
town,  and  shall  be  kept  at  that. 

The  Single  Brethren  are  willing  to  sell  bread  from  their  House 
bakery  to  residents  who  do  not  wish  to  bake  for  themselves,  and  also 
to  travellers.  The  weight  will  be  that  customary  in  Bethabara,  and 
will  increase  or  decrease  according  to  the  price  of  grain.  They  would 
like  to  have  a  larger  supply  of  grain.  As  it  is  not  best  for  persons  of 
both  sexes  to  go  to  the  Single  Brothers  House  we  will  plan  for  a  town 
bakery,  where  anyone  can  go  without  offense. 

Friday,  the  2Jf.th  of  April. 

The  gun-smith  in  the  Brothers  House  needs  a  place  for  shooting  at 
mark;  it  was  decided  that  the  street  back  of  Br.  Beuter's  house  may 
be  used,  as  it  has  not  yet  been  opened. 

According  to  the  estimate  made  during  the  last  Visitation  the  sal- 
aries of  the  ministers,  the  contribution  to  the  Unity  Sustentation,5 
interest  on  the  amount  invested  in  the  Gemein  Haus,  and  the  like,  will 
amount  to  £272 :  per  annum.  This  must  be  supplied  by  the  monthly 
payments  of  the  Branches,  including  the  Single  Brothers  Diaconie,  in 
order  to  get  it  started.  George  Holder's  rent,  on  which  he  pays  daily 
in  milk,  will  count  toward  this  also,  as  will  the  one-third  which  Br. 
Stockburger  will  give  next  year  from  the  plantation  here. 

The  above  amounts  shall  be  paid  monthly  to  Br.  Utley,  beginning 
with  the  month  of  April. 

The  prices  for  work  of  the  Single  Sisters  was  stated,  and  also  what 
they  plan  that  each  shall  pay  for  food,  house-rent,  and  toward  the 
expenses  of  their  House  and  the  Congregation.  They  will  buy  bread 
from  the  Single  Brothers  bakery,  getting  13  to  the  dozen,  until  they 
know  whether  it  will  be  worth  their  while  to  bake  for  themselves;  as 
yet  they  have  neither  oven  nor  other  conveniences. 


5  The  Fund  which  paid  the  general  expenses  of  the  Unity. 


Eecoeds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  699 


Thursday  the  12th  of  May. 

Br.  Bonn  bought  his  house  on  May  6th  for  £140 :,  and  will  give  bond 
to  pay  interest  on  this  at  5%.  He  must  himself  pay  for  what  build- 
ing he  has  done  or  may  do  to  the  house. 

Friday  the  22nd  of  May. 

Br.  Beck's  house  was  first  appraised  at  £170 :,  but  recently  at  £150. 
He  may  buy  it  at  the  latter  sum,  under  the  conditions  made  for  Br. 
Bonn.  Both  Brethren  shall  agree  to  pay  at  least  £10 :  annually  on  the 
principal,  but  this  is  such  a  hard  year  that  the  first  payment  may  be 
delayed  until  two  years  from  date. 

On  account  of  the  present  high  prices,  and  because  part  of  the  barley 
will  have  to  be  used]  for  feed  as  soon  as  it  is  ripe,  for  this  year  the 
price  of  barley  shall  be  3sh.  3d,  per  bushel. 

Saturday  the  30th  of  May. 

As  Sr.  Oesterlein  has  had  charge  of  the  two  daughters  of  Brn.  Meyer 
and  Bagge,  she  and  Sr.  Krause  will  be  consulted  as  to  what  she  should 
be  paid  for  the  time  it  takes,  so  that  she  may  be  able  to  support  her- 
self. The  Diaconie  will  deduct  from  the  house-rent  of  the  Single  Sisters 
the  value  of  the  school-room.6 


Wednesday  the  10th  of  June. 

In  consultation  with  Br.  Beuter  it  was  decided  that  wood  for  rails, 
if  the  log  is  18  inches  thick,  shall  be  2  sh.  per  tree-trunk;  if  24  or  more 
inches  thick  3  sh.  Wood  for  the  potter,  one  foot  longer  than  usual, 
1  sh.  4d.  per  cord.  Any  one  cutting  his  own  wood  must  cut  the  tops 
and  branches  also  and  pile  them  in  cords. 

Br.  Beuter  has  also  made  the  following  statement  :— 
The  seller  must  always  have  his  sales  shilling  free;  if  he  gives  paper 
or  makes  a  calculation  that  is  called  a  Douceur.    The  buyer  must  pay 
all  costs  from  the  time  of  the  giving  of  the  sales  shilling  to  the  com- 
pletion of  the  transaction;  for  example, 

eC0lheSenr^T^\Sh0W  T™*  on  the  school-room  was  counted  from  April  30th 

wioUs  the? 'SkSX  witwr  0o*PW5°n.    The  Single  Sisters  were  charged  for 

beSnTSore lorii foth  ™  w^V"?  *U8!?  f°/  the  SCh°oL  The  Sch°o1  could  not  have 
from  Bethabara to  <Jw  °L1Whlch  dat ?  first  teacher,  Elisabeth  Oesterlein,  moved 
when  the  X*      \  ^6  6X-Ct  date  of  beeinni^  being  unknown,  April  30,  1772, 

for  gir?s  Kg f^WW?  £gan'  iS  acceJ>ted  aS  the  date  of  ^muling  of  tPhe  day-schoo 
Salem  Col2ge      Ultlmately  became  the  day-school  department  of  Salem  Academy  and 


700 


North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


1  cord  hickory  wood    —  •  1 :  6, 

cost  of  cutting   3  :  3, 

cost  of  hauling    3 :  , 


total  -  ' — :  8:—. 

A  rebate  of  4d.  will  be  made  at  the  close  of  the  transaction.  Building 
wood  Nos.  1  and  2  is  2d  per  trunk;  Nos.  3  and  4,  and  a  trunk  of  shin- 
gle or  clapboard  wood,  is  4d.,   For  a  load  of  stake  or  wagon  wood,  6d. 

His  propositions  were  approved,  but  the  Diaconie  must  pay  him  a 
certain  per  cent  for  taking  the  money  and  keeping  the  accounts. 

In  addition  to  his  office  as  Forester  Br.  Eeuter  shall  have  oversight 
of  the  digging  of  clay,  and  the  breaking  and  hauling  of  stone.  1  sh. 
4d  per  wagon  load  can  be  paid  for  potter's  clay,  and  4d  for  white  clay 
for  building.  Whoever  digs  clay  or  stone  shall  fill  up  the  holes  at 
his  own  expense. 

Inquiry  was  made  as  to  whether  the  Single  Brother  Christ  might 
work  again  for  Br.  Aust,  as  Br.  Beck  has  not  enough  work  in  his  gun- 
stock  business?  Br.  Beck  may  hire  him  to  Br.  Aust,  just  as  he  has 
often  had  to  hire  day-laborers. 

Br.  Fritz,  the  leather-goods  maker,  who  has  recently  come  from 
Europe,  also  knows  something  about  dressing  deer  skins.,  He  will  be- 
gin both  professions  here  on  his  own  account,  as  he  has  made  debts  on 
the  journey  over.  He  will  also  dress  skins  for  the  Store.  As  he 
does  not  know  a  great  deal  about  dressing  deer  skins  he  shall  make  a 
beginning  in  a  small  way  on  trial,  otherwise  there  is  no  objection  to 
his  plan. 

Friday  the  12th  of  June. 

There  is  complaint  from  the  Brethren  and  Sisters  in  the  town  that 
so  many  cattle  roam  the  streets  that  it  is  dangerous  for  the  children. 
Answer  was  made  that  each  should  fence  in  his  own  yard,  and  keep  the 
children  there  or  in  the  house,  and  not  let  them  run  about  on  the  streets. 
Yet  if  all  the  lots  on  the  main  street  could  be  fenced  and  used  until 
they  were  needed  for  building  it  would  help  to  keep  the  cattle  off  the 
streets. 

In  this  connection  much  was  said  about  a  dangerous  bull  belonging 
to  the  Single  Brethren,  and  they  were  asked  to  keep  him  in  so  that  he 
should  not  jump  fences  or  go  into  gardens  in  the  town,  or  injure  some 
one. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


701 


Friday  the  26th  of  June. 
William  Gentry,  on  the  Yadkin,  offers  to  build  a  bridge  over  Muddy 
Creek,  on  the  Shallow  Ford  Eoad,  for  £20:,  all  expense  for  food,  haul- 
ing and  labor  included,  and  to  finish  it  before  winter.  He  will  guaran- 
tee it  for  four  years  against  floods,  and  if  it  is  carried  away  will  re- 
build it  without  pay.  The  offer  is  fair,  if  he  can  and  will  make  it 
good.  George  Schmidt,  as  road-master,  shall  look  into  the  matter,  be 
present  when  the  contract  is  signed,  and  collect  the  money. 

Wednesday  the  15th  of  July. 
The  support  of  our  three  married  ministers  will  amount  to  £156: 
annually.  It  was  considered  whether  this  should  not  be  paid  by  the 
individual  Brethren  and  Sisters,  instead  of  the  Diaconie  Branches 
but  it  was  decided  that  the  Congregation  should  not  bear  this  burden 
unless  it  appeared  that  the  Branches  could  not  do  it.  They  shall  there- 
fore pay  monthly  to  Br.  TJtley 

the  Salem  Store    4 :10 

the  Tavern    2  •  5 

the  Pottery    18 

the  Tannery    ^  •  7 

the  Single  Brothers  businesses   3  :_ 


£12 :— :— 

This  arrangement  begins  with  the  first  of  April,  but  as  money  is  so 
scarce,  and  the  Branches  have  to  pay  the  interest  agreed  on,  (see  April 
VM),  those  who  direct  each  Branch  may  give  Br.  Utley  a  Ticket*  for 
the  past  months  untU  they  are  ready  to  pay,  and  he  shall  count  the 
lickets  as  cash  m  his  accounts. 


the  27th  of  July. 
For  the  present,  the  price  of  wheat  is  4  sh.  4d.  per  bushel. 

Saturday  the  1st  of  August. 

As  the  Tannery  cannot  well  do  without  lime,  and  Marshall  Duncan 
will  not  burn  any  more,  Br.  Herbst  will  see  whether  Duncan  will  not 
let  nim  burn  lime  there. 

7  An  acknowledgment  of  indebtedness  which  did  not  bear  interest 


702  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Closing  the  books  of  the  Bethabara  Oeeonomie  shows  that  the  stock 
of  the  Store  is  only  £1846  :16  :— ,  that  is  £785  :  6  :  3  less  than  was  counted 
on  April  18th.  The  annual  interest,  therefore,  will  be  less,  and  the 
monthly  payment  will  be  £9  :13 :  9. 

Br.  Muschbach  has  positively  declared  that  he  will  not  pay  the 
monthly  contribution  from  the  Single  Brethren's  businesses  for  the 
ministers'  support,  assessed  on  the  15th  of  last  month.  As  the  Collegium 
can  not  persuade  him  to  attend  meetings  of  the  Board,  and  as  he  con- 
tinues to  contradict  and  work  against  the  decisions  of  the  Board  in 
spite  of  the  fact  that  other  members  of  his  Choir  have  given  their 
opinions  or  their  approval,  it  was  unanimously  decided  to  send  a  letter 
to  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz  asking  that  another  Brother  be  put  in  his 
place  to  take  charge  of  the  Single  Brethren's  Diaconie,  which  letter  was 
written,  considered  point  by  point,  approved,  and  made  ready  for  de- 
livery. 

Thursday  the  27th  of  August. 

George  Schmidt  will  pay  1  shilling8  per  week  school-money  for  his 
daughter. 

Wednesday  the  9th  of  September. 

It  is  nearly  time  to  give  in  the  list  of  Taxables,  and  as  we  have  no 
Brother  in  Rowan  County  who  is  a  Justice  it  was  agreed  that  Br.  Bonn 
should  make  the  list  and  send  it  to  Justice  Spurgeon.  It  is  best  that 
we  handle  all  such  matters  as  a  community,  as  we  wish  to  keep  on 
friendly  terms  with  the  officials  of  the  land  and  yet  avoid  letting  them 
become  too  well  acquainted  with  our  affairs. 

Plans  were  discussed  for  the  Congregation  Cash  Account.  It  was 
suggested  that  every  resident  of  the  town  over  16  years  of  age  should 
contribute;  that  if  a  Communicant  ,paid  one  shilling,  one  who  was 
Received,  or  not  yet  Received,  should  pay  about  eight  pence.  The 
monthly  expenses  are: — for  candles,  4  shillings;  oil  for  five  lamps,  4 
sh. ;  Communion  wine,  13sh.  6d. ;  other  expenses  for  the  Saal  and  equip- 
ment, 15  sh. ;  a  total  of  £1 :16 :  6  per  month,  or  for  a  year         23  :14:  6 

Salem's  share  of  the  £60 :  yearly  for  Nachrichten,  letter-post- 
age, agents'  salaries,  etc.  for  Wachovia  is    35: — : — 

total   -£58:14:  6 

The  above-mentioned  £60 :  was  calculated  from  the  expenses  of  pre- 
vious years,  as  follows: — 

8  According  to  an  entry  in  the  Administration  accounts  of  this  period  £1 :  Sterl.  equalled 
£1:  15:  6,  North  Carolina  currency.  If  the  Pound  Sterling  be  counted  at  the  usual 
$4.48  then!  a  North  Carolina  Pound  was  worth  about  $2.74,  and  one  shilling  about 
13  1/3  cents. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


703 


JSTachrichten  for  one  year,  expense  of  writing  at 

Barby  Reichsthaler  66 :16 

Contribution  for  postage  in  Barby  .....     5  :±± 

Writing  materials,  Barby    2  '•  


The  above  counted  as  15  Pistoles  @  29sh.  6d   £22 :  2 :  6 

One  year's  postage,,  to  the  Mission  Board   14  L_ 

One  year,  to  Br.  Wollin  for  acting  as  Agent  in 

London,  £10:  Sterling    17:  4.  7 

One  year,  for  postage  in  London                  £6  :  Sterl   10  •  6 

One  year,  JSTachrichten  from  Bethlehem   4 !_ 

Payment  to  men  taking  letters  to  or  from  Bethlehem  ............  2  .-10 

Sundries   

  o :  2i 


9 


£60:—:— 

.  At  Present  there  is  no  charge  on  letters  to  or  from  Pennsylvania  but 
it  is  different  with  letters  to  or  from  Europe  by  way  of  Pennsylvania. 
±ne  following  charges  are  established  for  letters  without  enclosures :- 

to  or  from  London,  but  no  further    :  8d. 

to  or  from  places  further  away  in 

England   ^ .  4 

to  or  from  Ireland    2  •  

to  or  from  Holland    2.  6 

to  or  from  Germany    3.'  6 


Strangers  wishing  to  send  letters  through  us  shall  pay 

to  or  from  England    2-  6d 

to  or  from  Germany   5  .  

One  muSt  be  eareful  te  see  that  they  are  single  letters,  or  that  double 
or  treble  is  paid,  according  to  what  they  are.  The  Single  Br. 
Memung  shall  have  charge  of  the  post. 

We  have  agreed  to  pay  5  shillings  per  bnshel  for  wheat,  as  it  cannot 
be  bought  for  less. 

Thursday  the  2^th  of  September. 

t^nTT£TVhe<B°ard  meet  each  M°nda^  m0rninS>  direc%  after 
tne  Heifer  Conferenz;  other  meetings  as  needed., 

Saturday  the  27th  of  September. 

bar?^0^'668  fr°m  SalGm'  Bethaba^  and  Bethania  met  in  Betha- 
bara,  and  after  considering  all  circumstances  agreed  that  the  mainten- 


704  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


ance  of  the  roads  in  Wachovia  shall  be  cared  for  by  the  Congregations 
as  follows: — 

Salem,  which  has  66  Taxables,  including  those  to  the  south, 


takes  the  road  from  there  to  Peter  Trey  

-  7% 

miles 

-  5% 

u 

Ulrich  Kichards'  or  Spurgeon's  road, 

-  2% 

u 

7 

a 

Salem  to  the  Town  Fork  as  far  as  the 

4 

a 

3 

a 

10 

u 

from  the  beginning  of  the  Town  Fork  Eoad 

-  2% 

a 

from  Baumgarten's  foot-path  to  Steiner's  mill   

-  5% 

« 

from  the  new  Shallow  Ford  road  to  Douthet's  ford 

4 

u 

total    51%  miles. 

Bethabara,  with  18  Taxables,  takes  the  road  from  there 

towards  Eobert  Walker,  as  far  as  our  boundary   10  miles 

to  Salisbury,  as  far  as  Baumgarten's  foot-path    3 

the  road  to  the  mill,  and 

the  foot-path  to  Salem  until  it  touches  the  main  road. 
Bethania,  with  37  or  38  Taxables,  including  those  living 
in  Wachovia  north  of   Salem,  takes  the  following 
roads : — 

from  Henrich  Benner  to  the  Bethabara  Mill  road   7  miles 

the  old  Shallow  Ford  road  to  Joseph  Holder's  bridge  2% 

from  the  Hollow  road  to  the  Bethabara  Mill   4% 

from  the  mill  to  the  Salisbury  road    1 

Douthet's  road,  as  far  as  the  new  Shallow  Ford  road  3 
from  the  fork  in  the  old  Salisbury  road  into  the  pres- 
ent Salem  road,  as  far  as  the  Spangenbach   1%  1 

from  the  Little  Yadkin    2 

from  Schilling's  or  Zeitzen's  place  to  the  old  Shallow 
Ford  road    6 


u 


u 


a 


total    27%  miles 


and  the  foot-path  from  Bethabara  as  far  as  the  Bethania  road. 


Eecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Ca 


705 


Monday  the  28th  of  September. 

Br.  Utley  has  received  an  inventory  of  the  musical  instruments  from 
Br  Henrich  Stohr.    It  would  be  well  to  have  a  separate  closet  for  the 
mstruments  m  the  Brothers  House.    When  repairs  on  instruments  are 
needed  the  head  of  the  Congregation  fund  should  be  consulted  The 
musicians  shall  be  requested  to  be  careful  with  the  instruments  even 
though  no  one  has  been  expressly  charged  with  their  oversight 
^  It  would  be  well  if  the  burning  out  of  chimneys  were  given  up  and 
instead  they  should  be  swept  at  an  appointed  time.    Br.  Bressing '  who 
understands  this  work,  will  be  consulted  about  it.    The  wish  has  often 
been  expressed  that  we  had  a  fire  engine  and  other  apparatus  in  our 
town,  and  also  fire  regulations.    Meanwhile,  the  ladders  used  in  build- 
ing shall  be  placed  in  different  parts  of  the  town,  and  shall  hang  where 
they  may  easily  be  reached  in  case  of  danger. 

Monday  the  12th  of  October 

Wages  for  the  Sisters  for  digging  in  the  garden  or  washing  shall  be 
2  shillings  a  day;  wages  by  the  week,  6  shillings.  Anyone  employed 
by  the  week,  who  is  called  on  to  wash  or  dig,  shall  receive  more  in  pro- 
portion. 

The  Children's  Collection^  in  Salem  at  Michaelmas  amounted  to 
£3:16:10,  which,  with  the  collection  from  Bethabara  and  Bethania  will 
be  sent  to  Bethlehem,  where  the  children  of  the  Unity  in  America 
are  now  being  cared  for. 

Monday  the  19th  of  October. 

In  Br.  Petersen's  absence  Br.  Merkly  announced  the  arrival  of  two 
bing  e  Brethren  from  Pennsylvania.  Br.  Eose  will  be  teamster  for  the 
femgle  Brethren  ;  Br.  Klotz  is  a  sickle  and  nail  smith.,  For  the  present 
he  will  find  work  with  the  gun-smith,  and  will  also  work  over  some 
old  sickles. 

We  believe  that  we  will  have  to  pay  2  sh.  6d.  a  bushel  for  corn 
this  year. 

As  work  in  the  brick-yard  is  over  for  the  year  the  Salem  Diaconie 
will  take  the  stock  from  the  building  acconnt.  It  will  pay  25  shillings 
per  1000  for  brick,  and  33sh.  4d.  per  1000  for  roofing  tile;  will  sell 
the  former  for  30  sh.  and  the  latter  for  45  sh.  per  1000. 

'^o?T'™sZrj7Jhl£SOTt  0i  th°S6  ChMren  0t  th<i  Un»>'  **>  ™°  being  cared 
13 


706  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Saturday  the  2Jfth  of  October. 

Br.  Bressing  is  not  unwilling  to  buy  the  joiner's  tools,  belonging  to 
the  building  account,  which  is  approved,  except  that  Br.  Enerson  may 
wish  to  keep  a  few.  The  left-over  pieces  and  whole  boards  and  wood 
which  were  in  Br.  Enerson's  care,  shall  be  converted  into  cash. 

Br.  Kasp  will  take  over  the  mason's  and  stone-breaker's  implements 
from  the  building  account  to  his  own. 

As  we  are  not  in  position  to  send  money  to  Europe  for  the  Nachrich- 
ten,  etc.  Br.  Marshall  will  have  all  such  things  paid  for  in  Germany 
by  Br.  Paul  Schneider,  and  Br.  Bagge  will  do  the  same  in  England 
through  Br.  Wollin,  and  they  will  be  reimbursed  here. 

Monday  the  2nd  of  November. 

It  was  thoroughly  discussed  that  a  paragraph  should  be  inserted  in 
the  Leases,  which  the  Brethren  and  Sisters  receive  for  their  possessions 
in  the  town,  which  should  provide  that  no  one  might  sell  to  any  one 
who  was  not  entitled  to  own  and  live  in  a  house  in  si  Gemein  Ort ;  on 
the  other  hand  that  the  Congregation  was  not  obligated  to  take  over 
the  house  or  land  belonging  to  a  Brother  if  his  circumstances  changed 
or  he  died,  but  that  he  or  his  heirs  were  at  liberty  to  sell  to  any  one 
living  in  the  town  who  was  in  position  to  buy,  permission  having  first 
been  secured  from  the  Congregation. 

It  was  decided,  if  possible,  to  secure  action  by  the  Assembly  which 
should  recognise  as  a  Freeholder  not  only  one  who  owns  land  but  also 
one  who  has  a  considerable  business.  Also  that  we  need  one  or  two 
Justices  of  the  Peace  in  Salem,  which  would  not  only  bring  business 
to  the  town,  but  would  also  deter  people  from  being  disorderly,  or  from 
bringing  action  against  one  or  another  of  our  Brethren  before  a  Justice 
who  might  live  thirty  miles  from  here. 

When  visitors  to  the  town  must  be  entertained  either  in  a  home  or 
at  the  Tavern,  because  of  politeness  or  in  recognition  of  services  ren- 
dered to  the  community,  it  shall  be  paid  for  by  the  Diaconie. 

Monday  the  9th  of  November. 

It  has  been  proposed  that  a  messenger  go  to  Cross  Creek  each  month 
to  bring  the  Wilmington  paper,  and  letters  for  the  district  from  Salis- 
bury to  Salem  and  beyond.  It  was  agreed  that  we  take  part  in  this 
effort  to  benefit  the  land,  and  we  will  subscribe  for  three  papers,— for 
the  Store,  the  Brothers  House,  and  the  Tavern. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  Forth  Carolina 


707 


A  path  has  recently  been  cut  from  the  Quaker  or  New  Garden  Set- 
tlement here.  It  can  do  no  harm  if  it  becomes  a  road,  as  it  is  nearer 
that  way  than  by  Walker's. 

Monday  the  16th  of  November. 
Steiner,  George  Holder,  and  Baumgarten,  as  nou-resident  members  be- 
longing to  Salem  Congregation,  shall  pay  1  sh.  3d.  for  each  couple 
monthly  to  the  Congregation  account,  from  the  date  of  the  last  ar- 
rangement. 

Br.  Meyer  again  mentions  how  necessary  it  is  for  him  to  have  a 
new  sta  le  at  th  Tayern„   ^  ^  ^  ^  ^  ^  ^  e. 

preparation  m  advance,  as  the  stable  is  a  new  building,  for  which  the 
Congregation  must  give  consent.  But  it  will  be  laid  before  Congrega- 
tion Council,  and  the  Administration  will  advance  the  money. 

Monday  the  23rd  of  November. 

self°TT"Vf  t\eiBrethren  are  of  the  ^nion  that  the  Store  should  not 
sell  Un  ty  publications  at  a  profit.  It  has  therefore  been  decided  that 
heir  sale  shal  be  taken  over  by  the  Diaconie,  the  prices  to  be  fixed ^ 

To  he  D L  St°re       S°me  b°°ks  0n  tand  *  ^  *em 

to  the  Dmcome  at  cost,  as  it  will  not  be  well  to  have  them  on  sale  at 
two  places  at  different  prices. 

Br.  Bagge  states  that  he  considers  it  dangerous  for  the  Branch  which 
h  represents  to  stand  in  his  name,  for  in  a  business  like  the  Store  at 
Salem  and  Bethabara  there  are  and  will  be  outstanding  debts  and  in 

eLw  wLdl  ?ytTU  Mt  Pr°PerIy  ^  t0  L  Estate^and 
neither  would  the  stock,  but  under  the  law  both  might  be  considered 
as  so  doing,  and  much  confusion  might  result.  So  long  as  there  was 
an  Oeconomie  at  Bethabara,  and  it  was  generally  understood  ZZ 
possible  enough,  and  the  business  could  be  transferred  without'  a  lega 

estate  and  ht  7     ^  ?  *  m'  ^  in  CaSe  of  his  dea* 

with  will  ll  \Bagge  WiU  dWW  UP  and  siS»  »  Declaration, 

Store  a"i  ^^r-  lC°nditi0nS  C°nduCtS  the  busi—  *  *e 
PoL^T  whomsoeTOr  *e  Aufseher  Collegium  may  ap- 

££££  ;~or  t0  C0lIeetothe  store  debts-  He  *■ a 
^sr^^s^ and  Sambo' are  -  * 


708  Worth  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Monday  the  30th  of  November. 

The  bridge  over  the  Muddy  Creek  on  the  Shallow  Ford  road  is  fin- 
ished, and  William  Gentry  has  been  paid  the  £20 :  for  his  work,  through 
the  Store.  The  neighbors  had  given  us  reason  to  hope  that  they  would 
build  the  part  of  the  bridge  from  the  farther  side  of  the  creek  to  firm 
land  but  they  now  refuse  to  do  this,  so  the  committee  of  Brethren  who 
made  the  other  contract  with  Gentry  have  arranged  with  him  to  finish 
the  work  for  40  shillings  and  a  gallon  of  whiskey. 

When  we  once  know  for  sure  in  which  County  this  bridge  is,  Court 
will  be  asked  to  declare  it  a  County  bridge,  and  to  so  record  it. 

The  Leases  for  land  in  Salem  were  again  considered,  and  it  was 
decided  that  it  was  important  to  have  in  them  a  paragraph  imposing 
a  penalty  of  £100 :  Sterling,  for  selling  or  renting  a  house  to  an  out- 
sider, or  any  one  who  might  move  his  family  into  the  town  without 
being  eligible  under  our  Constitution,  and  that  the  lessee  should  give 
Bond  to  this  effect.  This  is  more  important  than  details  concerning 
clearing  the  land,  giving  it  up,  or  taking  it  away  from  the  lessee. 

Tuesday  the  1st  of  December. 

Br.  Tiersch's  letter  of  Nov.  16th  was  again  considered,  and  the  fol- 
lowing letter  from  this  Board  to  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz  was  prepared., 
"Dear  Brethren  and  Sisters  of  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz  :— 

In  reference  to  a  letter  received  from  Br.  Tiersch  on  Nov.  16th  and 
the  matters  therein  contained  we  humbly  present  our  advice.  The 
matters  indeed  had  often  had  our  attention,  and  have  now  been  con- 
sidered in  two  sessions  of  our  Board,  together  with  all  circumstances 
associated  with  them. 

"1)  We  find  that  C  *  *  *  H  *  *  *10  owes  the  Broth- 
ers House  about  £14:  for  suppers  and  liquors,  and  £44:  as  per  Inven- 
tory for  the  business  he  took  over;  he  owes  the  Store  about  £17:  for 
sugar,  coffee,  clothing,  and  saddler's  supplies;  and  about  £25:  to  the 
Tannery  for  leather;  in  all  he  owes  these  Branches  about  £100:,  m  ad- 
dition to  other  debts  he  may  have  of  which  we  do  not  know.  We  think 
this  condition  has  largely  resulted  from  idleness,  for  which  he  has  had 
plenty  of  opportunity  because  he  has  been  used  for  so  many  things- 
carrying  messages,  measuring  land,  carpenter  work,  butchering,  raising 
log  houses,  cleaning  house,  looking  out  the  line  for  roads— for  while  he 
has  generally  been  paid  for  these  services  he  is  often  idle  all  day,  and  it 


Becords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


709 


is  to  be  feared  that  in  these  employments  he  is  accustomed  to  use  too 
much  strong  drink.    He  shall  be  warned  to  work  steadily  at  his  pro- 
fession and  to  refuse  to  do  the  other  things,  and  to  cease  the  misuse  of 
strong  drink,  so  that  he  may  be  able  to  pay  his  debts,  for  there  will 
be  no  lack  of  work  for  the  saddlery.    Unless  very  necessary  no  occasion 
shall  be  given  him  to  leave  his  work.    Certain  Single  Brethren  owe 
their  House  and  other  businesses  something,  but  this  will  not  be  seri- 
ous if  they  will  stop  idling  and  will  work.    Men  who  do  piece  work 
should  be  as  industrious  as  those  who  are  paid  by  the  day.    The  Col- 
legium recommends  that  the  Masters  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  officials 
of  the  Single  Brethren  on  the  other,  shall  insist  that  the  men,  whether 
they  live  m  the  Brothers  House  or  outside,  shall  work  steadily;  this 
will  help  to  put  a  stop  to  idleness,  and  the  Single  Brethren  promise 
to  help.    It  is  not  well  that  during  work  hours  journeymen  should  be 
idle,  should  go  pleasure-walking  into  the  woods  or  elsewhere,  or  should 
go  to  the  mill,  to  Bethabara  or  Bethania,  without  object,  and  without 
permission  from  their  Masters  or  the  House  officials.    The  apprentices 
should  also  be  kept  in  better  order,  and  there  should  be  an  under- 
standing between  the  Choir  officials,  the  Brethren  in  charge  of  the 
Boys,  and  the  Masters,  to  hold  them  to  their  duties,  that  they  go  to 
the  work-shops  at  the  proper  time,  that  they  work  diligently  and  well, 
that  they  do  not  linger  too  long  at  meals,  and  that  they  continue  to 
work  until  stopping  time,  or  until  the  Master  gives  permission  to  lay 
the  work  aside.    Much  of  this  can  be  adjusted  in  a  conference  of 
Master-workmen.,    The  Collegium  would  like  to  see  the  rule  renewed 
m  the  Brothers  House  that  any  one  who,  on  Sunday,  wishes  to  go  to 
he  mill,  to  a  settlement,  to  Bethabara  or  Bethania,  should  first  ch- 
ain permission  from  the  Choir  officials,  and  that  so  far  as  possible 
the  younger  Brethren  should  go  in  company  with  older,  steady,  Breth- 
ren, instead  of  with  those  of  their  own  age. 

th" %  u6  n™*  h  W°Uld  be  WeU  *°  abide  ^  the  recommendations  of 

wi  hTer  ?on;  T:  cTcerning  playing  on  Sunday-  In  — 

ought  to  be  sold  on  Sunday,  nor  charged,  neither  should  work  be  taken 
D°\f  V<>1  °Ut'    NehheT  ShmU  the  musicians  P%  Minuets,  Polon- 
tTchofaTes       ^  °ther  WOrWly  mUSiC'  bUt  rather  C0Efine  themselrea 

relktiol6  rfier  h  "  Seri°US  breaCh  °f  C^eg,tion  and  Choir 
mfdnilt  M  PerSOnS  menti°ned  by  Br"  ™  s^ed 

corn.   But  this  has  already  been  taken  up  by  the  Choir  official*,  so  we 


710  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


think  enough  has  been  done  for  this  time,  and  hope  it  will  not  be 
necessary  to  think  of  it  again." 

Monday  the  lJ+th  of  December. 
It  was  agreed  that  this  winter  we  will  pay  20  shillings  per  hundred 
pounds  for  slaughtered  hogs  between  100  lbs.  and  150  lbs.  in  weight, 
and  22  sh.  per  hundred  pounds  for  those  over  150  lbs. 

Monday  the  21st  of  December. 

Instead  of  trying  to  get  more  lime  from  Duncan  we  will  see  whether 
any  can  be  secured  from  the  Catawba,  it  may  cost  more,  but  the  Tan- 
nery must  be  kept  going.  In  this  connection  it  was  resolved  to  send 
a  Petition  to  the  next  Assembly  asking  that  a  law  might  be  made 
that  any  one  who  has  limestone  on  his  land  and  will  not  burn  it  for 
sale,  may  be  obliged  to  sell  the  land  to  some  one  who  will  burn  it. 

A  letter  was  read  from  Br.  Meinung,  and  his  proposal  was  accepted 
that  he  should  keep  the  Salem  Diaconie  books,  and  in  payment  therefor 
he  should  live,  rent  free,  in  the  house  vacated  by  Br.  Enerson. 

Finally  it  was  suggested  that  the  young  people  in  the  Choir  Houses 
should  be  given  practice  in  writing  and  arithmetic,  so  they  might  not 
forget  what  they  have  learned. 

Monday  the  28th  of  December. 

Br.  Petersen  will  call  together  the  Brethren  who  are  to  consider  the 
building  of  the  Waterworks,  and  have  them  write  down  their  sugges- 
tions for  further  consideration.  The  question  was  raised  whether  oak 
logs  could  not  be  bored  in  the  neighborhood  for  this  purpose ;  also  sug- 
gested that  the  pipes  to  be  laid  down  hill  should  be  bored  2%  inches, 
and  the  pipes  laid  up  hill  should  be  bored  1%  inches  in  diameter. 

Br.  Meyer  received  permission  to  lead  the  run  which  comes  from 
the  Brothers  House  garden  across  the  Store  lot  and  that  next  to  it, 
and  to  take  it  into  his  lower  lots  for  the  improvement  of  the  meadow., 

Salem  Leases. 

[It  is  a  general  principle  of  law  that  whoever  holds  title  to  a  piece 
of  land  thereby  owns  all  that  stands  upon  that  land,  but  this  did  not 
obtain  in  Wachovia  under  the  "Lease  System,"  where,  by  definite  agree- 
ment, the  title  to  land  was  held  by  the  Unity,  or  later  by  the  Southern 
Province  of  the  Moravian  Church,  but  the  improvements  were  the 
property  of  individual  owners.    This  was  originally  because  of  the 


Eeoobds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  711 

Quit-rent  system,  but  after  the  Unity  had  acquired  a  fee  simple  title 
it  was  continued  because  of  the  opportunity  it  gave  the  officers  of  the 
Congregation  to  determine  who  might  live  in  the  congregation  town 
The  system  was  in  force  in  Salem  until  1856;  thereafter  the  lease-hold 
might  be  exchanged  for  free-hold  at  the  pleasure  of  the  owner  of  the 
improvements,  at  certain  established  rates.  The  original  Indentures 
were  written  in  duplicate,  signed  and  exchanged;  of  the  following 
balem  Lease  both  copies  are  preserved.  It  is  written  in  English  and 
is  given  in  full  as  illustrative  of  the  system.] 

This  Indenture  made  the  First  Day  of  May  in  the  Year  of  our 
Lord  One  thousand  seven  hundred  and  Seventy  Two  Between  Frederic 
Marshall  of  Salem  in  the  County  of  Eowan  in  the  Province  of  North 
Carolina  as  Attorny  of  James  Hutton  of  Chelsea  in  the  County  of 
Middlesex  m  England  of  the  One  Part  and  John  Valentine  Beck  of 
Salem  aforesaid  of  the  other  Part  Witnessed,  that  for  and  in  Consid- 
eration of  the  Rents,  Covenants  and  Agreements  herein  after  men- 
tioned and  reserved  He  the  said  James  Hutton  Hath  demised  granted 
set  and  to  farm  let  and  by  these  Presents  Doth  demise  grant  set  and 
to  farm  let  unto  the  said  John  Valentine  Beck,  All  that  Messuage  or 
Tenement  &  Lot  of  Ground  thereunto  belonging,  situate  lying  and 
being  m  the  Town  of  Salem  in  Wachovia  in  the  County  of  Bowan  in 
the  Province  of  North  Carolina  according  to  the  Draught  of  the  said 
Lot  hereunder  delineated  bounded  as  therein  mentioned  viz.  North- 

X  a„LOt  V  °harleS  H0ldCT'  EastWard  with  Main 

Street  Southward  with  a  Lot  of  Jacob  Bonn,  and  Westward  with  the 

Back  Street,  Together  also  with  all  and  singular  the  Buildings,  Gar- 

mL  M t'  ^JV^'  Pa^s,  Waters,  Water-Courses, 
Eights,  Members  and  Appurtances  whatsoever  thereunto  belonging 

VaWine  B   V  ,     4    ^  ^  ™t0  the  Said  <™n 

Valentine  Beck  his  Executors  and  Administrators  for  and  during  and 

untc .the  full  End  and  Term  of  Twelve  Months  from  the  Day Z  th 

Date  hereof  from  hence  next  ensuing  and  so  from  Year  to  Year  J 

he  slid  J  TA  PTtieS  ShaU  ^  ™*  «*  *W  nnS 
Year!    V  ^  ^  HeirS  ExeCUtorS  OT  Administrators  the 

s!x  l  nefs   °V     7  Sn1HngS  *****  at  ^  Eate  °f  billing 

Xe s  a  d  7,  SpaniSh  D°llar-    And  if  h  sM  C 

£11  shall  b  ?%  n  Ttmt  BeCk  Sh°Uld  Wan*  *°  determine  this 
^  aWfuU  f°r  the  said  John  Valentine  Beck  his  Execu- 

Memwtf  — atTJ°  °ffer  HS  ^P-—  for  Sale  to  any 

£S  ii ouSfi Brettren'  Wh°  aC0°rdinS  »  ^  Mes  of  their 
society  is  qualified  to  possess  and  with  his  Family  to  live  in  a  House  at 


712  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Salem.   Provided  however,  And  it  is  expressly  agreed  on  by  the  Parties 
hereunto,  that  the  said  John  Valentine  Beck  his  Executors  or  Adminis- 
trators shall  not  nor  will  let  set  bargain  sell  or  assign  the  hereby  leased 
Premises  or  any  part  or  parcel  thereof  without  the  Special  Licence  or 
Consent  of  the  said  James  Hutton  his  Heirs,  Executors  or  Administra- 
tors, or  some  or  One  of  them  under  his  or  their  hands  and  Seals  first 
had  and  obtained  under  the  Penalty  of  One  Hundred  Pounds  Sterling 
Money.    And  it  is  hereby  further  agreed  by  &  between  all  the  Parties 
hereunto  that  if  the  said  James  Hutton,  his  Heirs,  Executors  or  Admin- 
istrators shall  think  fit  at  any  Time  to  determine  this  Lease,  then  the 
said  John  Valentine  Beck  his  Executors  or  Administrators  shall  be 
reimbursed  and  repaid  by  them  all  his  and  their  reasonable  Expenses 
and  Disbursements  in  building  fencing  and  Improving  in  and  upon 
the  same  described  Piece  or  Lot  of  Ground,  which  Payment  or  Reim- 
bursement  shall  be  made  in  manner  following,  that  is  to  say,  One  third 
Part  thereof  from  and  immediately  after  the  Expiration  or  sooner  De- 
termination of  this  Lease  and  the  remaining  Two  third  Parts  thereof 
in  three  equal  yearly  Payments  to  commence  and  be  reckoned  from  the 
Day  of  the  Date  of  the  aforesaid  Determination.    And  the  aforesaid 
John  Valentine  Beck  for  himself  his  Executors  and  Administrators 
doth  covenant  grant  and  agree  to  and  with  the  said  James  Hutton  his 
Executors  Administrators  and  Assigns,  that  if  any  Controversy  shall 
arise  between  them,  concerning  the  Value  of  any  such  Improvements 
made  on  the  said  demised  Premises  or  Disbursements  thereupon,  Then 
the  said  John  Valentine  Beck  his  Heirs,  Executors  or  Administrators 
shall  referr  the  same  to  some  Three  judicious  &  indifferent  Neighbours 
Inhabitants  of  Wachovia,  (whereof  each  Party  shall  choose  One  and 
the  Two  Persons  so  to  be  chosen  shall  choose  a  Third)  and  whatsoever 
the  same  Three  Persons  so  to  be  chosen,  or  a  Majority  of  them  shall 
award  &  judge  of  and  concerning  such  Improvements  &  Disbursements, 
shall  be  conclusive  and  binding  on  all  the  Parties  and  Persons  con- 
cerned, so  as  such  Award  so  to  be  given  shall  be  put  in  Writing  under 
the  Hands  of  the  said  Three  Referees  or  a  Majority  of  them,  ready  to 
be  delivered  to  the  Parties  in  the  Space  of  Ten  Days  next  after  the 
Delivery  of  such  Account  of  the  Disbursements  aforesaid.    In  Witness 
whereof  the  Parties  to  these  Presents  have  interchangeably  set  their 
Hands  and  Seals  the  Day  and  Year  first  above  written. 

Sealed  and  Delivered  James  Hutton  (  ) 

in  the  Presence  of  us  by  ( Seal) 

Traugott  Bagge  Erederic  Marshall  (  ) 
Rich*  Utley 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  713 

m  ^  C°PyjS  Si^ned  fcy  J«hn  Valentine  Beck,  and  with  it  is 

nlea  the  following  Bond  for  Performance.] 

Know  all  Men  by  these  Presents,  that  I  John  Valentine  Beck  of 
Salem  in  Rowan  County  in  the  Province  of  North  Carolina  Gun- 
stocker,  am  held  and  firmly  bound  unto  James  Hutton  of  Chelsea  in 
the  County  of  Middlesex  in  the  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  in  the  Sum 
of  One  Hundred  Pounds  Sterling  Money  to  be  paid  to  the  said  James 
Hutton  his  certain  Attorney  Executors  Administrators  or  Assigns  To 
which  Payment  well  and  truly  to  be  made  I  bind  myself  my  Heirs 
Executors  and  Administrators  and  every  of  them  firmly  by  these 
Present  Sealed  with  my  Seal,  Dated  the  Eirst  Day  of  Ma/in  the 
Tear  of  our  Lord  One  Thousand  Seven  hundred  Seventy  Two,  and  in 
the  twelfth  Year  of  his  Majesty's  Reign 

John  ^°biigati0n  »  Aat  if  the  above  bounden 

John  Valentine  Beck  his  Executors  or  Administrators  do  and  shall 
from  time  to  tune  and  at  all  times  hereafter  well  and  truly  observe 
perform  fulfill  and  keep  all  and  singular  the  Articles,  Covenants 
Promises  and  Agreements  which  on  the  part  and  behalf  of  the  sa  d 
John  Valentine  Beck  his  Executors  and  Administrators  are  and  ought 

l£strt  ler and  kept  as  specified  and  eontei-d » o» 

pair  of  Indentures  of  Lease  bearing  even  Date  with  these  Presents 
made  between  the  said  James  Hutton  of  the  One  Part  and  the  sa  d 
John  Valentine  Beck  of  the  other  Part  according  to  the  true  In  ent 
and  meaning  of  the  said  Indentures,  Then  thfs  Obligation  to  b 
void,  otherwise  to  be  and  remain  in  full  force  and  virtue  in  the  Law 
sealed  and  delivered 

lZZlZi:iU3  John  Valentine  Beck  [seal] 

Richa.  TJtley  (  ) 

Aeltesten  Conferenz  Minutes,  1772. 
[Until  the  organization  of  the  Aufseher  Collegium  the  Aeltesten 
Conferenz  cared  for  both  the  material  and  spiritual  welfare  o  wl 
hovm  but  aft     tHe  Collegium  was  ^  ^  £ 

mofal  atT  ,  ^  ^  COaCe™d  itself  <*ie%  with 

tiZ f  TS  mTTS>  b6ing  resP°nsiW«  ^r  all  the  Congrega- 

v2      a    r    7  ln  WaCh0Tia'    The  0onfeenz  aPPO-ted  Eesll 
2R££?f        nUmW  °f  8erViCeS'  ^  *ePprograms  wer 
I?  :1*'  "  ^  »  P-«d  on  all  applications  for  Recep- 
tion and  Confirmation,  and  administered  Church  Discipline.   The  Con- 
ferenz alone  was  authorized  to  ascertain  the  will  of  the  Lord  through 


North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


the  "lot,"  which  was  used  to  decide  various  questions  relating  to  the 
above-mentioned  matters,  and  also  in  regard  to  marriages.  "Marriage 
by  lot"  has  been  so  persistently  misunderstood  that  the  entries  con- 
cerning the  method  of  procedure  will  be  given  from  time  to  time,  to 
show  what  it  really  was.  It  so  happens  that  in  the  two  marriages  m 
1772  the  lady  was  suggested  by  the  Conferee,  but  at  other  times  her 
name  was  proposed  by  the  man,  and  the  woman  was  always  entirely 
at  liberty  to  accept  or  reject  the  proposal.  Naturally,  much  of  the 
Aeltesten  Conferenz  record  is  personal,  and  without  historic  importance, 
but  such  items  as  seem  to  be  worth  translating  follow.,  The  members 
of  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz  all  served  by  virtue  of  their  office,  and  in 
1772  were: — 

Br.  and  Sr.  Marshall, 

Br.  and  Sr.  Graff, 

Br.  and  Sr.  Tiersch, 

Br.  and  Sr.  Utley, 

Br.  Lorenz  Bagge, 

Sr.  Anna  Maria  Quest, 

Sr.  Anna  Maria  Krause.] 

Jan.  IJf.  L***  M***  has  written  a  note  to  the  Conferenz,— his  Mas- 
ter, A***,  has  dismissed  him  from  the  workshop.  There  is  fault  on 
both  sides',  but  a  Master  has  not  the  right  to  dismiss  a  journeyman  or 
apprentice,  but  should  try  to  train  the  boys  so  as  to  make  orderly  and 
useful  men  of  them.  As  there  seems  to  be  hope  of  doing  something 
with  M***  we  will  try  to  bring  the  two  together  again,  and  persuade 
them  to  bury  the  past,  Br.  Tiersch  will  speak  with  A***,  and  Br. 
Muschbach  with  M***. 

A  case  of  glass  lamps  has  come  from  Pennsylvania;  they  will  all 
be  kept  for  the  Salem  Diaconie. 

Straehle  has  come  to  George  Schmidt,  and  Martin  Schneider  to 
Heinrich  Stohr,  to  learn  their  professions. 

Jan.  21.  Martin  Hauser' and  Christian  Conrad  have  been  sum- 
moned to  Muster  by  the  Captain  of  their  District,  and  have  obeyed. 
However,  Col.  Armstrong  says  no  one  would  have  taken  notice  if  they 
had  remained  away.  Martin  Hauser  is  entitled  to  a  Certificate  as  a 
Communicant  member,  and  Br.  Graff  -will  give  him  one,  signed  by 
Br.  Graff  and  two  Brethren  from  Bethania. 

Jan.  25.  The  opening  of  the  new  road  from  Salem  to  the  Shallow 
Ford  was  again  considered.  It  will  run  from  the  street  by  the  Single 
Brothers  House,  then  above  the  fall  in  the  Petersbach,  along  the  ridge 


Eeooeds  of  the  Moravians  in  Nobth  Carolina  715 

to  the  old  Salisbury  road,  then  a  short  distance  across  the  Laer  into 
the  proposed  road  and  ford  across  Muddy  Creek  near  George  Loesch's 
etc.   It  must  be  approved  by  the  next  Court.  ' 

•  Ffi  ■DBl''  Spi8Sike  "  n°W  MaSter  tailor  in  the  Brothers  House 
m  balem;  Br.  Zillman  has  been  appointed  nurse,  and  will  also  work 
on  bis  own  account  as  a  tailor. 

Br.  Stockburger  has  notified  this  Conferenz  in  writing  that  he  is 
willing  to  take  charge  of  the  plantation  in  Salem,  and  suggests  that  he 
keep  his  present  position  until  August,  in  addition  to  the  farming 
The  Conferenz  does  not  think  this  wise,  and  would  rather  help  him 
settle  now  His  marriage  also  comes  into  the  question,  and  the 
Saviour  s  decision  as  to  that  will  decide  the  plan  for  our  Brother  So 
lar  the  only  one  we  have  thought  of  for  him  is  B***  E***  so  it  was 

5£? weT-d^;shai1  B***  e***  be «  s-x- 

Then  it  was  asked  "whether  we  should  inquire  whether  he  had  him- 
self thought  of  any  one?"   Answer-  "No" 

Then  H***  L***  of  Bethania  was  proposed,  and  it  was  asked: 

aTw^."        C°nSlder  ^  "  ~ti0n  Witi  this  mar^" 

%t:z?:::s  to  the  latter  with  Yes>    a  ^  «*  *» 

it  fhel  to  &  *******  t0  St0ckbu^  ^  He  approves 

mus^  beltlfied  ^  ^       ^         G^  S« 

Sunda^B,  ET:  St°,CkbrSer:S  marriage  wiU  taie  P"«e  »  Salem  next 

March  17    Br  Marshall  submitted  the  draft  of  a  Petition  to  the 

SrThT'  '-andwASSembly'  ^  fOT  the  of  Doot 

Parish  for  the  entire  Wachovia  district. 

sfZlJinT1^  TS.iderati0n  WaS  &™  t0  *ie  f^t  that  in 
ba  em  the  builders  are  losing  an  entire  hour  in  the  morning  at  9 

0  clock  and  m  the  afternoon  at  3.    This  has  come  about  through  mis- 

eVCTy  °ne  g06S  h0me-    A  st°P  m^  ^  put  to  this 
and  the  matter  better  arranged.  ' 

*.    The  sheriff  has  posted  an  Advertisement  in  Bethania, 

1  She  was  living  in  George  Schmidt's  family. 


716  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


giving  notice  that  on  next  Easter  Monday  the  Freeholders  shall  assem- 
ble for  the  election  of  a  Vestry.  There  are  few  Freeholders  there,  and 
the  notice  is  received  with  indifference. 

A  contract  has  been  made  with  Kapp  and  Kasner  concerning  the 
grist  and  saw  mill. 

April  19. 2  The  Vestr^  and  Parish  Meeting  will  be  held  tomorrow. 
Vestrymen  will  have  to  be  elected  in  the  place  of  those  taken  by  Kowan 
County  in  the  division  of  the  County,  and  new  Church  Wardens  must 
also  be  elected.  The  Petition  to  the  Governor  and  Assembly  concern- 
ing our  Parish  Act  will  be  presented  to  the  Parish  Meeting  for  signa- 
tures. 

May  15.  Br.  Bachhof  reports  [from  Friedberg]  that  the  Captain 
and  the  Court  Martial  will  recognize  as  free  from  Muster  those  who 
are  Communicants,  but  those  who  only  belong  to  the  Society  must  pay 
a  fine  of  1  shilling.  The  Captain  also  asks  for  a  catalog  of  the  Com- 
municant and  Society  Brethren.  The  Aeltesten  Conferenz  sees  dif- 
ficulty in  furnishing  this  catalog,  first  because  of  the  doubt  whether 
several  of  those  on  the  list  of  the  Society  should  properly  be  counted 
as  Brethren,  and  secondly  because  it  would  be  equally  as  questionable 
to  leave  out  a  name  without  positive  declaration  from  a  man  that  he 
no  longer  wished  to  belong.  Moreover,  Br.  Bachhof  can  not  furnish 
such  a  catalog,  for  he  is  not  ordained,  and  cannot  claim  to  be  a  Min- 
ister of  the  Brethren's  Unity.  Certificates  will  be  furnished  to  the 
Communicants  when  asked  for,  and  it  was  resolved  that  Br.  George 
Hartman  shall  collect  the  shillings  from  the  Society  members,  and 
take  them  to  the  Captain,  and  try  to  make  him  again  friendly  and 
content. 

May  19.  Br.  Beck  shall  go  to  Friedland  the  first  time  with  another 
Brother,  so  that  he  may  see  how  services  are  conducted  there., 

May  26.  The  six  dozen  Text  Books  received  from  Europe  shall  be 
divided— 12  to  Bethabara,  12  to  Bethania,  5  to  Priedberg,  1  to  Fried- 
land,  and  the  rest  for  Salem.  In  this  way  each  family  will  have  one, 
and  each  room  in  the  Choir  Houses.  Of  the  6  copies  of  the  History 
of  the  Brethren's  Church  one  shall  stay  in  Salem,  one  be  sent  to 
Bethabara,  and  one  to  Bethania. 

June  2.  Br.  Fritz  has  begun  to  work  at  his  profession,  and  has 
moved  into  the  Boys'  Eoom  to  assist  in  the  supervision  of  the  boys. 
He  crossed  the  ocean  with  a  gentleman  who  has  a  large  estate  near 
Charlestown,  and  this  gentleman  told  him  that  he  would  like  to  have 


2  The  Aeltesten  Conferenz  met-  in  Bethabara  until  April  14th,  after  that  in  Salem. 


Eecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  717 

Brethren  on  his  estate  to  preach  the  Gospel  to  his  negroes.  It  will  be 
well  for  Er.  Fritz  to  write  by  the  next  opportunity,  and  send  him  the 
English  report  of  the  work  of  the  Brethren  among  the  Heathen,  in 
order  to  see  further  what  the  intention  of  the  gentleman  may  be. 

In  Eriedberg  those  who  have  received  no  Certificate  from  us  refuse 
to  pay  the  fine  to  the  Captain  of  their  free  will;  we  can  do  nothing 
more  in  the  matter,  and  will  leave  them  to  make  their  own  defense 
for  their  conduct. 

June  16.  As  Eethabara  now  has  no  Heifer  Conferenz  it  was  ques- 
tioned whether  the  Congregation  Council  there  should  not  elect  a  Com- 
mittee, to  take  charge  of  the  Congregation  Diaconie  and  to  further  all 
that  should  be  done  by  a  Congregation  of  Jesus.  *  *  *  The  Con- 
gregation Council  will  elect  five  Brethren,  taking  them  from  both  the 
Married  and  Single  Choirs. 

June  25.  Little  Magdalena  Schmidt  will  enter  the  Girls'  School  Tin 
Salem].  L 

July  15.  The  Committee  in  Bethabara  has  elected  Jacob  van  der 
Merk  and  Pfeiffer  as  Stewards;  they  have  also  established  a  Congrega- 
tion Cash  Account. 

July  28.    In  Salem  the  best  place  for  the  Parish.  God's  Acre  is  on 
the  hill,  opposite  the  Tavern. 

Aug.  31.    Johann  George  Aust  is  looking  for  land,  and  will  settle 
near  Bethabara  or  Bethania. 

Sept.  28.  Erom  letters  brought  by  young  Lanius  we  see  that  not 
only  is  he  to  take  land  on  the  South  Eork,  on  his  father's  account  but 
other  families  from  Yorktown  wish  to  settle  there.  Eour  families 
from  Carols  Manor  plan  to  move  to  Wachovia,  which  may  lead  to  the 
beginning  of  an  English  settlement  near  Eriedland. 

Henrich  Lauer  has  returned  his  lot  in  Eriedland  to  Br.  Marshall, 
the  value  of  the  improvements  to  apply  on  his  debts;  Jacob  Eeid  has 
taken  this  lot.  The  older  Lauer  has  also  returned  his  lot  to  Br.  Mar- 
shall, and  it  will  be  taken  by  Seitz  in  March,  1773. 

Johann  Stotz  has  become  of  age.  Since  he  has  been  living  in  the 
Brothers  House  he  has  received  £4:  toward  a  "freedom  suit,"  toward 
which  a  contribution  is  expected  from  the  Oeconomie. 

Oct.  31.  Br.  Bagge  asks  that  another  place  be  found  for  Br.,  Ludwig 
Memung,  who  has  been  keeping  the  books  for  the  Administration  and 
for  Bethabara  in  his  office  at  the  Store,  to  the  inconvenience  of  both 
parties.  Conferenz  considered  that  if  Br.,  Meinung  should  be  married 
he  could  then  move  into  the  house  vacated  by  Br.  Enerson,  and  could 
there  work  on  the  books  under  Br.  Bagge's  direction. 


718  Worth  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Nov.  3.  Br.  Ludwig  Meinung's  marriage  was  discussed,  and  Sr. 
Hopfner  was  suggested  for  him.  *  *  *  The  Saviour  was  asked: 
"Whether  Sr.  Hopfner  should  be  suggested  to  Br.  Meinung  for  mar- 
riage ?"    Answer :  "Yes." 

Nov.  17.  A  letter  from  the  Unity  Yorsteher  Collegium  was  read. 
It  said  that  Br.  Stach  should  be  given  a  piece  of  land,  and  have  his 
own  little  establishment,  but  that  is  impracticable  here  for  so  old  a 
man.  He  has  already  arranged  to  support  himself  in  Bethabara,  where 
he  is  teaching  the  children's  school,  and  has  a  little  garden,  and  he  can 
do  other  work  for  which  he  will  be  paid. 

Br.  Enerson  will  move  into  the  Brothers  House  at  Bethabara,  where 
he  will  have  room  and  board  at  the  expense  of  the  Salem  Diaconie. 
The  Bethabara  wagon  will  come  for  him  and  his  things  the  first  clear, 
warm  day. 

Dec.  1.  It  is  rumored  that  the  Indians  intend  again  to  fight  against 
the  white  settlers;  and  Col.  Rutherford  in  Rowan  County,  and  Col. 
Martin  Armstrong  in  Surry  County,  have  received  Commissions  from 
the  Governor,  and  have  begun  to  enlist  men. 

John  Binkley,  Jr.  with  his  wife  and  three  children,  have  come  from 
Manakosy,  and  wish  to  live  for  a  while  in  Shause's  house  in  Bethania. 

Dec.  8.  As  Br.  Ludwig  Meinung  has  said  concerning  his  proposed 
marriage  with  Sr.  Maria  Magdalena  Hopfner  that  he  was  willing  to 
do  that  which  was  suggested  for  him  by  the  Saviour  and  the  Congre- 
gation, so  today  the  matter  was  made  known  to  her ;  and  as  she  on  the 
9th  gave  an  affirmative  answer,  they  were  betrothed  on  the  10th,  and 
it  was  at  once  announced  to  the  Communicant  Brethren  and  Sisters. 

Concerning  pleasure  walks  it  was  suggested  that  on  two  Sundays 
the  Single  Brethren  should  go  across  the  Wach  and  toward  the  mill, 
and  the  next  two  Sundays  on  the  road  toward  Bethabara.  On  the 
contrary  the  Single  Sisters  should  go  toward  the  Hutberg  and  Betha- 
bara on  the  first  two  Sundays,  and  across  the  Wach  on  the  other  two. 

Dec.  21.  After  consultation  with  the  Aufseher  Collegium  the  Brn. 
Marshall  and  Bagge  have  decided  to  go  to  Newbern  after  New  Year 
to  lay  before  the  Assembly  our  Petition  asking  that  our  Parish  be  not 
divided,  and  also  to  pay  their  respects  to  the  Governor.  As  the  wagon 
will  go  to  Charlestown  in  February  Br.  Fockel  will  be  asked  to  make 
that  trip. 

Dec.  29.  The  four  families  who  have  come  from  Carols  Manor  to 
Bethabara  have  taken  450  acres  of  land  near  Douthit,  and  will  settle 
there.    The  party  consists  of  nineteen  persons. 


Eecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


719 


The  Settlers  from  Carroll's  Manor. 

[Vol.  IX,  Proceedings  of  the  Moravian  Historical  Society,  published 
in  1912,  gives  an  historical  sketch  of  Graceham,  Frederick  County, 
Md.,  written  by  Kev.  A.  L.  Oerter,  the  material  being  drawn  from  the 
original  Diaries  and  Church  Eegisters.  He  states  that  in  1745  John 
Henry  Herzer,  a  member  of  the  Moravian  Church,  came  from  Pennsyl- 
vania to  officiate  as  lay-reader  and  school-teacher  for  a  community  of 
Germans  who  had  settled  on  the  Manocacy  River  some  fifteen  years 
earlier.  Among  these  was  Adam  Spach,  later  the  leader  in  Friedberg 
on  the  borders  of  Wachovia.  These  Germans  had  built  a  church  on  the 
banks  of  the  Manocacy,  which  was  used  jointly  by  the  Lutherans  and 
Reformed,  and  in  it  the  Moravian  brother  also  held  stated  services. 

In  1747  the  Hon.  Daniel  Dulany,  who  had  a  large  estate  known  as 
Dulany's  Manor,  gave  to  the  Moravians  ten  acres  lying  two  or  three 
miles  west  of  the  union  church,  and  about  fifteen  miles  north  of  Fred- 
erick. On  "Dulany's  Gift,"  as  the  ten-acre  tract  was  called,  a  com- 
bined meeting-hall,  school-house  and  parsonage  was  built  in  1749. 
Among  the  six  ministers  who  served  there  before  1758  one  was  Richard 
Utley,  who  was  later  the  successful  English  Minister  and  home-mis- 
sionary of  Wachovia,  and  another  Valentine  Haidt,  the  artist-minister 
who  painted  the  portraits  of  Br.,  &  Sr.  Graff  and  Sr.  Nitschmann,  re- 
produced in  this  volume.  The  Moravian  Congregation  in  Manakosy 
was  organized  on  Oct.  8,  1758,  and  consisted  of  nine  Communicant 
members,  who  had  belonged  to  the  Unity  of  Brethren  in  Pennsylvania 
before  moving  to  Manakosy,  together  with  seven  persons  who  were 
Received  on  that  day. 

In  1780  thirty  acres  adjoining  the  "Dulany  Gift"  on  the  west  were 
bought;  and  in  1782  the  first  house  was  built  in  the  village,  which  in 
1785  received  the  name  of  Graceham.  This  village  lay  partly  on  the 
original  ten-acre  tract,  partly  on  the  new,  and  partly  on  adjacent  lots 
purchased  by  members,  and  included  the  Gemein  Haus  of  the  Manakosy 
Congregation,  thereafter  known  by  the  new  name.  Graceham  lies  on 
the  Western  Maryland  Railroad,  about  fifty-seven  miles  from  Balti- 
more, on  the  way  to  Hagerstown,  and  is  still  a  Moravian  Congregation. 

A  few  miles  south  of  Frederick  Town  services  were  begun  in  1760 
for  the  English  residents  of  Carroll's  Manor,  and  in  1762  Rev.  Francis 
Boehler  was  located  there  as  the  first  resident  Moravian  minister.  This 
was  done  at  the  request  of  Esq.  Carroll's  agent,  Mr.  Joseph  Johnson, 
who  though  not  a  Moravian  had  formed  a  high  opinion  of  the  Breth- 
ren.   Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton  was  a  Roman  Catholic,  his  grand- 


720  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


father  having  fled  to  America  on  account  of  persecutions  at  the  hands 
of  the  Protestants  in  Ireland,  but  he  was  a  liberal-minded  man,  and 
he  not  only  consented  to  the  coming  of  the  Brethren  to  his  estate,  but 
in  1768  gave  them  ten  acres  of  land,  on  a  ten-year  lease,  the  considera- 
tion being  "a  rose  per  year."  He  also  contributed  forty  shillings  to- 
ward the  building  of  the  combined  meeting-house  and  parsonage,  which 
was  erected  in  the  fall  of  that  year.  The  Eev.  Joseph  Powell  was  resi- 
dent minister  from  1766  to  1772.  After  Powell's  return  to  Pennsyl- 
vania on  account  of  ill  health  services  were  held  on  Carroll's  Manor 
at  intervals  by  the  ministers  of  Manakosy,  but  the  members  nearly  all 
moved  to  North  Carolina,  and  the  work  finally  lapsed.  As  the  ten 
acres  were  held  only  on  lease  they  doubtless  returned  to  the  Carroll 
estate,  though  there  is  no  definite  information  on  that  point.  The  fol- 
lowing letters  of  introduction  were  brought  to  Wachovia  by  the  families 
coming  from  Carroll's  Manor  in  1772.] 

That  blessed  Man  Ezekiel  Goslin  a  little  before  his  Deceas,  earnestly 
laid  it  on  his  Soninlaw  Dan.  Smiths  Heart  to  bring  his  Motherinlaw 
with  her  Family  to  the  Brethren  in  Carolina 

Widdow  Eliz  Goslin  hath  two  sons,  one  grown  up  the  youngest  about 
13  Years  Old  &  a  Daughter  about  19  also  2  Negro  Boys 

Dan.  Smith  &  his  Wife  Catheren  have  4  small  Children  &  a  single 
Woman  named  Eliz.  Johnson 

Henry  Slater  &  Ann  his  Wife  have  2  Children  and  her  Sister  named 
Mary  Owen  a  single  Woman 

The  4th  Familly  is  Nodley  Masters  &  his  Wife  Margaret  yong  people 

Each  head  of  these  Famillyes  have  with  them  Cash  to  pay  for  thare 
Land  &c 

Joseph  Powell. 

Carrols  Manner  July  26  1772. 
For 

Mr  Fra :  Wm  Marshal 
at  Bethabara. 

it  being  one  of  the  Brethren 
Settlements,  in  Rowan 
County 

North  Carolina. 

Dr  &  Loving  Brother  &  Sister  Marshals 

I  think  ere  now  you  will  have  hard  pr.  Br. 
Hehl  of  these  4  Famillyes  who  herewith  intend  coming  to  you.  they 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  ]STorth  Carolina 


721 


are  all  of  &  from  my  hearers  on  Carols  Maner,  in  number  I  think  19 
all  objects  of  our  Saviours  Mercy,  &  we  trust,  &  hope  will  become  his, 
soul  &  Boddy.  had  we  not  consented  for  them  to  come  to  you,  they 
would  not  have  moved  from  here,  but  as  soon  as  we  consented  that  they 
shud  move  to  you,  then  none  of  them  was  willing  first  to  journy  & 
visit  you,  &  bring  good  intilligence  to  the  rest,  firmly  beliving  on  our 
Recomendation  all  things  would  go  well  with  them  on  thare  arival  by 
the  Brethren  in  ~N.  Carolina,  each  head  of  these  Famillyes  are  pro- 
vided with  Cash  to  purchase  Land  from  you.  can  you  settel  them 
joyning,  or  near  each  other,  then  in  time  they  will  become  an  English 
settlement,  &  we  hope  will  hear  the  Gospel  in  thare  own  Tongue,  there 
being  others  here,  who  intend  to  move  after  them. 

This  bearer  named  Daniel  Smith,  is  a  verry  industrous,  Laborius 
Man,  generous,  &  full  of  good  will,  hees  the  head  of  this  Carravan,  or 
Company,  his  wife  Catherena  hath  great  credit  for  our  Congregation, 
but  yet  she  hath  much  to  larn.  we  hartilly  recomend  her  to  Dr  loving 
Sisr  Marshal.,   they  have  4  Children,  the  3  yongest  I  have  Baptizd. 

If  its  true  (as  I  hear)  that  you  have  plenty  of  Fish,  it  may  be  of 
great  use,  then  this  Dan.  Smith  is  a  perfect  fisherman,  also  a  good 
Cooper  &  Tobacco  Planter,  which  buysnis  he,  &  perhaps  they  all  may 
carry  on,  if  they  get  land  sutable. 

we  should  have  liked  to  have  stay.d  to  have  seen  these  Famillyes  set 
of  on  thare  journey  to  you,  but  having  on  our  Importunity  leave  to 
move  to  Bethlehem  we  choos  not  to  stay  so  late  in  the  Fall,  we  being 
quite  old  and  much  impar.d.  several  yong  people  move  before  us  to 
Lititz,  &  we  intend  to  Lock  our  Door  (for  the  pressant)  &  follow  them, 
commiting  those  we  leave  here  to  the  tender  Mercy  of  our  Dr  Saviour 
Amen. 

M  Johnson  &  Others  who  know  you  joyne  us  in  much  tender  Affec- 
tion &  love  to  your  Self  Dr  loving  Sister  Marshall,  Geschwr  Uttleys 
yea  to  all  known  &  unknown,  from  your  loving 

Old  Br  &  Sister  Powells 
Elisabeth  Johnson,  who  is  the  7th  in  this  Familly,  we  earnestly 
recomend  to  Dr  Sisters  notice  hoping  she  may  become  a  single  Sister. 

Dr  Brother  &  Sister  Marshals 

This  Barer  Widdow  Goslin  is  Mrs  Smiths  Mother, 
she  hath  in  her  Familly  2  Negro  Boys,  one  Daughter,  &  perhaps  2  sons. 
She  hath  also  Cash  to  pay  for  her  Land. 
14 


722  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


her  Husband  was  a  real  Happy,  blessed,  Man,  who  before  my  time 
lived  on  the  Pattomock  but  on  our  coming  here  this  Widdow  moved 
near  us  on  Account  of  the  Gospel —  she  is  a  verry  timerous  person, 
inclin.d  to  reson  over  none  but  herself,  she  hath  a  remaining  Impres- 
sion from  her  Dr.  Deces.d  Husband 

She  hath  great  venneration  &  love  for  the  Brn  &  Sisters  &  we  trust 
that  toward  our  Dear  Saviour  will  increase  by  her — we  earnestly 
recomend  her  to  Dr  Sisters  woonted  love  and  care  &c — she  hath  a 
Daughter  here,  named  Taffena  with  her  Husband,  whom  she  (viz)  j* 
widdow  promis.d  us  not  to  take  with  her,  then  we  in  no  respect  can 
recomend  them  to  you  * 

with  many  sallutations  Farewell 

J.  Powell. 

Carrols  Maner. 

Dr  Loving  Brother  &  Sister 

This  Barer  Hanry  Slater  with  his  Wife  Ann, 
are  also  of  our  people,  she  is  Dan.  Smith.s  Sister,  she  is  the  principle 
person  in  this  company  being  in  that  she  is  tenderly  Attach.d  to  our 
Saviour  &  his  members,  having  a  lively  cence  of  her  lost  State  by 
Nature — lie  also,  thro  his  Wife,  hath. been  (&  still  is)  much  blessed, 
he  is  a  thorough,  laborious,  working  Man,  upright,  &  good  natuer.d — 
perfectly  Avers.d  in  making  Tobacco — they  also  have  Cash  to  pay  for 
thare  Land,  &  shu.d  he  fall  somthing  short  in  this  respect,  if  hee.s  in 
health  he  will  (by  industry)  soon  pay  it  &c — We  earnestly  recomend 
them  to  your  tender  Inspection  &  Nursing  care — believing  you  will 
find  them  Obedient  Children,  they  have  2  little  ones  thewhich  I  Bap- 
tiz.d  &c. 

We  joyne  in  much  tender  love  to  you  both 

Jos.  &  Mar.,  Powells 

N.B.  Ann  Slator.s  sister  by  Mothers  side  [i.e.  her  half  sister]  named 
Mary  Owen  we  earnestly  recomend  to  Dr  Sisters  love  and  Notice,  had 
she  not  gone  with  her  Sister  to  you  we  shu.d  have  sent  her  on  a  visit 
to  Littiz  hoping  she  will  become  a  Single  Sister 

Dr  Loving  Brother  &  Sister 

This  Barer  Nodley  Masters,  with  his  Wife  Mar- 
garet ;  she  is  a  Daughter  of  Widdow  Duckitt,  who  moved  from  us  here, 
about  6  years  agoe  to  south  Carrolina  (as  we  hear)  about  150  miles 
from  you  &c    this  yong  cupple  are  not  inclin.d  to  go  to  her  Mother, 


Kecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  723 


hoping  earnestly  to  get  Land  of  you.  they  also  are  of  our  hearers, 
being  well  affected  towards  the  Brethren,  they  also  are  jenerous  & 
Dilligent,  being  perfectly  acquainted  with  raising  Tobacco,  which  I 
belive  will  be  the  most  Advantagous  Imploy.  they  have  Cash  with  them 
to  pay  for  what  Land  they  may  (desier  or)  want — we  love  them  much 
so  also  can  &  do  recomend  them  to  your  tender  Nursing  care  Amen 

we  joyne  in  much  tender  love 
to  you  both  &  to  all  known  and 
unknown,    Remain  yr  Affectionate 

Geswf  Powells. 

Esqr  Carrols  Maner 

Minutes  of  the  Grosse  Heifer  Conferenz,  1772. 

[This  Board  was  composed  of  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz,  the  Aufseher 
Collegium,  and  five  more  ex-ofiicio,  and  nine  elected,  Brethren  and 
Sisters.  It  had  no  executive  powers,  but  was  to  be  "the  eyes  of  the 
Congregation,"  presenting  to  the  other  Boards  anything  that  in  their 
judgment  needed  attention.  The  deliberations,  therefore,  largely  paral- 
lel those  from  which  extracts  have  already  been  given,  but  in  some 
instances  additional  details  are  given  which  are  worth  noting.] 

April  27.  In  the  morning  at  8  o'clock  was  the  first  meeting  of  the 
Grosse  Heifer  Conferenz  here  in  Salem. 

In  future,  instead  of  the  blowing,1  the  bell  shall  be  rung  in  the  morn- 
ing at  7,  then  about  11 :30,  and  in  the  evening  about  sunset,  though  not 
later  than  7  o'clock  in  summer.  Br.  Koffler  will  take  charge  of  this, 
and  for  the  present  his  assistants  will  be  those  who  wait  on  the  table 
in  the  Brothers  House.  The  ringing  shall  be  with  only  two  strokes,  as 
the  sound  will  be  more  distinct,  and  all  can  more  easily  do  it.  Before 
Preaching,  and  other  solemn  public  meetings,  the  bell  shall  be  rung 
somewhat  longer,  with  one  pause. 

May  Jf.  Concerning  the  new  organ  it  was  agreed  that  Br.  Bulitschek 
shall  receive  £10 :  more  than  the  £32 :  called  for  in  the  contract,  since 
he  is  making  it  with  two  stops. 

The  married  Sisters  have  established  Sick  Visiting  among  them- 
selves, with  one  general  sick-nurse,  and  other  Sisters  who  will  serve 
a  week  at  a  time  in  turn.  These  Sisters  will  have  a  conference,  at 
which  Br.  Bonn2  will  be  present  to  give  them  instructions. 

xIn  the  Museum  of  the  Wachovia  Historical  Society  there  is  a  conch  shell  pierced  for  a 

horn.    The  loud  note  it  makes  is  probably  the  Duden  here  referred  to,  as  tradition 

says  the  shell  was  used  by  the  Night-watchman  of  Salem. 
2  Bonn  was  the  community  doctor,  and  with  an  appointed  midwife,  and  this  organization 

among  the  women,  and  an  appointed  nurse  among  the  men  in  the  Brothers  House, 

Salem  had  a  remarkably  modern  Health  Department. 


724  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


May  11.  Concerning  the  clocks  in  town,  there  was  discussion  as  to 
how  they  could  be  kept  together,  and  especially  how  the  hours  to  be 
struck  on  the  big  bell  should  be  ascertained.  It  was  proposed  to  make 
two  sun-dials,  one  on  the  north  and  one  on  the  south  wall  of  the 
Brothers  House;  Br.  Beuter  is  willing  to  make  them,  if  the  Single 
Brethren  will  let  the  joiner  make  the  tablets. 

May  18.  A  box  shall  be  placed  at  each  of  the  two  doors  of  the  Saal, 
with  the  inscription  "For  the  poor." 

June  1.  The  tablets  for  the  "sun  clocks"  cannot  be  placed  on  the 
walls  of  the  Brothers  House,  for  the  roof  gives  too  much  shade.  A 
horizontal  sun-dial  will  be  made  as  soon  as  Br.  Reuter  has  ascertained 
the  noon  line. 

June  15.  Br.  IJtley  will  advise  Br.  Triebel  to  lay  in  a  supply  of 
tomb-stones,  and  to  say  what  the  price  of  one  will  be. 

July  6.  The  sun-dial,  made  horizontal  on  stone,  will  be  set  in  the 
square  on  a  brick  foundation. 

Oct.  12.  In  a  Gemein  Ort  no  one  can  start  a  business,  open  a  store, 
or  begin  a  profession,3  until  the  Congregation  has  recognized  and  in- 
stalled him  as  a  Master-workman.  If  a  business,  store,  or  profession, 
is  already  being  carried  on  in  the  town  all  other  Brethren  who  wish 
to  work  in  it,  whether  they  come  from  Europe  or  Pennsylvania  or  grow 
up  here,  shall  be  considered  as  journeymen  under  the  Master-workman, 
and  shall  be  personally  responsible  to  him. 

Nov.  10.  Our  Leases  are  to  be  considered  as  brotherly  agreements, 
a)  James  Hutton  and  his  Attorney4  have  given  Bond  that  they  will 
dispose  of  the  land  which  has  been  sold  to  Salem  Congregation  only 
by  wish  of  the  Congregation  Boards.,  b)  The  man  who  buys  and  takes 
possession  of  a  lot  shall  be  considered  the  owner  thereof,  for  himself 
and  for  his  children,  and  will  not  be  asked  to  give  it  up, — that  is,  not 
unless  he  or  his  children  turn  away  from  the  Saviour,  and  behave  in 
such  a  manner  that  they  cannot  be  tolerated  in  a  Congregation.  There- 
fore the  Lease  is  for  only  one  year,  so  that  the  Congregation  is  not 
obliged  to  keep  within  it  any  one  who  will  not  follow  the  Congregation 
rules,  c)  In  case  any  one  must  be  sent  away  the  Improvements  will 
be  assessed  by  three  Arbitrators,  one  chosen  by  the  owner,  one  repre- 
senting the  Congregation,  and  the  third  chosen  by  these  two.  d)  But 
if  any  one  leaves  of  his  own  accord,  or  wishes  to  sell  his  house,  the 

3  Here,   as  always  in  the  Diary,  profession  means  a  handicraft.    The  secretary  uses  the 

English  word  which  is  retained  in  the  translation. 

4  James  Hutton,  of  London,  held  title  to  Wachovia,   "in  trust  for  the  Unitas  Fratrum." 

Deeds  and  Leases  in  Wachovia  were  made  by  his  attorney,  Frederic  William  Marshall. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


725 


Congregation  is  not  obligated  to  buy  it,  or  to  guarantee  him  against 
loss;  but  he  must  himself  seek  a  purchaser, — IsTB.  it  must  be  a  pur- 
chaser who  has  permission  to  live  in  a  Gemein  Ort. 

Nov.  16.  The  last  General  Synod  recommended  that  in  all  Gemein 
Orten  the  Congregation  Rules  and  Regulations  should  be  revised,  so 
that  certain  statutes  might  be  incorporated  as  to  outward  affairs,  so 
preventing  harm,  and  more  especially  that  the  Constitution  of  the 
Unity  in  matters  spiritual  and  material  might  be  the  foundation  for 
the  life  of  each  Congregation. 

Such  Rules  and  Regulations  were  drawn  up  for  Herrnhut;  then  the 
Deputies  of  the  Unity's  Elders  Conference  brought  a  copy  to  America, 
and  it  was  revised  in  Bethlehem  in  accordance  with  conditions  there. 
They  also  made  a  copy  for  us  here  in  Salem,  which  will  now  be  read 
and  considered  point  by  point. 

These  Rules  and  Regulations  are  intended  to  promote  the  welfare  of 
the  entire  Congregation  when  they  are  faithfully  and  carefully  fol- 
lowed. To  attain  this  end  they  must  be  known  by  each  member  of  the 
Congregation,  and  each  member  must  agree  to  them  willingly,  and 
must  sign  them,5  as  a  token  that  he  accepts  them  as  the  rule  for  his 
thoughts  and  deeds. 

Nov.  30.  Today  we  read  Article  II  of  the  Congregation  Rules  and 
Regulations.  It  was  noted: — a)  The  characteristic  of  a  resident  in  a 
Gemein  Ort  is  not  only  that  he  loves  the  Saviour,  is  inclined  toward 
religious  things,  and  lives  as  before  the  Lord,  although  in  the  world, 
for  this  all  Children  of  God  have  in  common  throughout  the  earth, 
we  with  them  and  they  with  us.  But  the  resident  of  a  Gemein  Ort 
must  also  feel  that  he  has  had  a  special  call  from  the  Lord  to  live 
m  that  place,  and  that  the  Lord  has  brought  him  to  this  people,  [viz. 
to  the  Brethren]. 

Dec.  6.  The  Article  concerning  Rulers  was  read.6  It  was  noted  that 
under  the  English  Constitution  the  real  Rulers  are  the  Laws,  which 
are  made  by  the  representatives  of  the  people  in  the  Assembly,  and  are 
approved  by  the  Governor  and  the  King.  These  Laws  are  then  so 
binding  that  no  English  subject,  not  even  the  King  himself,  dare  alter 
them,  and  a  new  Law  is  required  to  repeal  them. 

Officers  of  the  Law,  even  in  subordinate  positions,  must  be  treated 
with  respect  by  the  Brethren  on  account  of  their  offices,  without  think- 
ing of  their  persons. 

5  No  OEe  was  received  into  the  congregation  unless  he  was  willing  to  sign  the  Brotherly 
Agreement  and  abide  by  the  Rules  and  Regulations.  Confirmation  for  the  Communion 
was  a  separate  matter  entirely. 

e  These  paragraphs  are  worthy  of  note  as  showing  the  clear  foundation  principles  held  by 
the  Brethren  in  the  midst  of  the  political  confusion  of  the  period. 


726 


North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Dec.  13.  In  English  lands  Property  and  Liberty  are  the  two  chief 
principles  of  the  Constitution.,  All  papers  drawn  by  the  Brethren 
must  be  carefully  worded  so  that  they  are  lawful  and  will  stand  in 
any  Court.  For  this  reason  the  Leases  of  all  residents  in  the  Gemein 
Ort  are  made  for  one  year ;  then  after  one  year  a  resident  can  be  told 
to  leave  if  he  or  his  family  does  not  keep  the  Congregation  Eules  and 
Regulations,  and  can  no  longer  be  endured. 

Therefore  also  the  Master-workmen  must  give  Bond  that  they  will 
not  treat  their  apprentices  in  any  manner  contrary  to  the  Congregation 
Rules,  nor  bind  them  out  to  others,  nor  take  them  from  the  Congrega- 
tion, nor  do  anything  with  them  which  does  not  accord  with  the  Rules 
and  Regulations  of  the  Congregation. 

Bethabara  Diary,  1772. 

[Br.  Johann  Michael  Graff,  Pastor  of  Bethabara,  was  a  better 
Diarist  than  Br.  Paul  Tiersch  of  Salem,  at  least  as  one  reads  his  record 
it  seems  more  intimate  and  less  official.  Br.  Graff  gives  many  details 
concerning  the  migration  to  Salem,  as  families  and  Choirs  and  Busi- 
nesses packed  up  and  moved  out,  but  as  the  Salem  Diary  has  chronicled 
their  arrival  in  the  new  town  it  is  unnecessary  to  repeat.  Church  serv- 
ices, too,  are  omitted,  as  they  follow  the  lines  familiar  from  the  earlier 
years  in  Bethabara.  The  weather  in  1772  was  somewhat  unusual,  and 
Br.  Graff's  careful  notes  regarding  that  are  given  in  full ;  and,  to  these 
items  are  added  all  that  supplement  the  records  already  given  for  this 
year,  especially  those  referring  to  the  new  County  of  Surry  and  its 
Courts.] 

J  an.  6.  The  mild  weather  continues ;  today,  indeed,  it  snowed  early, 
but  changed  into  a  warm  rain. 

Jan.  7.    A  warm  rain  this  afternoon,  but  it  soon  cleared. 

Jan.  10.  It  froze  a  little  last  night,  but  the  day  is  so  warm  that  it 
will  probably  rain. 

Jan.  13.  Br.  Bagge,  his  family,  and  several  other  persons,  and  four 
wagon-loads  of  Store  goods  moved  to  Salem  today.  The  weather  was 
so  favorable  that  the  transfer  was  happily  made. 

Jan.  17.  This  morning  Br.  Pfaff  came  to  Bethabara  to  take  Br.  and 
Sr.  Graff  to  the  School-House  Friedberg,  where  they  will  speak  with1 
the  Society  Members  who  have  been  attending  the  Communions  in 

1  Interviews  between  pastor  and  communicant  then  preceded  the  Lord's  Supper,  the  object 
being  to  assist  the  member  to  receive  the  Sacrament  in  a  properly  humble  and  trustful 
spirit. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


727 


Salem  or  Bethabara  every  eight  weeks,  and  who  will  have  the  first 
Society  Communion  in  the  School-House  tomorrow. 

Jan.  20.  Br.  Ernst,  from  Bethania,  informs  us  that  last  evening  the 
elder  Fiscus,  who  has  lived  behind  Bethania,  passed  away,  trusting  in 
Jesus. 

For  the  last  few  days  all  the  Brethren  and  Sisters  who  have  visited 
in  Kapp's  room  at  the  mill  have  developed  a  burning  and  itching  of 
the  limbs,  like  a  Nettle  or  Weevil  Rash.  They  probably  caught  it 
from  Kapp's  youngest  child,  who  lay  sick,  for  the  room  was  very  warm 
and  there  was  no  fresh  air  in  it ;  but  it  may  have  come  from  the  mill, 
or  meal,  dust,  for  Kapps  have  the  same  thing  nearly  every  year.  It 
generally  comes  when  the  grain  is  full  of  weevils,  which  would  indi- 
cate that  the  dust  from  weevil-infested  grain  is  poisonous. 

Jan.  22.  The  morning  was  cloudy,  but  the  afternoon  clear  and 
warm.  With  last  night  the  watch  on  the  Square  was  given  up,  and 
hereafter  the  watchman  will  only  blow  his  horn  about  four  or  five  in 
the  morning. 

Jan.  2Jf.  Many  people  were  here  today.  Mr.  Doff  brought  a  load 
of  salt,  but  at  first  made  trouble,  thinking  that  the  weights  which  Br. 
Bagge  brought  approved  and  stamped  from  Charlestown  were  too  heavy. 
He  finally  agreed  to  their  use  on  condition  that  they  should  be  pre- 
sented to  a  Court  of  this  Province  for  approval. 

Jan.  26.  In  the  morning  it  looked  as  though  it  would  clear,  but 
about  nine  o'clock  it  began  to  rain,  continuing  until  evening,  when  it 
turned  into  a  heavy  snow,  which  continued  all  night. 

J  an.  27.  Snowed  all  day,  until  it  lay  half  a  foot  deep ;  toward  night 
it  cleared  and  froze,  making  a  real  winter  scene.  It  was  a  good  thing 
that  the  cold  weather  came  now,  for  the  warm  weather  which  has  con- 
tinued all  this  month  has  caused  the  peach  buds  to  swell  until  they 
show  pink  if  one  opens  them. 

Jan.  31.  Br.  Soelle  has  visited  along  the  south  Yadkin  this  month; 
among  others  he  met  an  old  South-German  man,  named  von  Cleft, 
who  had  many  questions  to  ask  about  the  Brethren.. 

Feb.  1.    It  snowed  all  day;  the  snow  is  about  one  foot  deep. 

Feb.  3.  All  Hay  there  was  snow  mixed  with  rain,  and  everything  is 
very  wet. 

Feb.  Jf.    Today  the  sky  cleared;  the  following  night  was  quite  cold. 
Feb.  5.    A  sharp  breeze  from  the  north-west;  it  is  especially  hard 
on  the  cattle  in  the  woods,  who  must  be  suffering. 


728  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Feb.  6.  Morning  and  afternoon  there  was  Diaconie  Conference,  Br. 
Kiihnast  being  present,  and  plans  were  made  for  the  future  of  Betha- 
bara.  After  the  conferences  Br.  Marshall  returned  to  Salem,  also  Br. 
Traugott,  who  has  been  here  since  the  2nd,  busy  with  accounts  and 
inventories.  They  were  followed  by  Br.  Lorenz,  who  took  with  him 
the  three  Brethren  from  the  tailor  shop,  Zillman,  Johann  Nilson,  and 
Johann  Miiller,  and  the  boy  Cremser  from  the  shoe  shop,  who  will 
remain  in  Salem.  Cooking  has  stopped  in  the  Brothers  House  kitchen, 
and  all  cooking  will  hereafter  be  done  in  the  kitchen  of  the  Gemein 
Haus,  and  Br.  Benner  will  get  the  food  from  there,  at  noon  and  in 
the  evening,  for  the  Single  Brethren  and  the  day-laborers.  So  great 
changes  have  taken  place  here  today. 

Feb.  7.  Today  it  was  warm,  and  the  snow  became  very  soft ;  at  night 
it  was  cloudy,  and  did  not  freeze  as  it  has  been  doing. 

Feb.  9.  Last  night  there  was  a  heavy  storm  and  rain,  and  today 
snow  water  is  coming  in  from  all  sides,  and  there  would  be  a  flood  if 
the  north-west  wind  did  not  prevent  the  snow  from  melting  too  rapidly. 

Feb.  10.  This  afternoon,  after  a  hearty  farewell,  Br.  Schaaf  moved 
to  Salem.  He  has  been  in  the  laundry  here  for  twelve  years,  and  for 
the  last  years  has  been  Saal  Diener.  In  Salem  he  will  carry  on  the 
laundry  for  the  Brothers  House. 

Feb.  11.  In  a  Diaconie  conference  the  contract  was  considered  for 
renting  the  grist  and  saw  mill  to  Kapp  and  Kastner.  For  some  days 
there  has  been  a  traveling  silver-smith  at  the  Tavern,  mending  articles 
which  were  brought  to  him. 

Feb.  12.  The  weather  has  changed ;  this  afternoon  it  began  to  sleet, 
then  cleared  and  froze. 

Feb.  llf.    The  weather  is  like  spring. 

Feb.  15.  Last  night  a  storm  blew  up  from  the  South,  with  much 
rain;  this  evening  the  strong  wind  changed  to  the  north-west,  with 
some  frost. 

Feb.  16.  The  strong  north-west  wind  continues,  and  it  is  bitterly 
cold. 

Feb.  17.  Br.  and  Sr.  Meyer  moved  to  the  Tavern  in  Salem,  taking 
their  two  children,  the  widow  Dixon,  the  negress  and  her  daughter,  the 
hostler  Friedrich,  and  so  much  of  their  baggage  as  could  be  loaded  on 
three  wagons,  though  a  good  deal  had  to  be  left  behind.  In  their 
place  Br.  and  Sr.  Schaub  moved  into  the  Tavern  here,  and  had  twenty- 
four  guests  for  the  night,  and  hardly  enough  supplies  had  been  left 
for  so  manv. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  729 

Feb.  18.  Br.  Bonn  passed  on  his  way  to  the  County  Court,  which 
will  again  he  held  at  the  house  of  Mr.  Gideon  Wright,  on  the  Yadkin. 
Our  neighbor,  Mr.  Walker,  recently  reported  for  truth  that  a  new 
Didimus  had  been  issued,  and  that  the  Brethren  James  van  der  Merk 
and  Charles  Holder  were  not  included;  nothing  was  said  about  it  at 
this  Court,  and  the  two  Brethren  did  not  attend.  It  is  probable  that 
Mr.  Lanier  had  the  paper  but  did  not  produce  it,  which  rather  annoyed 
the  other  Justices.  In  the  Oath  which  the  Justices  must  take  there 
has  been  inserted  a  clause  against  the  Regulators. 

Feb.  19.  Yesterday  and  today  the  weather  has  been  mild,  and  the 
snow  which  has  persisted  for  fourteen  days  has  finally  disappeared. 

Feb.  20.  Last  night  rain  came  from  the  south,  clearing  up  warm 
in  the  morning;  toward  evening  storm  clouds  blew  up  from  the  south- 
west, and  it  lightened  and  thundered,  but  the  strong  wind  scattered 
the  clouds  and  it  did  not  rain  nor  turn  cold. 

Feb.  21.  Today  was  warm  and  cloudy;  it  rained  during  the  follow- 
ing night.  People  brought  many  deer-skins  to  our  little  Store  today; 
they  did  not  want  to  go  to  Salem. 

Feb.  22.  Today  was  warm  and  sultry;  there  was  lightning  in  sev- 
eral quarters,  but  the  heavy  clouds  broke  and  we  had  only  a  few  drops 
of  rain;  then  it  cleared  up  warm., 

Feb.  25.  Last  night  about  one  o'clock  there  was  a  severe  storm  from 
the  south-east,  with  rain  and  such  heavy  wind,  that  all  the  Brethren 
and  Sisters  left  their  beds.  It  lasted  until  four  o'clock  in  a  fashion 
quite  unusual  for  this  season  of  the  year;  then  a  strong  wind  from  the 
west  scattered  the  heavy  clouds,  and  it  cleared  cold;  then  a  fierce  storm 
came  from  the  north,  lasting  all  day,  with  some  fall  of  snow, — such  a 
storm  as  we  have  not  had  for  a  long  time. 

Feb.  26.  George  Hauser  came  in  his  wagon  from  Bethania,  bringing 
the  Archive  closet  made  by  Bullitscheck ;  here  he  took  on  most  of  Br. 
and  Sr.  Reuter's  baggage  and  furniture,  taking  them  to  Salem.  Br. 
Reuter  left  day  before  yesterday,  already,  as  this  week  he  is  to  survey 
800  acres  on  the  Ens,  near  Peter  Pfaff,  for  Schiitz  and  Tanner,  two 
Baptists  from  the  Huwaren. 

The  weather  today  was  mild,  but  last  night  and  tonight  it  froze, 
the  breeze  continuing  from  the  north-west. 

This  afternoon  Mr.  Martin  Armstrong,  Sheriff,  and  a  gentleman 
from  JSTew  Bern,  came  to  our  Tavern,  and  remained  over  night., 

Feb.  27.  The  New  Bern^  gentleman  left  by  way  of  Salem,  accom- 
panied by  Br.  Bonn.    He  had  brought  the  Sheriff  an  Order  that  an 


730  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Election  of  a  new  Assembly  should  be  held  on  the  10th  of  the  approach- 
ing month  of  March. 

March  1.  Br.  Stockburger's  betrothal  to  Catharine  Christman  was 
announced  here  for  the  third  time  after  preaching;  and  this  afternoon 
in  Salem  the  couple  was  married  by  Br.  Tiersch. 

March  2.  Br.  Stockburger  came  in  the  wagon  from  Salem,  and  will 
remain  for  a  time.  Br.  George  Schmidt  also  brought  his  foster-daugh- 
ter, Catharine,  now  married  to  Br.  Stockburger,  to  live  for  a  while 
with  us.  In  the  afternoon  a  Liturgy  was  held  for  Br.  and  Sr.  Stock- 
burger; she  received  the  blue  ribbon.2 

Since  the  last  thunder-storm  the  weather  has  been  raw;  this  evening 
it  began  to  rain,  but  after  midnight  changed  into  snow. 

March  3.  By  noon  the  snow  had  melted.  Br.  Stauber,  with  his  wife 
and  four  children,  Christian,  Franz,  Gottlieb,  and  Elisabeth,  came  from 
Friedberg  with  two  wagons,  and  moved  into  the  former  tailor  house. 

March  J/-.  Today  was  cloudy,  and  piercingly  cold;  the  north  wind 
blew  together  thick  clouds.  In  the  afternoon  the  wind  shifted  to  the 
south,  and  it  began  to  snow  heavily,  continuing  into  the  night. 

Last  Thursday  a  German  came  to  our  Tavern,  claiming  that  he  had 
lost  everything  at  sea,  and  was  now  poor  and  sick.  Br.,  Eockel,  as 
Armen  Pfleger,  paid  his  expenses  for  a  few  days  at  the  Tavern,  and 
Br.  Bonn  gave  him  some  medicine;  but  he  behaved  badly,  and  would 
not  leave.  Today,  providentially,  a  constable  came  to  the  Tavern,  and 
when  the  man  was  rude  he  threatened  to  arrest  him  as  a  vagabond, 
whereupon  the  man  suddenly  took  to  his  heels. 

March  5.  There  was  a  strong  wind  from  the  north-west,  which  con- 
tinued without  abatement  for  twenty-four  hours,  producing  a  bitter 
cold  which  is  unusual  for  this  time  of  the  year. 

March  6,    The  weather  is  again  pleasant. 

March  9.  Br.  Jacob  van  der  Merk's  lot  was  laid  off  for  him  on  the 
road  to  the  brick-yard,  and  he  began  to  set  out  fruit  trees.  Br.  Stock- 
burger rode  out  to  buy  corn  for  himself  and  Johann  Kanke;  there  is 
great  lack  of  corn  just  now,  many  people  are  actually  suffering  hunger 
because  they  have  nothing  to  eat,  and  have  nothing  to  sell,  and  can 
buy  nothing,  but  with  most  it  is  the  result  of  laziness. 

Toward  evening  the  Brn.  Lorenz  and  Traugott  Bagge  came  from 
Salem.  The  latter  told  various  incidents  connected  with  his  business 
at  the  Court  [at  Salisbury],  which  was  largely  concerned  with  the 

3  Blue  ribbons  tied  the  white  linen  cap  of  a  Married  Woman,  replacing  the  pink  ribbons 
of  a  Single  Sister. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  731 

paying  of  Fees.  Br.  Herbst  would  not  swear,  so  could  not  appear  be- 
fore the  Court.  Br.  Bagge  bad  an  opportunity  to  speak  with  Mr. 
Edwards,  Secretary  of  tbe  Former  Governor,  concerning  the  matter  of 
Dobbs  Parish,  which  was  not  ordered  according  to  our  wish  in  the 
Assembly.  Mr.  "Edwards  thought  the  chief  cause  of  this  was  that  the 
Brn.  Utley  and  Muschbach  had  left  too  soon,  for  Col.  How  did  not 
know  enough  about  the  matter  to  push  it  well;  the  Governor  also  had 
not  liked  their  leaving,  for  he  wished  to  have  the  Brethren  at  his  table 
so  that  he  might  learn  more  about  our  Settlement. 

March  10.  The  Singstunde  could  not  be  held  because  of  a  heavy 
rain  and  snow  storm. 

Today  was  the  election  of  two  Representatives  from  this  County, 
Mr.  Lanier  and  Mr.  Anthony  Hampton.    ~No  one  went  from  here. 

March  11.  Last  night  there  was  snow  and  rain;  the  wind  was  from 
east  by  south.  Today  was  raw  and  stormy;  the  wind  changed  to  the 
west,  and  drove  the  thick  clouds  back,  so  that  one  storm  of  hard  snow 
flakes  followed  another;  then  it  cleared  and  froze. 

March  12.  The  Brn.  Johann  Ranke  and  Stockburger  took  two 
wagons  to  Abbotts  Creek  this  morning  to  get  oats,  for  corn  is  very 
scarce  and  high,  4  shillings  per  bushel,  which  it  has  not  been  in  many 
years.  Sr.  Bonn  and  her  little  Jacob,  and  the  girl  Enerson,  went  to 
Salem  today,  taking  roots  and  plants  from  the  medical  garden  here. 
Toward  evening  there  came  another  heavy  snow-storm  from  the  south- 
east, and  during  the  night  it  cleared  and  froze. 

March  13.  All  day  there  was  a  strong  west  wind,  which  made  the 
air  very  cold. 

March  16.  Br.  and  Sr.  Stockburger  moved  together  into  the  apothe- 
cary house,  and  will  live  in  the  upper  room  until  they  go  to  Salem. 

March  19.  This  afternoon  Judge  Henderson  arrived,  accompanied 
by  his  brother  from  Salisbury;  and  from  the  Shallow  Ford  came  Mr. 
Lanier  and  his  store-keeper  Harrison.  They  had  a  meal  in  the  Tavern, 
and  the  Brn.  Graff  and  Bonn  showed  them  over  the  town,  and  asked 
their  assistance  in  our  Parish  matter  in  the  next  Assembly,  which  they 
promised;  then  they  went  on  to  the  Town  Fork,  and  will  be  in  Hills- 
borough next  Monday  for  General  Court.  Judge  Henderson  remem- 
bered that  nine  years  ago  he  spent  several  days  here  with  a  Mr.  Wil- 
liams, and  he  was  very  pleasant  to  us.  Soon  after  they  left  there  was 
a  rain  and  snow  storm ;  the  wind  has  changed  to  the  east  and  is  cold. 

March  20.  Spring  began  today  with  a  strong,  cold  wind  from  north 
by  east,  and  during  the  night  it  froze  rather  hard. 


732  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


March  23.  Today  Br.  and  Sr.  Stockburger  moved  to  Salem,  baving 
been  bere  for  tbree  weeks  in  our  care,  and  for  introduction  into  tbeir 
new4  condition  of  life.3 

March  30.  Since  tbe  storm  on  tbe  28tb  it  bas  been  raw,  and  last 
nigbt  tbere  was  some  frost ;  today  however,  it  bas  been  clear  and  warm, 
and  tbis  evening  it  looks  like  rain. 

April  2.  Mr.  Lanier  bas  sent  Br.  Bonn  a  draft  for  a  Petition  to  tbe 
Assembly  asking,  in  tbe  name  of  tbe  residents  of  Dobbs  Parish,  that 
the  Parish  be  re-established,  and  placed  as  a  whole  in  Surry  County. 
Br.  Bonn  wrote  a  polite  answer,  and  asked  him  to  tell  us  why  the 
Parish  bad  been  divided.  Lanier  evidently  fears  that  we  will  ask  to 
have  the  Parisb  as  a  whole  placed  into  Bowan  County,  which  would 
leave  Surry  County  too  weak.  There  was  an  unpleasant  storm  from 
the  north  all  day. 

April  J/..  Today  there  was  an  unfortunate  occurrence,  for  as  Br. 
Lung  was  putting  the  crupper  on  bis  horse  the  animal  kicked  him  in 
the  chest,  so  that  he  vomited  much  blood..  We  bled  him  twice,  Br. 
Koffler  coming  from  Salem  just  at  the  right  time,  for  Br.  Bonn  rode 
to  Friedland  this  morning.  The  day  was  cloudy  and  raw,  it  rained 
a  little,  then  snowed  a  little,  but  was  too  cold  to  do  much  of  either; 
it  remained  cloudy  all  night,  so  there  was  no  frost.  We  bear  that  on 
the  first  of  this  month  there  was  snow  six  inches  deep  in  the  mountains 
north-west  of  us. 

April  6.  Sr.  Marshall  came  from  Salem,  and  from  the  Oeconomie 
supplies  she  distributed  to  the  families  which  will  now  have  their  sep- 
arate house-keeping  what  they  need  for  the  beginning,  as  tbe  Marshalls 
and  most  of  the  Single  Sisters  will  move  to  Salem.  A  few  of  the  Single 
Sisters  remain  here  to  help  on  the  farm.  Christian  Frey,  from  Fried- 
berg,  was  bere  and  bought  for  his  brother-in-law  in  Pennsylvania  the 
400  acres  which  were  surveyed  for  the  Baptist,  Schutz,  from  the 
Huwaren,  who  has  not  come  back,  and  one  bears  he  has  settled  else- 
where. 

April  7.    The  weather  is  clear  and  warm. 

April  10.  About  sunrise  there  was  frost.  The  third  and  last  com- 
pany left  the  Gemein  Haus  today,  only  four  Single  Sisters  remaining 
here  for  the  present.  Within  the  last  days  good  Bethabara  has  given 
nineteen  of  its  dear  residents  to  Salem. 

April  11.  Br.  Merkly  baked  bread  for  the  last  time  here  today,  and 
this  afternoon  moved  to  Salem.    Visitors  bought  all  of  today's  baking 

8  Br.  and  Sr.  Graff  were  Pfleger  and  Pflegerin  of  the  Married  People  of  all  Wachovia. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  73*3 

and  more,  one  man  came  forty  miles,  and  bought  12  shillings  worth 
at  one  time;  toward  the  Yadkin  and  Virginia  there  is  great  lack  of 
food.  For  the  present  Franz  Steup  will  bake  the  bread  for  residents 
and  visitors  here;  he  baked  alone  for  the  first  time  this  afternoon. 
This  afternoon  there  was  a  terrible  storm  from  the  south-west  that 
was  almost  like  an  earthquake.  Much  damage  was  done  to  the  roofs 
here  and  in  Bethania. 

April  lk.  Br.  Bonn  and  his  family  moved  to  Salem  today,  Br. 
Ludwig  Meinung  also ;  all  have  now  moved  who  are  to  go  for  the 
present,  and  the  Congregation  here  is  reduced  to  50  members  and  12 
children,  besides  one  negro  who  has  been  bought,  and  two  maids. 

April  15.    At  night  there  was  a  warm  rain,  and  no  frost. 

April  20,  Easter  Monday.  It  rained  all  day  yesterday,  and  today 
it  is  clear  but  with  a  raw  wind  from  the  north-west,  and  some  frost 
at  night. 

April  21.  The  Brn.  Blum,  Schaub,  Johann  Ranke,  and  several  from 
Bethania,  went  as  a  Jury  to  the  old  Deep  River  Road,  to  see  whether 
the  changes  suggested  by  Mr.  Walker  to  the  last  Court  would  be  for 
the  public  good,  or  only  for  our  neighbor's  own  advantage.  The  Jury 
found  that  Mr.  Walker  wanted  the  road  to  pass  by  his  house,  which 
was  not  the  shortest  or  the  best  way  for  the  public,  so  they  did  not  sign 
the  Return.    Today  was  clear  and  pleasant. 

April  21/..  There  was  a  light  frost  last  night,  and  today  was  stormy 
and  raw;  no  one  remembers  so  late  a  spring,  there  has  not  been  one 
since  the  Brethren  settled  here. 

April  26.    It  is  hot  and  humid  for  the  first  time  this  year., 

April  28.  A  Certificate  of  membership  in  the  Brethren's  Unity 
was  sent  to  Ludwig  Leinbach,  so  that  he  need  not  attend  Muster.  For 
some  days  the  weather  has  been  quite  warm,  the  grass  is  growing  nicely, 
and  everything  is  green. 

April  29.  The  sheriff,  Mr.  Martin  Armstrong,  was  here  to  collect 
the  public  taxes,  which  this  year  are  13  sh.  and  some  pence  per  person. 
He  spoke  to  Br.  Marshall  about  a  Petition  to  the  Assembly  concerning 
the  division  of  the  County,  for  Mr.  Lanier  has  gone  to  Virginia  with- 
out doing  anything  about  it.  Br.  Johann  Ranke  went  to  Bethania  to 
help  his  brother  break  land  for  several  days. 

May  1.  Last  month  closed  with  dry,  sultry,  weather,  and  this  opens 
the  same  way. 

May  2.  During  the  night  there  was  a  hard  storm  with  a  good  rain, 
which  refreshed  the  heated  and  very  dry  earth. 


734  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


May  5.  During  the  last  days  it  has  rained  enough  that  we  can 
plough. 

May  6.  One  hundred  bushels  of  wheat  was  measured  for  Salem,  and 
will  be  at  once  ground  in  our  mill.  The  reason  for  this  is  that  there 
is  so  great  a  demand  for  bread  that  we  dare  not  sell  all  that  is  asked 
for,  and  there  is  danger  that  a  party  of  evil  men  may  storm  the  mill 
and  carry  away  the  grain.  This  afternoon  Br.  Ludwig  Meinung  came 
from  Salem  with  the  Petition  to  the  Assembly  which  is  to  be  signed  by 
all  the  Taxables  in  Wachovia.  It  asks  that  Dobbs  Parish  remain  as  a 
whole,  and  that  Wachovia  may  be  all  in  one  County. 

May  12.  This  was  a  much  disturbed  day,  for  many  people  were 
here,  most  of  them  for  food  and  drink.  Some  complained  of  their 
need,  others  were  dissatisfied  because  we  would  not  let  them  have  all 
they  wanted  to  take  away,  besides  what  they  ate.  If  we  satisfied  all 
who  came  we  would  soon  be  in  the  same  situation,  and  that  would 
be  truly  pitiful,  for  with  economy  our  little  supply  can  be  made  to 
serve  many,  but  it  would  soon  all  be  gone  if  we  gave  every  man  all  he 
asked  for.  Br.  Graff  went  today  to  Bethania,  taking  Sr.  Quest,  who 
held  a  service  for  the  Older  Girls  there,  and  at  noon  Br.  Graff  read  a 
sermon  to  the  whole  congregation. 

May  lJf.  Br.  Soelle  returned  this  morning  fr'om  his  visit  to  Vir- 
ginia, where  he  preached  at  the  home  of  Capt.  Roberts  and  in  the 
neighborhood.  He  was  invited  to  go  further,  but  could  not  do  it  for 
lack  of  food  for  man  and  beast, — his  horse  was  not  fed  for  three 
days.,  The  need  is  greater  in  Virginia  than  here;  people  are  beginning 
to  rob  and  steal. 

May  15.  Some  miles  from  Bethania  Mr.,  Gideon  Wright's  wife  was 
thrown  from  her  horse,  and  broke  her  shoulder  bone.  In  spite  of 
this  she  went  on  foot  to  Bethania,  and  stayed  there  while  Br.  Bonn 
was  brought  from  Salem,  who  bound  up  her  shoulder  and  took  charge 
of  her. 

May  17.  Yesterday  there  was  a  good  rain  four  miles  south,  but  not 
a  drop  fell  here.  Today  we  had  a  shower,  but  only  enough  to  lay 
the  dust,  though  we  were  thankful  for  that. 

May  18.  This  morning  a  company  of  gentlemen  arrived  from  Salis- 
bury, some  of  them  being  from  Charlestown.  They  visited  the  Hutberg 
and  our  God's  Acre,  and  were  pleased  with  its  order.  In  the  afternoon 
they  left,  some,  including  Mr.  Martin,  the  lawyer,  on  their  way  to 
Court,  and  the  others  to  see  the  Pilot  Mountain. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  7&5 

May  19.  Johann  Ranke's  house  beyond  the  Wiese,  or  Crooked 
Creek,  was  raised  today,  with  the  help  of  Brethren  from  Salem  and 
Bethania,  and  from  the  neighborhood.,  The  Brn.  Bonn  and  van  der 
Merk  went  to  Court  at  Mr.  Gideon  "Wright's  house,  returning  in  the 
evening. 

May  20.  It  rained  hard  for  half  an  hour,  with  some  hail.  We  were 
all  thankful,  for  on  account  of  the  drought  many  people  have  not  been 
able  to  plant,  corn.  Andreas  Volk  and  six  of  his  neighbors  from  the 
New  Garden  Settlement  have  been  to  the  Allimance,  where  the  battle 
with  the  Regulators  was  fought  last  year,  and  have  secured  3000  lbs. 
of  flour,  at  15  shillings  per  100  lbs. 

May  21.  A  man  from  near  the  Mulberry  Fields  came  through  with 
a  load  of  flour  from  Haw  Eiver,  bought  at  16  shillings  per  100  lbs. 
and  is  taking  it  to  his  Settlement,  where  there  is  no  more  food. 

May  27.  Andreas  Yolk  was  given  a  Certificate  which  frees  him 
from  attending  Muster.  A  number  have  been  issued  this  year,  as  the 
Captains  are  insisting  on  it  in  their  districts. 

June  If..  At  last,  after  long  drought,  the  very  dry  earth  received  a 
rain,  and  as  it  fell  softly  all  afternoon  it  helped,  although  it  did  not 
go  deep ;  we  thank  the  Heavenly  Father  for  it. 

June  5.  This  morning  it  began  to  rain  again,  and  continued  into 
the  night.  The  land  is  not  soaked  through,  but  plants  are  refreshed 
and  can  grow  again. 

June  11.  The  heat  is  very  oppressive;  clouds  rise,  but  pass  us  by. 
Adam  Spach,  of  Friedberg,  brought  10  lbs.  of  new  oats  to  the  mill, 
receiving  in  exchange  6  lbs.  of  wheat  ground  into  flour. 

June  15.  This  was  a  busy  day,  cutting  and  drying  hay,  and  mowing 
the  oats,  which  are  short  and  thin  on  account  of  the  drought.  Again 
there  were  many  visitors  in  the  village,  most  of  them  asking  for  bread, 
some  with  lamentations,  others  with  threats  that  they  would  come 
in  force  and  seize  our  supplies.  Br.  and  Sr.  Stockburger  came  from 
Salem,  bringing  their  father  and  mother  Christman,  from  Haw  River, 
who  have  come  on  a  visit,  and  who  were  very  friendly. 

June  22.  The  weather  has  changed  from  the  intense  heat,  and 
there  have  been  a  few  showers,  short  ones,  indeed,  but  refreshing. 

June  23.  The  Congregation  Festival  was  held  in  Bethania,  in  re- 
membrance of  the  Consecration  of  the  Gemein  Saal  one  year  ago  today. 

June  26.  Yesterday  there  were  showers,  and  last  night  a  good  rain, 
but  not  enough  to  make  it  possible  to  plough  in  fallow  ground. 


736  JSTokth  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


June  28.  In  the  afternoon  the  Communicants  met  in  Congregation 
Council.  For  the  time  five  Brethren  are  to  form  the  Committee  here, 
and  as  Br.  Kiihnast  is  a  member  by  virtue  of  his  office  as  Br.  Graff's 
first  assistant  four  other  Brethren  were  to  be  elected  by  the  Council. 
Each  Brother  was  given  a  blank  ticket,  and  when  Council  re-assembled 
the  votes  were  gathered,  and  the  following  were  elected :  Fockel,  Jacob 
van  der  Merk  and  Jonas  Nilson  from  the  Married  Brethren,  and  the 
Single  Brother,  Pfeifer.  Toward  evening  it  began  to  rain  and  con- 
tinued through  the  night  and  next  day,  so  that  at  last  the  ground  is 
soft  enough  to  plow., 

June  SO.  A  wagon  loaded  with  all  kinds  of  provisions  went  from 
here  to  Salem.  Br.  and  Sr.  Graff,  and  Br.  and  Sr.  Ernst  of  Bethania, 
also  went  to  Salem  to  the  Conference  of  all  the  Arbeiter  of  Wachovia, 
which  will  be  held  every  eight  weeks  according  to  the  plan  made  during 
the  Visitation  of  the  Deputies  from  the  Unity's  Elders  Conference. 

July  S.  The  currants  were  picked  and  seventy  gallons  of  currant 
wine  made ;  there  are  many  berries  still  on  the  bushes.  At  seven  in  the 
evening  the  Committee  met  for  the  first  time,  and  Br.  Marshall  dis- 
cussed various  matters  with  them,  especially  the  beginning  of  a  Con- 
gregation Cash  account,  to  take  care  of  local  expenses. 

July  9.  This  morning  as  one  of  the  reapers  put  his  sickle  into  the 
wheat  he  heard  something  strike  the  blade,  and  looking  around  he  found 
a  large  rattlesnake,  coiled.  It  had  twelve  rattles.  Adam  Spach's  wagon 
brought  new  wheat  to  the  mill,  and  with  it  came  Br.  and  Sr.  Bachhof 
from  Friedberg.  The  poor  folks  had  no  more  bread  in  their  house, 
and  their  parishioners  were  in  the  same  situation.  They  returned  with 
the  same  wagon  in  the  afternoon,  taking  a  loaf  of  bread  from  the  bakery 
here. 

July  16.    The  heat  is  almost  unbearable,  as  clouds  rise  and  pass  by. 
J uly  20.   In  Bethania  Br.  Ernst  re-opened  the  school,  which  had  been 
closed  during  harvest. 

July  22.   Toward  evening  there  was  a  pleasant  shower. 

Aug.  5.  Three  wagons  arrived  at  the  same  time  at  our  mill,  with 
grain  to  be  ground,  for  on  account  of  the  dry  weather  the  small  mills 
have  no  water. 

Aug.  6.  Today  there  was  a  trial  here  before  the  two  Justices,  James 
van  der  Merk  and  Gideon  "Wright.  Philip  Schause,  who  formerly  lived 
in  Bethania,  sold  the  apple  trees  on  his  Bethania  lot  to  Wolf,  and  he 
sold  them  to  Heinrich  Schor;  a  few  days  ago  Schause  took  away  the 
apples  from  the  trees,  and  Schor  made  complaint  that  they  were  stolen 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


737 


from  him.  The  first  point  to  be  decided  was  to  whom  the  trees  really 
belonged,  and  whether  Schause  had  a  right  to  sell  them;  he  claimed 
that  Br.  Marshall  had  given  him  permission,  and  that  his  Lease  read 
differently  from  Schor's,  so  the  case  had  to  be  continued  to  another 
term. 

Aug.  7.  The  heat  is  very  oppressive.  This  afternoon  there  was  a 
heavy  cloud,  but  only  a  few  drops  of  rain.    The  ground  is  very  dry. 

Aug.  8.  Of  our  new  wheat  which  was  threshed  for  seed  one  bushel 
was  weighed,  and  it  weighed  65  lbs,  the  most  ever  known  here. 

Aug.  11.  Br.  Marshall  came  from  Salem,  as  the  Governor  was  on 
his  way  here,  via  Bethania.  He  stopped  at  the  mill,  and  inspected 
that;  took  breakfast  in  Bethania,  and  looked  over  that  village;  and 
reached  here  at  noon,  accompanied  by  his  suite,  which  consisted  of  his 
secretary,  Bigglestone,  Col.  Canning,  Col.  Nash,  who  was  here  with 
the  army  last  year,  and  five  servants.  They  were  lodged  in  the  doctor's 
house,  visited  the  Hutberg,  and  looked  about  the  village;  and  at  two 
o'clock  dined  in  the  doctor's  house  with  the  Brn.  Marshall,  Bonn, 
Bagge,  Graff,  and  van  der  Merk.  There  was  much  conversation  con- 
cerning our  Settlement  and  the  like,  and  His  Excellency  and  those 
who  were  with  him  showed  that  they  were  much  pleased  with  all  that 
they  saw  and  heard,  and  they  were  very  lively.  The  servants,  who 
dined  in  the  Gemein  Haus,  were  especially  well  satisfied.  In  leaving, 
the  Governor  sent  a  guinea  for  service,  all  offers  of  payment  having 
been  refused.  It  was  easy  to  see  that  the  industry  and  good  order  of 
our  Settlements  pleased  His  Excellency. 

Aug.  13.  His  Excellency  could  not  leave  Salem  today  because  one 
of  his  horses  has  strayed  away. 

Aug.  16.  Sunday.  There  were  a  number  of  visitors  here  for  service, 
among  them  a  man  by  the  name  of  Free,  who  was  here  some  years  ago 
with  Sauter,  whose  sister  died  here  last  year.  Free  said,  among  other 
things,  that  Sauter  passed  away  peacefully  on  Broad  River. 

Aug.  17.  This  was  a  great  Court  day,  with  five  Justices  here.  The 
settlers  in  this  neighborhood,  who  last  year  furnished  supplies  to  Gov. 
Tryon's  army,  must  hand  in  written  bills,  and  must  swear  that  they 
were  not  Regulators, — these  will  be  paid,  but  others  not.  The  trial  of 
Schause  came  up  again,  and  Br.  Marshall  gave  his  testimony, — that 
he  had  promised  Schause  nothing,  at  his  departure  from  Bethania,  that 
could  in  any  way  affect  the  future  sale  of  the  land.  The  Justices  ren- 
dered no  decision,  but  postponed  the  case  to  the  Court  which  meets  this 
15 


738  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


week.  Toward  evening  Br.  Bonn  came  from  Salem,  and  joined  the 
session  of  the  Justices,  which  continued  until  past  midnight. 

Aug.  18.  Br.  Bagge  came  from  Salem  with  Mr.  Buhler,  [Pooler] 
a  merchant  from  Georgia,  who  had  commissioned  him  to  sell  certain 
pieces  of  land,  of  which  the  sheriff,  Mr.  Armstrong,  had  sold  about 
600  acres  at  auction  for  sixty  and  some  pounds,  without  asking  anyone., 
Mr.  Buhler  will  ask  a  Court  of  Chancery  why  the  land  so  sold  should 
not  be  returned  to  him.  There  was  a  little  shower,  as  there  was  yester- 
day. 

Aug.  20.  A  fine  day,  and  six  loads  of  second-crop  hay  were  brought 
in.  Men  returning  from  Court  stated  that  the  place  for  a  Court  House 
for  this  County  was  to  be  selected  today. 

Aug.  21.  This  was  for  various  reasons  a  noteworthy  day.  Br.  Bagge 
and  Mr.  Buhler  returned  from  Court.  The  former  reported  that  the 
Commissioners  for  Surry  County  had  privately  selected  the  site  for 
the  new  Court  House,  namely  the  place  where  Need's  store  stands, 
which  had  been  bought  by  Mr.  Armstrong,  and  is  on  yet  vacant  land., 
This  place  adjoins  Mr.  Buhler's  land,  on  which  they  planned  to  lay 
out  a  town,  and  therefore  tried  to  get  it  into  their  hands,  but  now  they 
must  return  it  to  Mr.  Buhler.  He  has  offered  it  to  Br.  Bagge,  who  has 
agreed  to  buy  it,  and  thus  providentally,  and  without  effort  on  our 
part,  there  comes  into  our  possession  the  land  on  which,  by  reason  of 
its  location,  they1  wish  to  build  the  County  Town,  and  this  is  in  line 
with  the  leading  of  the  Lord,  "Who  made  known  to  the  Unity's  Elders 
Conference  several  years  ago  that  we  should  seek  to  have  the  Court 
House  in  Wachovia. 

Toward  noon,  quite  unexpectedly,  the  Brn.  Matthew  Stach  and  Aust 
and  their  wives  arrived  from  Europe  by  way  of  Charlestown.  They 
came  in  two  wagons,  and  the  Austs  brought  two  children,  one  two  years 
old,  and  the  other  a  three-weeks  infant,  who  was  born  in  the  forest  on 
the  journey  hither.  They  were  received  with  hearty  love,  and  were 
lodged  in  the  doctor's  house  until  other  arrangements  can  be  made,  as 
according  to  the  letters  they  brought  from  the  Unity's  Elders  Confer- 
ence the  coming  of  each  couple  was  on  certain  conditions. 

Aug.  28.  In  the  afternoon  the  Wochentlichen  Nachrichten,  Nos. 
9-14,  were  read  to  the  Communicants.  They  contained  a  reference  to 
Br.  Stach  and  his  Rosina,  saying  that  several  years  ago  she  returned 
to  him  as  a  lost  sheep,  and  he  dedicated  himself  to  her  restoration,  and 
accepted  the  suggestion  that  they  settle  in  Wachovia. 

Aug.  21/..  At  seven  in  the  evening  it  at  last  began  to  rain,  and  con- 
tinued all  night,  a  soaking  rain,  such  as  we  have  not  had  since  Whit- 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


739 


suntide.  Thank  God,  vegetation  will  now  revive,  and  land  can  be 
ploughed. 

Sept.  4.  For  the  Liturgy,  "O  Haupt  voll  Blut  und  Wunden,"  Chris- 
tian Stauber  played  for  the  first  time  on  our  little  organ,  and  did  it 
well.  The  oppressive  heat  of  the  past  days  was  cooled  this  afternoon 
by  a  shower. 

Sept.  7.  Br.  and  Sr.  Graff  went  to  Salem  yesterday,  and  today 
celebrated  there  the  Festival  of  the  Married  People,  all  except  the  even- 
ing services.  They  came  here  in  time  for  Br.  Graff  to  hold  the  even- 
ing meeting,  and  the  closing  service  of  the  Choir  Year  of  the  Married 
People  of  this  Congregation,  *  *  *  and  he  mentioned  as  a  sub- 
ject for  thanksgiving  that  the  Saviour  had  declared  that  Sr.  Rosina 
Stach  should  again  rank  as  a  member. 

Sept.  8.  The  Choir  of  Married  People  here  today  celebrated  their 
Covenant  Day. 

Sept.  9.  Br.  and  Sr..  Graff  went  to  Bethania  to  speak  with  the 
Married  People  in  preparation  for  their  celebration  of  the  Married 
People's  Festival.  Br.  Bullitscheck  has  the  new  organ  for  Salem  so 
far  complete  that  one  stop  can  be  used,  so  in  the  afternoon  it  was 
brought  into  the  Gemein  Saal,  and  in  the  evening  Singstunde  Br.  Graff 
played  on  it,  giving  pleasure  to  the  entire  Congregation. 

Sept.  12.  Yesterday  the  hot  weather  was  cooled  by  several  storms, 
which,  however,  passed  with  very  little  rain.  Today  is  so  cool  that 
there  will  probably  be  frost  tonight  in  some  places. 

Sept.  15.  Br.,  Matthew  Stach  held  the  evening  service  for  the  first 
time. 

Sept.  17.  This  morning  the  Brn.  Marshall,  Reuter  and  Meinung 
came  from  Salem,  and  went  with  Br.  Aust  and  two  other  Brethren 
into  the  woods,  and  measured  for  Br.  Aust  200  acres  between  Heinrich 
Schmidt  and  the  Bethania  lot.  We  have  again  had  some  days  of  op- 
pressive heat;  this  afternoon  there  was  a  severe  storm,  but  not  much 
rain. 

Sept.  18.  Br.  Marshall  went  to  Bethania  yesterday,  and  today  he  met 
Philip  Schause,  in  the  presence  of  the  Bethania  Committee,  to  discuss 
the  claims  which  Schause  makes  for  his  improvements  in  Bethania. 
The  conclusion  was  that  the  matter  should  be  settled  by  arbitration 
within  a  month,  and  Schause  chose  Gideon  Wright,  Esq.  as  his  repre- 
sentative, while  Br.  Marshall  selected  Esquire  Bonn. 

Sept.  19.  Last  night  there  was  an  unexpected  rain,  and  toward 
morning  a  severe  thunderstorm,  followed  by  some  rain,  though  the  rain 


740  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


was  heaviest  between  here  and  Bethania.  Last  evening  the  sky  was 
clear  and  cloudless,  hut  the  weather  seems  to  have  changed,  for  today 
is  cloudy,  and  there  has  been  rain  to  the  south  of  us. 

Sept.  21.  After  a  long-continued  drought  we  have  had  a  day  of 
warm  rain,  which  continued  all  night. 

Sept.  25.  This  morning  we  saw  the  first  frost;  the  air  has  been 
cool  since  the  last  storm. 

Sept.  28  This  morning  the  Brethren  belonging  to  this  Oeconomie 
took  a  wagon  into  the  woods  to  gather  grapes.  Br.  Lung  soon  returned 
with  an  attack  of  colic.  Br.  Pfeil  carelessly,  and  in  spite  of  warning 
from  other  Brethren,  went  too  near  the  young  horse,  which  has  been 
recently  broken,  and  the  horse  struck  him  with  his  fore  leg,  knocked 
him  down,  and  stepped  on  his  ankle.  The  other  Brethren  set  it  as  well 
as  they  could,  and  brought  him  home  in  the  evening. 

At  noon  a  man  and  a  cart  arrived  at  our  Tavern,  and  with  him  came 
young  Lanius,  who  several  years  ago  went  from  here  to  his  father  in 
Pennsylvania.  The  cart  belongs  to  Lanius.  They  brought  letters  ad- 
dressed to  Br.  Marshall,  and  at  once  took  them  on  to  Salem. 

Sept.  30.  Today  Br..  Matthew  Stach  began  a  school  for  the  local 
children,  taking  several  boys  in  the  morning,  and  three  girls  in  the 
afternoon ;  may  the  Lord  lay  a  rich  blessing  upon  them.  This  evening 
we  began  the  winter  arrangement  of  services;  Br.  Marshall  held  the 
twilight  service,  and  communicated  the  news  from  Br.  Mattheus  Hehl's 
last  letter,  among  other  things  that  August  Schubert,  who  left  here  a 
few  years  ago,  has  died  peacefully,  fifteen  miles  from  Philadelphia. 

Oct.  1.  Br.  Bonn  came  from  Salem  and  examined  Br.  Pfeil's  foot, 
and  found  that  the  large  bone  is  either  split  or  splintered,  which  is 
worse  than  a  simple  break.    It  was  very  hot  today. 

Oct.  17.  The  arbitrators  met  yesterday  in  Bethania,  Br.  Marshall 
being  present ;  and  according  to  their  decision,  £8 :  was  paid  to  Philip 
Schause  to  satisfy  his  claim  for  his  improvements,  deducting  the  dam- 
age he  has  done  the  lot.  This  puts  an  end  to  this  unpleasant  affair. 
Br.  George  Holder  arrived  with  a  wagon  from  Pennsylvania,  bringing 
with  him  Br.  and  Sr.  Casper  Fischer  and  their  four  children,  and  the 
Single  Brethren  Andreas  Glotz  and  Rose,  who  were  received  with  hearty 
love.  Br.  Holder  went  on  to  Salem,  and  the  Single  Brethren  will  follow 
with  the  wagon  tomorrow;  Br.  Fischer,  however,  wishes  to  settle  in 
this  neighborhood. 

Oct.  19.  In  Bethania  a  little  tower  was  built  on  the  Gemein  Haus, 
and  the  bell  was  hung  in  it  so  that  it  could  be  better  heard. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


741 


Oct.  2Jf.  Br.  Lung  gave  a  breakfast  to  his  Brethren,  it  being  bis 
60th  birthday  anniversary.  They  rejoiced  with  him,  and  thanked  the 
Saviour  for  the  grace  bestowed  upon  him  this  year,  and  especially  for 
two  escapes  when  his  life  was  in  danger;  and  Br.  Graff  composed  a 
little  poem  for  him. 

Oct.  26.  Yesterday,  last  night,  and  today,  it  rained,  and  the  meadow 
bottom  land  is  quite  under  water. 

Oct.  27.  Br.  Stach  held  the  Singstunde,  and  Br.  Graff  played  the  or- 
gan. Toward  noon  the  weather  cleared.  After  sunset  there  was  a  fine 
display  of  the  Northern  Lights. 

Oct.  30.    There  was  a  cold  wind,  with  frost  at  night. 

Nov.  2.  There  was  a  hard  shower  during  the  morning.  Br.  George 
Holder  came  from  the  plantation  near  Salem  to  look  over  the  land  on 
the  Grassy  Fork,  below  Heinrich  Schmidt's,  where  he  is  going  to  buy 
170  acres. 

Nov.  5.  The  Brn.  Michael  and  George  Hauser's  and  Michael  Ranke's 
wagons  came  from  Bethania,  and  were  loaded  with  deer  skins  and 
chestnuts  at  our  Store,  going  on  to  Salem  for  the  rest  of  the  load  to  be 
taken  to  Charlestown.  Chestnuts  are  so  plentiful  this  year  in  this  sec- 
tion that  they  can  be  bought  for  y2  Crown  per  bushel. 

Nov.  8.  Br.  Casper  Fischer  went  to  Bethania  again  today.  He  has 
decided  to  take  the  Schause  lot,  and  yet  before  winter  to  arrange  a 
dwelling  on  it. 

Nov.  12.  It  has  been  warm,  but  this  afternoon  there  was  a  heavy 
rain,  which  continued  into  the  night. 

Nov.  17.  For  several  nights  we  have  had  hard  frost,  and  a  sharp 
wind  by  day. 

Nov.  19.  The  Brn.  Bagge  and  Blum  went  to  Mr.  Gideon  Wright's, 
where  the  Court  is  at  present  held.  Br.  Bagge  will  see  whether  some 
of  his  [Store]  debtors  will  pay  in  corn.  Today  the  wind  was  less  cold, 
being  from  the  south-west ;  but  at  night  it  froze  again. 

Nov.  22.  Sunday.  This  morning  at  two  o'clock  Br.  Pfeifer  breathed 
his  last  in  the  arms  of  Jesus;  and  his  departure  was  made  known  in 
the  morning  by  the  musicians,  and  also  announced  to  the  Congregation 
in  the  first  service  with  the  usual  Liturgy,  following  the  Church  Litany. 

Nov.  28.  This  morning  Br.  and  Sr.  Johann  Ranke  moved  to  their 
plantation  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  here,  and  during  the  afternoon 
they  were  visited  by  several  Brethren  and  Sisters,  who  welcomed  them 
into  their  new  house  with  the  singing  of  verses.  At  two  in  the  after- 
noon the  remains  of  our  Br.  Christian  Pfeifer  were  buried,  in  the 


742  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


presence  of  a  rather  large  number  of  Single  Brethren  from  Salem,  and 
other  Brethren  and  Sisters  from  Bethania,  and  friends  from  the  neigh- 
borhood. 

Nov.  27.  The  weather  was  unusually  pleasant.  A  company  of 
Militia  from  the  Town  Fork,  on  their  way  to  General  Muster  at  Gideon 
Wright's,  passed  through,  with  their  new  flag  and  drum. 

Dec.  3.  Late  last  evening  the  brother  of  Friedrich  Kiinzel,  who 
works  in  our  saw  mill,  and  the  brother-in-law  of  Johann  Hein,  arrived 
at  Anton  Kastner's.  Their  company  consists  of  four  families  from 
Broadbay;  they  left  them  125  miles  this  side  of  Charlestown,  and  came 
ahead  to  send  wagons  from  here  to  meet  them. 

Dec.  Jf.  The  Brn.  Steinman  and  Beuter  came  from  Salem,  to  meas- 
ure a  piece  of  land  below  George  Holder's,  on  which  the  former  wishes 
to  settle. 

Dec.  6.    Since  yesterday  it  has  been  very  cold. 

Dec.  11.  Daniel  Schmidt,  one  of  those  expected  from  Carols  Manor, 
Maryland,  arrived  this  morning,  and  the  other  three  families  came  to- 
ward evening,  with  three  wagons  and  a  cart,  in  all  22  persons.  They 
were  lodged  temporarily  in  the  lock-smith's  shop.  Br.  Marshall  spoke 
with  the  men,  who  would  like  to  settle  on  Muddy  Creek,  as  they  are 
good  fishermen. 

Dec.  16.  Today  was  clear,  for  which  we  thanked  our  Father  in 
Heaven,  especially  on  account  of  the  repairs  to  be  made  on  the  saw  mill. 

Dec  17.  Br.  and  Sr.  Jacob  Graeter  came  this  morning  [from  Fried- 
berg],  with  her  daughter  Johanna  Elisabeth  Moll,  Br.  Steinman's  bride. 
The  wedding  took  place  at  one  o'clock,  in  the  presence  of  the  adult 
Congregation. 

Dec.  21f.  At  five  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  our  children  had  their 
Christmas  Eve  Lovefeast,  the  children  of  the  Carols  Manor  families 
also  attending. 

Dec.  28.  Daniel  Schmidt,  his  wife,  four  children,  and  two  unmarried 
women,  Johnson  and  Owen,  and  Nodly  Masters  with  his  family,  left 
here  today  to  settle  on  the  400  acres  they  have  bought  jointly,  on  this 
side  of  Douthit's,  near  Wachovia.  The  other  men  who  were  able 
to  work  went  with  them,  and  they  will  quickly  build  several  cabins. 

Extracts  from  the  Friedberg  Diary,  1772. 

[Written  by  L.  G.  Bachhof,  reader  and  school  teacher  there..] 

Jan.  19.  Br.  Graff  preached  on  the  Gospel  for  the  day— "This 
beginning  of  miracles  did  Jesus, — and  His  disciples  believed  on  Him;" 


Eecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


743 


then  the  Communicants  had  a  blessed  Lovef  east.  *  *  *  The  blessed 
Communion  was  the  first  to  be  held  in  this  Saal;  Adam  Spach  and 
his  wife,  and  the  elderly  Sarah  Faber,  partook  for  the  first  time. 

Feb.  1.  In  Bethabara  the  two  sons  of  the  departed  Johann  Schor, 
Johannes  and  Heinrich,  were  bound  to  Christian  Frey,  until  they  should 
become  of  age,  and  the  third  son,  Peter,  was  bound  to  Martin  Walk. 

Feb.  12.  We  visited  the  Volzes.  He  was  not  at  home,  but  Tesch 
and  his  son  were  there  making  shoes. 

Feb.  17.  The  school  boys,  who  can  now  read  fairly  well,  today  be- 
gan to  learn  to  write. 

March  15.  After  the  usual  Sunday  services,  held  by  Br.  Tiersch, 
the  Communicants  had  Lovefeast,  Absolution,  and  a  blessed  Lord's 
Supper. 

March  30.  Br.  Bonn  bled  us  and  several  others,  and  visited  a  few 
who  were  sick. 

April  3.  For  two  weeks  I  have  not  been  able  to  be  out  on  account 
of  a  bad  cold,  but  today  my  wife  and  I  visited  at  Peter  Frey's  and 
Martin  Walk's.  At  both  places  large  and  small  were  coughing  and 
snuffling.  This  has  been  a  very  unhealthy  spring,  and  it  is  hard  to 
find  a  house  in  which  there  are  not  one,  two,  or  three  in  bed  with  cold 
on  the  chest  and  fever. 

April  17.  Good  Friday.  The  story  of  Passion  Week  was  read  to  the 
Society  in  four  sessions. 

April  19.  On  account  of  bad  weather  the  Easter  Liturgy  could  not 
be  held  on  God's  Acre,  but  was  prayed  in  the  Saal,  before  preaching. 

April  20.  There  was  no  service  here  as  most  of  the  men  have  gone 
to  Salem  to  Yestry  Election. 

April  25.  We  had  the  Gemein  Tag  which  could  not  be  held  on 
Easter  Monday.  Peter  Frey  was  elected  Steward  in  place  of  George 
Hartman. 

May  1^.  With  the  approval  of  Br.  Graff,  George  Hartman  yester- 
day called  on  Capt.  Zappfenfeld,1  and  in  the  name  of  this  Society  made 
inquiry  concerning  Muster.,  He  today  reported  to  me  that  the  Captain 
had  said  that  those  who  did  not  attend  the  last  Muster  must  pay  the 

during  the  Revolutionary  War  Capt.  Zappfenfeld  (Sappingfield)  was  a  Tory.  He  was 
one  of  those  called  by  Gen.  McDonald  to  raise  the  King's  Standard  in  North  Carolina, 
in  April,  1776,  a  Committee  of  the  Provincial  Congress  reported  concerning  certain 
prisoners  and  among  them  was  Capt.  Matthias  Sapinfield,  of  Rowan  County,  a  free- 
holder who  had  taken  the  Test,  and  had  signed  the  Association,  but  in  spite  of  this 
nad  led  seven  men  into  the  Loyalist  army  which  was  defeated  at  Moore's  Creek  Bridge, 
in  August,  1/77,  he  was  still  a  prisoner.  In  1784  his  name  appears  among  those 
whose  property  had  been  confiscated.    Colonial  Records,  Vols.  X,  XIX,  XX. 


744  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


usual  fine  of  2  sh.  8d.  But  wlien  Br.  Hartman  explained  the  case  it 
was  agreed  that  those  who  had  no  lawful  excuse  should  pay  1  sh.  each. 

May  17.  After  service  Br.  George  Hartman  reported  to  the  Society 
the  results  of  his  interview  with  Capt.  Zappfenfeld.  Some  were  not 
satisfied,  and  it  was  decided  to  draw  up  a  Petition,  which  was  sent  to 
the  Captain  by  Adam  Spach.  When  George  Frey  and  Johann  Nicholas 
Boeckel  heard  that  the  Captain  was  in  Salem  they  too  rode  thither 
to  discuss  with  him  what  George  Hartman  had  said.  Fredrick  Boeckel 
withdrew  from  the  Society  some  weeks  ago,  but  now  he  has  signed  the 
Petition  as  a  member, — he  was  told  that  if  he  wanted  the  benefits  of 
the  Society  he  must  also  share  its  burdens  and  pay  his  part  of  its 
expenses. 

May  2k-  After  service  the  men  remained  in  the  Saal,  and  Prey  and 
Boeckel  openly  accused  George  Hartman  of  having  mismanaged  the 
matter  with  Capt.,  Zappfenfeld,  and  having  misstated  the  facts.  Hart- 
man said  that  if  they  did  not  wish  to  believe  him  he  would  give  them 
a  written  statement  of  what  he  had  said. 

May  31.  After  service  I  read  to  the  men  of  the  Society  Capt.  Zapp- 
fenfeld's  letter  to  me,  in  which  he  cleared  George  Hartman  from  their 
charges. 

June  1.  Nicholas  Boeckel  and  George  Frey  came  to  the  School- 
House  complaining  about  Zappfenfeld's  letter.  I  told  them  they  would 
have  to  settle  the  matter  with  him. 

June  6.  Martin  Walk  brought  me  20  lbs.  flour,  all  that  he  can 
give  now.  Flour  is  very  scarce,  and  many  have  not  even  corn  meal. 
John  Miiller  brought  us  a  piece  of  venison,  which  was  very  welcome, 
as  we  have  had  no  fresh  meat  for  a  long  time. 

June  16.  Harvest  time  has  come,  so  the  school  will  be  stopped  for 
a  while. 

June  30.  My  wife  and  I,  also  Br.  and  Sr.  Ernst  from  Bethania, 
were  in  Salem  for  Aeltesten  Confer enz  for  the  first  time. 

July  23.  Johann  Nicholas  Boeckel  told  me  that  he  had  sold  his 
plantation  on  the  Beedy  Creek  to  a  Dunkard,  and  has  taken  250  acres 
in  Wachovia  from  Br.  Marshall. 

Oct.  5.  The  boys'  school  began  again  today;  and  the  girls'  school 
on  the  6th. 

Nov.  25.  I  heard  that  the  Stewards  from  here  have  asked  Br. 
Marshall  for  a  change  in  the  school.. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


745 


Dec.  1.  I  sent  a  letter  to  Br.  Marshall,  protesting  against  the  re- 
quested change  in  the  school,  according  to  which  boys  and  girls  would 
attend  at  the  same  time. 

Dec.  6.  Br.  Marshall  met  with  the  Society  to  discuss  the  school 
matter,  and,  in  spite  of  all  representations,  we  had  to  agree  that  the 
custom  of  the  Pennsylvania  country  congregations  should  be  adopted, 
and  that  boys  and  girls  should  attend  together. 

Dec.  7.  A  beginning  was  made  with  the  new  school  arrangement, 
eight  little  boys  and  nine  little  girls  attending.  I  seated  the  reading 
boys  and  girls  on  one  bench,  and  the  writing  and  A.  B.  C,  children  on 
the  other.  At  dinner  I  seated  the  children  of  each  family  together  at 
the  table,  sang  a  grace  for  them  before  and  after  the  meal,  remained 
with  them  while  they  ate,  and  appointed  one  little  girl  to  bring  water 
and  pour  it  for  them,  and  to  clear  the  table  afterwards.  Then  they 
all  wanted  to  pick  cotton  until  time  for  school  to  begin  again;  and  so 
today  all  went  smoothly  and  in  good  order.  A  class  for  the  older  boys 
was  begun  in  the  evening. 

Dec.  9.    Two  older  girls  joined  the  reading  and  writing  school. 

Dec.  25.  After  preaching,  the  children  had  a  Lovefeast,  and  sang 
happy  hymns  to  the  Infant  Jesus.  An  apple  and  little  verse  were  also 
given  to  each  of  them. 


1773 


Memorabilia  of  the  Congregations  and  Societies  of  the  Brethren 

in  Wachovia. 

[Translated  in  full.] 

At  the  close  of  this  year,  1773,  the  Congregations  and  Societies  of 
the  Brethren  in  Wachovia  review  with  thankful  and  humble  hearts 
the  grace  and  guidance  of  the  Saviour,  Who  has  more  fully  made  known 
His  purposes  for  them  during  this  year. 

Although  we  have  realized  our  shortcomings  and  errors,  in  larger 
and  in  smaller  matters,  His  call  of  grace  has  encouraged  us  to  be  His 
people,  His  property,  and.  to  join  with  the  entire  Unity  of  Brethren 
in  an  endeavor  to  live  according  to  His  mind  and  heart,  and  amongst 
ourselves  and  around  us  to  further  His  thoughts  of  peace.  Tor  the 
past  two  years  it  has  seemed  that  the  division  of  Wachovia  would  dis- 
turb our  freedom  to  conduct  our  Church  affairs  according  to  the  cus- 
toms of  the  "Unity.  Our  dear  Brethren,  Marshall  and  Bagge,  there- 
fore made  the  journey  to  New  Bern, — Jan.  11th,  to  Feb.  20th,— to 
present  to  the  Government  and  to  the  Assembly  a  Petition  from  the 
residents  in  Wachovia,  and  as  their  representatives  to  do  their  utmost 
that  Wachovia  remain  one  Parish,  belonging  to  one  county  only.  The 
Lord  granted  that  these  Brethren  found  favor  with  those  in  authority, 
and  carried  out  their  commission  with  success  and  blessing.  Wachovia, 
therefore,  remains  one  undivided  Parish,  confirmed  by  a  new  Act  of 
Assembly;1  and  is  placed  as  a  whole  in  Surry  County.  The  Freeholders 
met  on  Easter  Monday  in  Salem  for  their  Parish  Meeting,  elected  twelve 
Vestry  Men,  and  after  the  Vestry  had  been  installed  by  Br.  Bonn,  as 
Deputy  Sheriff,  it  elected  the  Brn.  Beuter  and  Spoenhauer  as  Church 
Wardens. 

A  still  more  significant  manifestation  of  the  Saviour's  direction  of 
His  Brethren's  Unity  in  Wachovia  is  that  during  the  twenty  years 
which  have  passed  since  the  Brethren  settled  in  the  virgin  forest  He 
has  wonderfully  led,  guided  and  blessed  them,  so  that  they  now  have 
three  town  Congregations  and  one  country  Congregation,  each  con- 
ducted in  its  own  way,  and  self-sustaining.    A  further  proof  of  His 

i  Colonial  Records,  Vol.  XXIII,  page  906,  gives  "An  Act  for  annexing  the  North  Part ;  of 
Rowan  to  the  County  of  Surry,  and  the  further  Establishing  and  gating  the  Parish 
of  Dobbs  into  a  separate  and  distant  Parish."  Dobbs  Parish  was  Wachovia;  the  rest 
of  Surry  County  was  the  Parish  of  St.  Jude;  Rowan  was  the  Parish  of  St.  Luke.  Com- 
missioners to  run  the  line  between  Rowan  and  Surry  counties  were :  Griffith  ™ner- 
ford   Anthony  Hampton,  Robert  Lanier,  John  Braby,  and  Christian  Gottlieb  Reuter. 


^L^-    4L.  rf-fosC. 


Letter  from  Governor  Josiah  Martin 
Accompanying  a  gift  of  the  Collet  Map  of  North  Caroli 


Kecokds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  747 

approval  has  been  given  this  year,  for  by  His  direction  our  dear  Br. 
Graff  was  ordained  Co-Episcopus  in  Bethlehem,  and  on  his  return  the 
Brn.  Bachhof  and  Ernst  were  ordained  Deacons,  and  the  Srs.  Bachhof, 
Ernst  and  Elisabeth  Bagge  were  ordained  Deaconesses.  This  first 
ordination  in  Wachovia,  which  took  place  in  Salem,  Oct  17th,  will 
never  be  forgotten  by  the  Brethren  and  Sisters  who  were  present.  Since 
then  each  of  our  Congregations  has  had  its  own  ordained  minister,  to 
serve  it  with  the  preaching  of  the  Gospel,  and  with  the  Sacraments. 
The  Saviour  has  directed  that  each  Congregation  is  to  be  independent 
in  its  own  affairs,  but  all  shall  be  bound  together  in  the  bond  of  love 
and  peace,  and  shall  be  conducted  according  to  the  customs  and  rules 
of  a  godly  congregation.  That  these  may  be  maintained,  the  Provin- 
cial Elders  Conference  has  been  organized,  and  the  Brn.  Marshall  and 
Graff  chosen  from  its  membership  to  be  pastors  of  all  the  Congrega- 
tions in  general. 

Our  Bible  readings,  sermons  by  the  Jiinger  and  the  Brethren  of  the 
Unity's  Elders  Conference,  addressed  to  congregations  and  to  Choirs, 
have  fed  our  poor  hearts  with  His  merits  and  His  sufferings,  as  blessed 
spiritual  nourishment ;  and  the  Holy  Spirit  has  confirmed  the  witness 
of  the  Brethren  concerning  the  Sufferings  and  Death  of  Jesus,  and  has 
blessed  it  to  us  and  to  those  about  us. 

The  Gemein  JNTaehrichten  from  our  Congregations  among  Christians 
and  heathen,  from  the  witnesses  and  messengers  to  all  the  four  corners 
of  the  earth,  the  reports  of  grace  and  blessing  in  many  Diaspora  groups, 
all  these  have  made  our  Gemein  Tage  days  of  real  blessing,  and  have 
induced  our  Brethren  and  Sisters  to  contribute  not  only  to  missions 
among  the  heathen  but  also  to  the  needs  of  the  Unity  itself. 

Days  of  rejoicing  and  refreshment  for  our  hearts  have  been  the 
festal  days  of  the  Unity,  as  also  Christmas  and  the  Passion  season, 
which  are  observed  by  all  Christians,  everywhere,  but  have  been  used 
by  the  Saviour  and  his  Spirit  for  a  special  work  of  grace  in  the  Renewed 
Unity  of  Brethren. 

But  above  all  else  we  hold  the  remembrance  of  the  sacramental  pres- 
ence of  our  beloved  Saviour,  as  the  Congregations  and  the  Choirs  par- 
took of  His  Supper. 

So  He  Who  watches  over  Israel  has  watched  over  us  and  all  our 
Congregations.  He  has  given  His  angels  charge  concerning  our 
Brethren  on  their  journeys  to  ~New  Bern,  Pennsylvania,  Charlestown, 
and  Cross  Creek,  and  has  safely  brought  to  us  those  coming  from 
Europe  and  Pennsylvania. 


748  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


He  has  blessed  the  sweat  of  the  brow  and  faithfulness  in  handicraft 
and  business,  so  that  we  may  thank  Him  also  for  our  material  support 
and  subsistence. 

Now  follows  the  Memorabilia  of  each  separate 
Congregation  and  Society. 
1)    Through  many  powerful  evidences  of  grace,  and  through  earnest 
warnings  and  corrections,  the  Saviour  has  taught  the  Congregation  of 
SALEM  the  truth  of  the  Text  drawn  for  it  by  the  Unity's  Elders  Con- 
ference: "See  now  that  I,  even  I,  am  he,  and  there  is  no  god  with 
me:  I  kill,  and  I  make  alive;  I  wound,  and  I  heal;  neither  is  there 
any  that  can  deliver  out  of  my  hand."   And  as  the  Collect  says  "Death, 
Sin,  Satan,  are  subject  unto  Him,  and  Life  and  Grace  are  in  His 
hands,"  so  He  can  save  all  who  turn  to  Him.    And  during  the  past 
year  He  has  made  known  to  us  that  He  Himself  has  watched  over  us, 
so  that  the  true  spirit  of  Christ  and  of  the  Unity,  in  which  the  life 
of  a  Congregation  subsists,  has  been  obtained  and  made  dominant 
among  us;  and  that  He,  as  Shepherd  and  Elder,  has  nourished  His 
congregation,  and  maintained  for  them  an  undisturbed  existence.  That 
which  threatened  disturbance  and  distress  He  revealed  in  time,  and 
brought  it  to  naught.    And  while  we  are  fully  agreed  that  not  one 
of  us  can  set  forth  a  reason  why  Jesus  should  love  him,  we  know  that 
from  the  bottom  of  our  hearts  we  desire  an  humble  consciousness  of 
sin,  a  heart  living  and  burning  with  the  thought  of  Jesus'  Blood,  so 
that  the  spirit  of  Laodicea  may  not  creep  in  among  us,  that  we  may 
not  be  bodies  devoid  of  life.    We  are  convinced  that  this  is  His  wish 
for  us   for  He  has  not  yet  permitted  the  Hourly  Intercession  to  be 
begun  in  Salem,  and  has  laid  it  upon  us  that  we  should  worship  Him 
in  spirit  and  in  truth,  that  we  should  study  our  hearts  m  the  school 
of  the  Holy  Spirit,  and  daily  and  hourly  rest  upon  the  merits  of  His 
Atonement,  as  the  foundation  of  a  people  of  God,  and  so  attain  to  all 
the  blessings,  liturgies,  and  privileges  of  a  Congregation  of  Jesus 
Through  the  grace  of  the  Saviour  a  desire  for  this  has  manifested  itselt 
in  all  the  Choirs,  and  the  Holy  Spirit  has  led  Brethren  and  Sisters  to 
beseech  the  Lord  to  give  them  new  spiritual  life.    Our  Brethren  of 
the  Aeltesten  Conferenz  and  Aufseher  Collegium  have  done  many  things 
to  further  this;  and  the  Grosse  Heifer  Conferenz  was  moved  by  the 
reading  of  the  reports  of  the  English  Provincial  Synod  to  pray:  U 
Lord,  restore  Thy  people  here  to  their  first  simplicity  and  singleness  of 
purpose,  and  according  to  Thy  will  lead  them  to  give  joy  to  Thy  heart. 

The  Kules  and  Regulations  for  the  Orts-Gemein  having  been  read 
and  discussed  in  the  Congregation  Council,  they  were  signed  on  the 
12th  of  May,  by  all  officers  of  the  Congregation  and  of  the  Choirs,  by 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  749 

all  Master-workmen,  by  all  house-fathers,  and  by  the  Curator  of  the 
Single  Sisters  in  their  name. 

Since  Br.  and  Sr.  Graff  have  moved  to  Salem  he  has  been  made 
Gemein  Heifer,  and  has  been  heartily  welcomed  by  the  Congregation. 

Br.  Aust  has  become  Saal  Diener  in  place  of  Br.  Pratzel,  and  Sr. 
Miksch  has  become  one  of  the  Saal  Dienerinnen. 

The  Married  People  rejoice  that  Br.  and  Sr.  Graff,  their  Choir 
Pfleger  and  Pflegerin,  have  come  to  live  here,  and  will  take  them  into 
their  especial  care.  The  Saviour  has  blessed  their  Choir  meetings  with 
His  presence,  and  with  the  respect  which  He,  as  Creator  and  Restorer, 
has  granted  to  this  condition  of  life.  Their  Choir  Festivals  and  Com- 
munions have  been  filled  with  grace  for  the  twenty  married  couples  of 
this  Choir.  The  Married  Sister,  Anna  Eva  Beroth,  went  peacefully 
home  some  weeks  after  giving  birth  to  a  daughter,  and  her  remains 
were  interred  on  our  God's  Acre,  the  first  in  the  square  for  Married 
Sisters. 

Our  two  Widows,  who  have  been  joined  by  Sr.  Christina  Merk, 
from  Bethabara,  have  experienced  in  their  Choir  Festival,  and  through- 
out the  year,  that  the  Saviour  is  their  Friend,  their  Comfort,  and 
their  Support. 

The  Single  Brethren  celebrated  their  Choir  Festival  in  the  presence 
of  the  Prince  of  their  Choir,  closing  it  with  the  Holy  Communion. 
Five  Youths  were  received  into  the  Choir,  two  Single  Brethren  have 
come  from  Pennsylvania,  and  two  Boys  have  moved  hither  from 
Bethabara.  On  their  Doctrinal  Day,  April  30th,  they  were  told  that 
their  faithful  Pfleger,  Br.  Lorenz  Bagge,  had  received  a  call  to  another 
office,  and  that  the  Brn.  Mis  Petersen  and  Gottfried  Prazel  would 
now  jointly  serve  as  Pfleger,  and  these  two  Brethren  were  then  in- 
stalled, and  shared  the  Cup  of  Covenant  with  the  Choir.  On  Dec.  4, 
four  Brethren  arrived  from  Europe,  among  them  Johann  Casper  Heinz- 
mann,  who  became  Yorsteher  of  the  Choir;  they  were  received  with 
joy,  and  the  Text  for  the  day  and  the  felt  presence  of  the  Saviour 
were  added  encouragement.  From  this  Choir  our  dear  Br.  George 
Soelle  passed  into  the  joy  of  his  Lord;  he  was  a  true  servant  of  the 
Saviour,  humble  and  redeemed,  successful  in  his  work,  beloved  and 
respected  by  his  Brethren.  His  remains  were  interred  in  our  God's 
Acre,  in  the  presence  of  a  large  company  of  Brethren  and  Sisters,  and 
many  outside  friends,  to  whom  he  had  often  preached. 

Our  Youths  and  Boys  had  their  Festival  on  Jan.  10th,  and  four 
Children  were  received  into  the  Choir.  The  Saviour  has  blessed  the 
doctrinal  instruction  given  to  them. 


750 


North  Carolina  Historioal  Commission 


The  Choir  of  Single  Sisters  has  been  somewhat  increased  by  the 
reception  of  two  Older  Girls.  In  their  Choir  meetings,  and  especially 
in  their  Choir  Festival  and  Communion,  the  Saviour  has  made  Him- 
self known  as  the  Bridegroom  of  their  souls,  and  has  blessed  them  with 
His  presence.  Five  Single  Sisters  have  been  admitted  to  the  Com- 
munion. Sr.  Christina  Jord  moved  to  Bethabara  to  help  on  the  farm 
there ;  Sr.  Anna  Johanna  Graff  came  from  Bethabara  with  her  parents, 
and  has  moved  into  the  Choir  House. 

The  Older  Girls  have  shared  in  the  Choir  grace  of  the  Single  Sisters, 
and  have  felt,  especially  on  their  Choir  Festival,  March  25th,  that  the 
Saviour's  eye  has  rested  graciously  upon  them.,  One  of  them  has  gained 
the  high  privilege  of  becoming  a  partaker  in  the  Lord's  Supper. 

Our  Children's  Choir  has  this  year  been  increased  by  two  boys  and 
two  girls,  all  baptised  soon  after  their  birth,  and  so  made  a  part  of 
His  Congregation.  One  of  these,  Maria  Eahel  Bagge,  lived  only  three 
months,  and  was  then  transferred  by  the  Saviour  into  the  heavenly 
Choir.  During  this  year  the  Saviour  has  blessed  their  Choir  meetings, 
Festival,  and  especially  their  schools,  so  that  they  have  been  lovable 
and  pleasant,  and  have  increased  in  knowledge  and  in  grace. 

The  Congregation  consists  of  40  Married  People,  3  Widows,  41  Sin- 
gle Brethren,  9  Youths  and  Boys,  17  Single  Sisters,  4  Older  Girls,  9 
Little  Boys  and  7  Little  Girls,  a  total  of  132,  of  whom  100  are  Com- 
municants. 

2)  BETHABAKA.  After  Br.  Graff  moved  to  Salem,  having  served 
this  Congregation  with  grace  and  blessing  for  ten  years,  Br.  Lorenz 
Bagge  was  called  to  the  service  here,  and  during  his  visit  to  Pennsyl- 
vania with  Br.  Graff  he  was  married,  in  Lititz,  to  Sr.  Elisabeth  Burst- 
ler.  They  were  introduced  to  the  Congregation  as  soon  as  they  arrived, 
and  took  charge  when  Br.  and  Sr.  Graff  went  to  Salem.  On  Aug.  27th 
the  Hourly  Intercession  was  again  begun  by  the  Communicants. 

The  Married  Choir  has  been  increased  by  Br.  and  Sr.  Lorenz  Bagge; 
Br.  Johannes  Schaub  has  been  married  to  Sr.  Johanna  Leinbach,  and 
they  have  taken  charge  of  our  Tavern  in  place  of  his  father  and  mother, 
who  asked  to  be  relieved  because  of  age  and  feeble  health.  The  Mar- 
ried Brother,  Jacob  van  der  Merk,  has  ended  his  life  here,  and  has 
been  transferred  by  the  Saviour  into  the  kingdom  of  those  who  will 
never  again  be  sick.  He  had  served  this  Congregation  as  a  member 
of  our  Committee,  and  the  public  as  Justice  of  the  Peace.  The  Brn, 
Blum  and  Lung  have  become  members  of  the  Committee  in  place  of  the 
departed  Brethren,  van  der  Merk  and  Pfeifer.  The  Married  Sister, 
Gottliebe  Kastner,  died  in  childbirth,  trusting  in  the  grace  and  mercy 
of  the  Saviour. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


751 


The  two  Widows  and  two  Widowers  of  Bethabara,  together  with  four 
Widows  from  Salem  and  Bethania,  celebrated  their  Choir  Festival  here, 
and  in  the  Lovefeast  counted  100  of  their  children  and  grand-children 
present,  most  of  them  under  the  care  of  the  Unity.  Soon  after,  the  old 
mother,  Margaret  Zynn,  blessedly  ended  all  her  pain  and  sickness. 

Two  Children  have  been  born,  and  baptised  into  the  death  of  Jesus. 
A  new  work  of  grace  of  the  Holy  Spirit  has  been  seen  among  the  chil- 
dren, and  a  Children's  Meeting  has  been  begun  for  the  older  ones. 

The  Congregation  of  Bethabara  consists  of  25  Married  People,  2 
Widows,  7  Single  Brethren,  3  Single  Sisters,  1  Older  Girl,  and  16 
Children,  total  54,  of  whom  33  are  Communicants.  Besides  these  there 
are  several  boys  and  older  girls  living  in  the  families  of  members,  and 
we  trust  that  they  also  will  become  the  property  of  the  Saviour. 
3)  BETHANIA.  Just  on  our  Congregation  Festival,  June  23rd,  we 
received  the  Text  which  the  Unity's  Elders  Conference  had  drawn  for 
Wachovia,  and  it  was  at  once  made  known  to  the  Bethania  Congrega- 
tion :  "That  which  ye  have  already  hold  fast  till  I  come."  During  this 
year  the  Saviour  has  shown  His  grace  and  mercy  to  this  Congregation, 
and  has  blessed  our  Festivals,  Liturgies,  and  Services,  and  has  revealed 
Himself  to  our  hearts  as  our  faithful  and  merciful  Lord,  and  per- 
mitted that  on  Aug.  27th  the  Hourly  Intercession  might  be  established 
here  for  the  first  time,  with  most  of  the  Communicants  as  members, 
their  prayer  being:  "O  help  us  to  watch  day  and  night,  and  guard 
this  treasure." 

It  appears  that  Satan,  through  his  agents,  sought  to  lead  some  astray, 
to  disturb  the  Congregation  in  its  life  of  grace,  and  especially  to  lead 
the  young  from  their  call  of  grace,  so  that  they  might  exchange  their 
inheritance  and  rights  in  the  House  of  God  for  the  vanities  and  pleas- 
ures of  this  world,  which  would  harm  their  souls  and  bring  them  great 
unhappiness.  But  our  faithful  Lord  revealed  the  danger,  and  permit- 
ted none  to  remain  in  His  Congregation  who  would  lead  the  young 
astray,  but  separated  them  from  His  people,  and  brought  back  all  the 
poor  souls  who  had  been  tempted. 

In  the  spirit  of  all  true  Congregations  of  God,  we  have  been  strength- 
ened by  various  days  of  grace,  especially  in  the  Communions,  which 
since  Br.  Ernst's  ordination  have  been  held  on  the  same  days  as  in 
other  Congregations,  and  in  the  Gemein  Tagen,  particularly  that  on 
which  the  Married  Brother,  Peter  Feiser,  was  received  into  the  Con- 
gregation. 

Five  children  have  been  born,  1  boy  and  4  girls,  of  whom  one  has 
since  died. 


752  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


In  Bethania  there  live  36  Married  People,  2  Widows,  3  Single  Breth- 
ren, 8  Older  Boys,  12  Older  Girls,  and  47  Children,  total  108,  of  whom 
36  are  Communicants.,  Communicants  and  Eeceived  living  outside 
Bethania  number  18,  with  35  children. 

4)  FBIEDBEBG.  Since  the  Society  here,  and  especially  its  Com- 
municant membership,  has  been  made  a  Country  Congregation,  the 
Brethren  and  Sisters,  Christoph  and  Aaltje  Ellroth,  and  Daniel  and 
Catharina  Smith,  have  been  Eeceived,  and  the  little  Congregation  has 
anew  experienced  the  grace  of  the  Saviour. 

The  youth,  Christian  David  Hartman,  being  very  ill,  experienced  a 
powerful  working  of  the  Holy  Spirit  in  his  heart  and  being  unbaptised 
he  greatly  desired  that  Holy  Sacrament,  which  was  administered  to  him 
by  Br.  Lorenz  Bagge,  Feb.  11th,  in  the  presence  of  many  Brethren, 
Sisters,  and  children;  and  soon  thereafter,  Feb.  20th,  the  Saviour  re- 
moved him  from  all  the  trials  of  earth  to  His  eternal  safety. 

Three  boys  and  five  girls  were  born  and  baptised.  The  Congregation 
consists  of  20  Communicants,  who,  since  Br.  Bachhof's  ordination,  have 
the  Lord's  Supper  at  the  same  time  as  in  other  Congregations ;  further, 
there  are  4  Eeceived,  and  21  Society  members.  Their  children,  number- 
ing 113,  are  an  especial  object  of  prayer,  that  they  may  share  in  the 
grace  and  blessing  of  their  parents,  that  they  may  be  redeemed  by  the 
Blood  of  Jesus,  and  may  be  received  into  the  Congregation  by  Holy 
Baptism.    Keep  them  before  the  altar  of  your  heart. 

5)  FBIEDLAND  SETTLEMENT.  The  house-fathers  here  have  re- 
newed their  allegience  to  their  Eules  and  Eegulations,  in  the  presence 
of  Brn.  Marshall  and  Soelle,  and  four  new  signatures  have  been  at- 
tached. Their  new  School-House  has  been  so  far  completed  that  Br. 
Soelle  could  preach  there  twice  before  his  death;  and  since  then  they 
have  been  served  by  various  Brethren,  especially  Br.  Valentine  Beck 
and  Br.  Fritz,  so  that  the  usual  Sunday  services  have  been  held  once 
a  month. 

6)  Br.  Fritz  has  visited  and  preached  twice  on  the  HUGH  WABBEN; 
and  those  who  formerly  listened  to  Br.  Soelle  on  BELEWS  CEEEK 
have  been  visited  by  Br.  Lorenz  Bagge.  About  once  a  month  Br.  TJtley 
has  held  services  on  this  side  of  and  beyond  the  ATKIN,  especially  in 
Timber  Eidge  Meeting  House,  where  he  has  preached  the  Gospel  to 
two  hundred  or  more  hearers.  And  as  he  has  responded  to  their  invi- 
tations, and  has  visited  here  and  there  in  their  homes,  he  has  seen  that 
the  Holy  Spirit  is  working  in  their  hearts,  though  he  has  perceived  with 
sorrow  that  many  have  willfully  hindered  the  work  of  grace  in  their 
souls.    In  the  latter  part  of  October  he  made  a  journey  to  NEW 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


753 


RIVEB,  in  Virginia,  having  been  invited  by  residents  to  visit  and 
preach  there.,  The  path  thither  was  almost  impassable,  the  land  very 
rough,  with  a  little  farm  here  and  there  between  high  rocks  and  steep 
mountains.  He  found  one  opportunity  to  preach  to  the  Germans,  and 
preached  twice  to  the  English,  and  not  without  making  a  blessed  im- 
pression. 

7)  Concerning  WACHOVIA  and  its  inhabitants  in  general  it  should 
be  noted  that  this  year  the  Saviour  has  given  visible  proof  that  He 
has  taken  possession  of  this  land,  and  has  brought  hither  a  goodly  num- 
ber of  new  residents,  some  who  have  known  the  Unity  or  have  belonged 
to  it,  others  who  long  for  the  kingdom  of  God,  and  desire  a  knowledge 
of  the  Saviour.  We  wish  for  all  fathers  and  mothers,  and  their  chil- 
dren, that  He  may  let  them  feel  that  His  heart  is  full  of  love  and  pity, 
that  they  may  answer  His  gracious  call,  and  may  share  our  faith  in 
the  Atonement  of  Jesus  Christ,  and  the  salvation  which  He  has  gained 
for  us. 

From  the  Bagge  MS. 
In  August,  1772,  Governor  Martin  made  a  trip  up  into  the  country, 
coming  also  to  Wachovia.  He  stayed  five  days  in  Salem,  was  pleased 
with  what  he  saw  in  our  town,  and  promised  that  in  the  next  Assembly 
our  wish  should  be  granted  [concerning  our  Parish  and  County].  In 
January,  1773,  Br.  Marshall,  accompanied  by  Br.  Bagge,  went  to  JNTew- 
bern  to  present  the  Petition  of  the  Brethren  to  the  Assembly.  They 
found  the  Governor  in  the  same  frame  of  mind,  and  he  took  the  Pe- 
tition from  Br.  Marshall's  hand,  and  asked  the  honor  of  sending  it  to 
the  Assembly  with  a  message,  which  he  did  through  his  Secretary, 
while  the  Assembly  was  considering  what  answer  they  should  give  to 
the  Governor's  address.  But  this  did  not  help  our  cause,  for  those 
who  set  the  other  boundaries  were  there,  and  had  not  changed  their 
desire  to  injure  the  Brethren,  and  so  the  Petition  was  received,  read, 
and  laid  on  the  table.  The  two  Brethren  laid  their  wishes  before 
friends,  neutrals  and  opposers,  as  far  as  they  could,  and  it  was  mani- 
fest that  every  careless  or  ill-considered  word  or  deed  of  an  individual 
Brother  was  held  against  the  entire  Settlement,  and  made  an  occasion 
for  false  accusations;  indeed,  all  our  affairs,  material  and  spiritual, 
were  painted  by  many  in  the  most  unpleasant  colors..  But  others  now 
learned  the  truth,  and  became  favorable  to  the  Brethren,  if  they  had  not 
already  begun  to  change.  After  a  long  wait  a  Bill  to  enlarge  Surry 
County  was  introduced  in  the  Assembly,  read  the  first  time,  and  passed. 

But  it  should  be  noted  that  such  a  Bill  in  its  first  reading  is  only  a 
16 


754  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


draft,  in  which  the  boundaries  are  left  blank.    The  Brethren,  while 
awaiting  the  fate  of  the  Bill,  continued  their  efforts  in  every  possible 
way,— the  time  seemed  long  to  them.    At  last,  on  Feb.  5th,  it  was  read 
for  the  second  time ;  before  this  was  done  some  of  the  gentlemen  looked 
very  grim,  but  a  majority  prevailed  in  favor  of  the  County  and  of 
Wachovia.    Then  the  Bill,  according  to  the  custom  of  the  time,  was 
taken  to  the  Council  for  a  second  reading.    When  the  Assembly  ad- 
journed that  day  strong  opposition  to  the  Bill  developed,  especially  on 
the  part  of  one  man,  who  vowed  that  he  would  leave  no  stone  unturned 
to  kill  it ;  and  it  may  be  believed  that  he  and  others  did  their  utmost. 
The  same  day  the  Governor's  Secretary  (on  purpose)  dined  with  the 
Brethren  in  their  quarters,  and  told  them  everything.    The  Bill  re- 
mained in  Council,  no  one  knew  exactly  why;  but  finally  the  Brn. 
Marshall  and  Bagge  were  summoned  to  appear  before  the  Council, 
where  they  found  the  members  from  Surry,  Rowan,  and  Salisbury, 
who  had  all  been  called.    Mr.  James  Hasell  was  presiding.  [President 
Hasell  was,  as  ever,  the  unchanging  friend  of  the  Unity.  Marshall's 
Report  to  U.  E.  C  ]    He  opened  the  matter,  and  the  members  debated 
it;  then  the  President  asked  Br.  Marshall  in  which  County  he  thought 
we  would  prefer  to  be.,    Br.  Marshall  answered:   "The  Brethren,  in 
their  Petition,  left  that  to  the  decision  of  the  Assembly  and  Council, 
but  if  they  were  to  choose,  he  thought  it  most  natural  that  we  should 
be  placed  in  that  County  where  most  of  Wachovia  already  lay,  and 
that  would  be  Surry."   "Good,"  said  the  President,  and  closed  the  hear- 
ing; and  the  same  day  the  Bill  passed  Council  for  the  second  time, 
unaltered.    Then  machinations  were  begun  to  defeat  it  on  its  third 
reading.    The  Brethren  did  not  know  all  the  details,  for  now  for  the 
most  part  they  remained  quiet,  trusting  in  God  to  bring  the  matter  to 
pass,  but  they  heard  various  accusations,— for  example,  that  the  Breth- 
ren would  have  their  own  government  in  Wachovia,  that  they  were  a 
lazy,  useless  people,  who  ate  five  times  a  day,  that  they  harbored  run- 
away negroes,  etc.    Finally  the  opposition  schemed  to  add  a  clause,  at 
the  third  reading  of  the  Bill,  providing  that  Rowan  should  receive  a 
part  of  Mecklenburg,  in  place  of  what  was  given  to  Surry;  and  that 
Mecklenburg  should  take  part  of  Tryon.    The  Assembly  would  not 
have  agreed  to  this,  and  it  would  have  killed  the  Bill,  for  it  was  con- 
trary to  custom  to  add  a  clause  at  the  third  reading,  and  the  Governor 
could  not  have  given  his  consent  to  such  a  mutilation  of  the  Counties. 
When  the  Brethren  heard  of  this  trick  they  protested  against  it,  and 
in  spite  of  all  kinds  of  rumors  the  plan  was  finally  dropped,  and  on  a 
Saturday  in  February  the  Assembly  passed  the  Bill  for  the  third  time 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  755 


without  further  opposition.  The  Brethren  were  assured  of  the  ap- 
proval of  the  Council  and  Governor,  so,  happily  and  thankfully,  they 
set  out  for  home.  This  placing  of  Wachovia  into  Surry  County  proved 
of  great  benefit  to  the  Brethren  during  the  following  war  times,  for 
it  took  them  from  under  the  control  of  the  Presbyterians,  (who  were 
very  strong  and  hot  in  Rowan,)  and  in  large  measure  freed  them  from 
the  commands  of  the  officers  of  that  County.  In  Surry,  God  gave  us 
chief  officers  who  did  not  willingly  permit  anything  to  injure  the 
Brethren.  The  Brethren  who  lived  across  the  boundary  of  Surry,  in 
Rowan  County,  had  much  more  to  bear. 

Extracts  from  Salem  Diary,  1773. 

[The  chief  characteristic  of  the  Salem  Diary  for  this  year  is  its 
multiplicity  of  abbreviations !  Often  three,  four,  or  more  words  in  suc- 
cession are  represented  by  one  or  two  letters  only,  and  this  primitive 
short-hand  would  make  reading  difficult  for  any  one  not  accustomed  to 
the  phraseology  in  vogue.  Apart  from  this  the  script  is  legible,  and 
the  entries  concise,  and  largely  concerned  with  the  religious  affairs  of 
the  Congregation,  which  have  already  been  sufficiently  presented  in  the 
Memorabilia.  A  few  paragraphs  are  translated  which  give  additional 
information.] 

Jan.  1.  The  Brn.  Marshall  and  Bagge  left  today  for  Newbern,  as 
the  Assembly  has  been  called  by  the  Governor  to  meet  on  the  9th  of 
January. 

/ an.  4.  The  Brn.  Marshall  and  Bagge  returned  today,  having  heard 
en  route  that  the  Assembly  has  been  postponed  to  Jan.  18th. 

Jan.  11.    The  Brn.  Marshall  and  Bagge  left  again  for  Newbern. 

Jan.  19.  Br.  and  Sr.  Graff  brought  Br.  and  Sr.  Ludwig  Meinung  to 
us,  and  they  moved  into  their  new  house,  aside  of  Br.  Aust. 

Jan.  31.  The  Diener,  Musicians,  and  members  of  the  Aeltesten  Con- 
ferenz,  had  a  Lovefeast,  during  which  Br.  Tiersch  read  a  [fifteen 
stanza]  poem. 

F eh.  20.  Our  dear  Brn.  Marshall  and  Bagge  returned  in  good  health 
from  Newbern,  having  successfully  carried  out  their  commission,  with 
the  blessing  of  the  Lord.  The  Governor  and  President  Hasel  proved 
themselves  true  friends  of  the  people  of  God,  and  the  former  sent  the 
Petition  of  the  United  Brethren  in  Wachovia  to  the  Assembly,  with  a 
recommendation.  It  was  twice  read  as  a  Bill  in  the  Lower  House,  and 
passed;  and  when  it  was  to  be  considered  for  the  second  time  in  the 
Upper  House,  that  is,  in  the  Council,  not  only  our  Brethren,  but  also 


756  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


the  Assembly  Men  from  Surry  and  Kowan  were  summoned,  as  Surry 
was  asking  to  be  enlarged,  and  their  Petition  and  ours  were  brought 
in  as  one  Bill.  When  it  had  been  determined  that  our  Parish  should 
not  be  divided,  and  that  the  whole  of  Wachovia  should  belong  to  Surry 
County,  it  finally  passed  the  Lower  House  for  the  third  time,  Feb.  13th, 
without  opposition.  As  there  was  no  danger  of  trouble  in  the  Upper 
House,  and  no  doubt  as  to  the  Governor's  approval,  he  and  the  friends 
who  had  helped  in  the  matter  agreed  to  the  departure  of  our  Brethren, 
and  they  reached  home  so  well  and  happy  that  we  all  rejoiced  together 
that  we  were  again  united. 

Feb.  28.  Gideon  Wright's  eldest  daughter,  Sally,  came  to  Salem 
today,  and  received  permission  to  stay  for  a  few  weeks  with  Br.  and 
Sr.,  Beuter. 

March  k-  Congregation  Council  met  at  seven  in  the  evening,  and 
it  was  proposed  to  them,  (1)  that  the  Kules  and  Regulations  for  the 
Orts-Gemein  Salem  should,  be  read  carefully  and  discussed;  (2)  that 
we  continue  to  insist  that  on  Sunday  nothing  should  be  sold  to  mem- 
bers or  visitors,  except  in  cases  of  sickness,  or  of  travelers  who  were  in 
great  need;  (3)  that  the  Taxables  of  Salem  should  pay  5  sh.  each  to 
Br.  Schmid,  the  Road  Master,  and  should  thereby  be  released  from 
two  days  of  road  work,  the  money  to  pay  the  £13 :  Proc.  still  due  on 
the  new  bridge;  (4)  the  report  of  the  Fire  Inspection  Committee  was 
read. 

March  8.  The  Brethren  and  Sisters  of  Congregation  Council  took 
up  the  Rules  and  Regulations,  meeting  each  evening  until  the  12th.  ^  It 
was  felt  that  the  spirit  of  the  Congregation  was  in  harmony  therewith, 
and  they  were  accepted  as  our  Congregation  Principles. 

March  21.  The  Brn.  Marshall  and  Soelle  were  in  Friedland,  where 
the  Rules  and  Regulations  were  reviewed,  and  Grohn  was  elected  as 
assistant  to  Michael  Rominger  in  the  Stewardship. 

March  SO.  The  new  road  to  Beloos  Creek  was  opened,  and  a  bridge 
built  across  the  Lech., 

March  31.  Today  was  the  first  meeting  of  the  Provincial  Elders 
Conference,  which  consists  of  the  Brn.  Marshall,  Graff,  Tiersch,  and 
Utley,  and  the  Srs.  Marshall  and  Graff.  The  Saviour  was  graciously 
near  them,  and  let  them  feel  His  peace,  as  Br.  Marshall  read  the  letter 
from  the  Unity's  Elders  Conference  to  them. 

April  Jf.  Br.  Marshall  was  in  Friedberg,  and  in  a  Society  Love- 
feast  announced  that  henceforth  Friedberg  would  be  a  Country  Con- 
gregation, and  that  in  future  those  who  wished  to  partake  of  the  Com- 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


757 


munion  with  them  would  first  be  Received  into  the  Congregation.  In 
a  meeting  of  the  Society  members  Br.  Tiersch  preached,  and  then 
Christoph  and  Aaltje  Ellroth  were  Received  with  the  kiss  of  peace. 
In  closing,  the  Communicants  partook  of  the  Lord's  Supper. 

April  7.  Br.  Reuter,  who  was  appointed  by  the  Assembly  to  run  the 
line  between  Rowan  and  Surry  Counties,  was  called  by  the  Commission- 
ers eight  days  ago,  and  took  Br.  Miksch  along  to  help  him.  [The  Act  of 
Assembly  appointed  Br.  Reuter  one  of  the  Commissioners  to  run  the 
County  Line,  and  it  took  him  from  the  beginning  to  the  middle  of 
April,  as  he  was  the  only  surveyor.    Marshall's  Report  to  U.  E.  C] 

April  11.  At  five  o'clock  in  the  morning  the  Congregation  met  in 
the  Saal,  and  went  from  there  in  procession  to  God's  Acre,1  where  the 
Easter  Liturgy  was  prayed,  and  the  Brn.  Pfeifer,  Merk,  Christian 
Daniel  Hartman,  and  Sr.  Zynn,  who  have  gone  home  from  Wachovia 
since  last  Easter,  were  remembered,  together  with  all  the  other  mem- 
bers of  the  Unity  who  have  been  called  away. 

April  12.  All  Freeholders  of  Dobbs  Parish  met  in  Salem.  Br.  Bonn, 
Justice  of  the  Peace,  had  been  appointed  Deputy  Sheriff  by  Sheriff 
Armstrong,  and  conducted  the  Meeting;  Br.  Meinung  acted  as  Clerk. 
New  Vestry  Men  were  elected,  as  follows :— Brn.  Bagge,  Meyer,  George 
Holder,  George  Schmid,  Blum,  John  Ranke,  Grabs,  Spoenhauer, 
George  Hauser,  Michael  Hauser,  Binkley,  and  Pfaff.  Br.  Bonn  ad- 
ministered the  oath  to  these  twelve,  and  to  the  Church  Wardens,  Reuter 
and  Spoenhauer,  elected  by  them,  and  then  they  held  their  first  con- 
ference. It  was  considered  good  for  the  Parish  that  a  Parish  God's 
Acre  should  be  laid  out  in  Salem,  and  that  the  one  near  Bethabara 
should  be  put  in  good  order. 

April  25.  Br.  and  Sr.  Tiersch  were  in  Friedland  today,  where 
public  service  was  held  in  the  new  School-House  for  the  first  time. 

May  4.  At  11  P.M.  our  dear  Br.  Soelle  passed  from  his  room  in 
the  Brothers  House  into  the  joy  of  his  Lord,  "As  gladly  as  a  man  to  his 
marriage,"  as  he  himself  expressed  it. 

May  5.  In  the  evening  his  departure  was  announced  to  the  Congre- 
gation, and  an  appropriate  Liturgy  was  sung,  with  sweet  musical  ac- 
companiment. 

May  6.  At  two  in  the  afternoon  Brethren,  Sisters  and  friends 
gathered  from  many  places  for  his  funeral.  Br.  Utley  preached  in 
English  on  the  words  of  Simeon:  "Lord,  now  lettest  thou  thy  servant 


1  This  was  the  first  Early  Easter  Sunday  Morning  Service  on  the  Salem  Graveyard.  The 
first  burial  there  was  in  June,  1771,  and  on  Easter  Sunday,  1772,  it  rained,  and  the 
service  had  to  be  held  in  the  Gemein  Saal. 


758  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


depart  in  peace,"  and  read  an  English  translation  of  Br.  Soelle's 
Memoir.    Br.  Tiersch  led  the  burial  Liturgy. 

May  9.  In  the  second  service  Br.  Soelle's  Memoir,  Diary,2  and  poems 
were  read  to  the  Congregation. 

May  15.  The  Brn.  Martin  Ebert,  Marcus  Hoens,  and  Niels  Lund, 
arrived  from  Pennsylvania,  bringing  letters  and  Nachrichten.  The 
two  former  came  to  buy  land ;  but  Lund  will  remain  here. 

May  22.  At  the  end  of  the  week  four  more  families  came  from 
Pennsylvania  to  settle  in  Wachovia,— Brendle,  Beroth,  Rothrock,  and 
a  Dunkard. 

May  2J>.    Br.  Prazel  held  the  Singstunde  for  the  first  time. 

[Marshall's  Report  to  U.  E.  C.  In  May,  Br.  Keuter  finished  his 
work  on  the  County  Line,  surveying  it  for  eighty  miles  from  our  Tract. 

About  the  same  time  several  men  came  from  Pennsylvania  to  buy 
land.  I  have  already  reported  that  the  Schmidt  lot  has  been  divided 
among  eight  purchasers.  Since  then  several  small  pieces  of  the  Wiede- 
bach  lot  have  been  sold,  more  than  a  thousand  acres  from  the  two 
Steinhauer  lots,  and  more  than  a  thousand  acres  of  Unity  land,  all  at 
about  the  same  valuation,  and  I  hope  the  Members  will  be  pleased.3 

From  these  travelers  we  have  learned  of  a  new  and  better  route 
which  can  be  followed  instead  of  the  last  bad  sixty  miles  coming  from 
Pennsylvania.  ] 

June  k.  Br.  Marshall  arranged  with  the  Brn.  Hoehns  and  Ebert  for 
their  purchase  of  land  on  South  Fork  and  the  Morava. 

June  22.  George  Prey,  from  New  River,  who  once  lived  near  Lititz, 
and  knew  many  of  the  early  Brethren  there,  came  to  ask  for  a  visit, 
as  they  would  like  to  have  a  pastor  and  school-teacher.  The  poor 
people  feel  the  lack  of  God's  word  in  their  neighborhood,  and  he  said 
that  they  lived  like  Indians.  He  was  told  of  Br.  Soelle's  departure, 
and  that  two  of  our  Ministers  had  gone  to  Pennsylvania,  and  he  was 
content  to  await  their  return,  being  told  that  then,  if  possible,  some 
one  would  come  to  him.  Adam  Hartmann,  his  brother-in-law,  ofiered 
to  go  as  guide. 

June  2Jf.  Br.  Christian  Heckewalder  went  to  Cross  Creek,  on  busi- 
ness for  the  Store. 

July  13.  The  Brn.  Marshall,  Bagge  and  Bonn  went  to  Bethania  to 
meet  Judge  Caswell  and  his  company,  and  came  with  them  to  Salem 
on  the  14th,  after  the  Bible  Reading,  but  in  time  for  the  Singstunde, 

2  The  Diary  of  his  home  mission  activities  is  preserved  in  the  Salem  ^c^s. 

3  A  list  of  the  Shareholders  in  Der  Nord  Carolina  Land  nnd  Colonie  Etabhssement  is  given 

in  Vol.  I  of  this  series. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


759 


which  they  attended  with  much  satisfaction.  Early  on  the  15th  they 
left,  the  above  mentioned  Brethren  going  with  them  to  our  borders. 

July  16.  We  were  rejoiced  by  word  from  Bethabara  of  the  return 
of  our  Brn.  Graff  and  Lorenz  Bagge,  the  bride  of  the  latter,  Elizabeth 
m.n.  Burstler,  whom  he  married  in  Lititz  on  June  18th,  and  their 
driver,  Heinrich  Hauser. 

July  28.  S****  M**  was  notified  by  the  Aufseher  Collegium  that 
his  bad,  unrighteous,  and  changeable  life  could  no  longer  be  borne  with 
the  patience  it  had  received  during  the  past  years,  as  it  had  become 
known  that  he  was  leading  others  astray,  and  as  an  agent  of  the  Evil 
One  was  tempting  them  to  become  as  unfortunate  as  he.  We  wish  for 
the  poor  man  a  true  repentance,  and  that  he  would  turn  to  Jesus 
for  the  forgiveness  of  his  sins. 

August  1.  A  Committee  of  Brethren  was  appointed  by  the  Grosse 
Heifer  Confer enz  to  examine  the  springs  lying  north-west  of  Salem, 
and  see  how  the  water  could  best  be  brought  to  the  town.  The  Com- 
mittee sounded  the  various  springs,  and  found  that  the  upper  one,4 
which  flows  out  of  a  rock,  has  the  best  and  freshest  water,  and  prob- 
ably would  be  sufficient  for  the  present.  The  Brn.  Petersen,  Aust, 
Beuter  and  George  Schmid  undertook  to  clean  out  and  enclose  this 
spring,  and  watch  it  to  the  end  of  September,  and  if  it  is  proved  that 
it  gives  enough  water,  pipes  will  then  be  laid. 

Aug.  3.  Br.  Marshall  made  an  address  to  the  Communicants,  and 
told  them  why  S****  M**  had  received  the  consilium  aheundi.5 

Aug.  17.  The  little  girls  in  Salem  had  their  Festival.  A  little 
negro  girl,  ten  years  old,  who  works  for  Br.  and  Sr.  Meyer,  begged  to 
attend  the  Lovefeast,  and  the  little  girls  were  told  to  speak  a  good 
word  for  Cathy  to  the  Saviour,  and  pray  that  He  would  give  her  a 
tender  and  redeemed  heart. 

Aug.  21.  The  twelve  Vestry  Men  met  here  to  confer  about  the 
Parish  Tax. 

Aug.  29.  The  early  Eestal  Service  for  the  Single  Brethren  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  praying  of  the  Church  Litany;  and  after  this  the  two 
Youths,  Samuel  Stoz  and  Andreas  Kremser  were  solemnly  received 
into  the  Choir  by  Br.  Prazel.  In  the  Lovefeast  a  Eestal  Psalm  was 
sung,  with  instrumental  accompaniment.  It  had  been  arranged  in 
Bethlehem,  printed  in  Philadelphia,  and  copies  sent  here,  which  were 
distributed  among  the  Brethren  for  the  service.6 

4  The  upper  spring  was  in  the  south-east  angle  now  formed  by  Fourth  and  Spring  Streets. 

5  An  official  command  that  he  leave  the  community,  having  forfeited  his  right  to  live  there 

by  breaking  the  Rules  and  Regulations  to  which  he  had  subscribed. 

6  The  first  printed  Ode  recorded. 


760  Nokth  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


[Marshall's  Report  to  U.  E.  C.  About  the  middle  of  September 
a  letter  came  from  our  dear  Governor,  and  with  it  a  map7  of  this 
Province,  which  we  had  long  tried  to  secure  but  without  success.  He 
had  finally  found  one,  and  sent  it  to  us  as  a  gift.  If  our  Representa- 
tive goes  to  JSTewbern  this  month  to  the  Assembly  that  will  be  our 
best  opportunity  for  thanking  him,  and  for  sending  him  a  map  of  this 
County  showing  the  line  recently  run  between  Rowan  and  Surry. 

On  Sept.  24th  the  affairs  of  our  Parish  were  considered  in  a  special 
session  of  Conference,  and  it  was  definitely  decided  that  the  lots  out- 
side Wachovia  surveyed  for  us  before  the  Act  of  Assembly  of  1755, 
that  is  the  two  Antes  lots,  the  two  Cossart  lots  and  the  one  Ludwig 
Weiss  lot,  should  be  counted  as  belonging  to  our  Parish,  and  also  the 
two  Entries  which  have  now  been  sold  to  Martin  Ebert  and  John 
Douthit,  and  they  will  hereafter  be  treated  accordingly.] 

Oct.  17.  This  was  a  day  of  special  grace  for  all  the  people  of  God 
in  Wachovia.  All  who  belong  to  our  Congregations  and  Societies  were 
invited,  and  with  the  children  the  gathered  company  numbered  about 
250. 

The  first  service  was  at  nine  o'clock.  Br.  Graff  preached  on  the 
Epistle  for  the  day,  Eph.  4,  22-28  :  that  we  should  put  off  the  old  man, 
and  seek  and  find  grace  and  the  forgiveness  of  sins  through  the  blood 
and  wounds  of  Jesus,  and  putting  on  the  new  man  walk  before  God  in 
righteousness  and  holiness. 

Then,  in  the  presence  of  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz,  Br.  Graff  received 
as  Akoluthie  the  Brn.  Petersen,  Prazel,  Ernst  and  Kiinast,  and  the  Srs. 
Bachhof  and  Kiinast,  who  have  been  for  some  time  in  the  service  of 
the  Church  but  have  not  been  received  as  Akoluthie  for  lack  of  oppor- 
tunity. Their  names  will  now  be  added  to  the  list  of  Akoluthie  of  the 
Brethren's  Unity. 


^  From  various  papers  printed  in  the  Colonial  Records  it  appears  that  m  1766  William 
Churton  showed  Gov.  Tryon  a  map  of  North  Carolina  for  which  he  had  long  been 
gathering  information,  and  at  Tryon's  suggestion  the  Assembly  granted  Churton  £155: 
Proc  toward  having  it  printed  in  England.  During  1767  Churton  made  several 
iourneys  into  the  southern  part  of  the  seaboard  to  correct  the  errors:  he  had  discovered 
in  the  old  maps  he  had  been  using  for  that  section  of  his  work;  the  Earl  Granville 
section  he  knew  was  substantially  correct,  as  it  was  compiled  from  his  own  surveys. 
In  December,  1767,  Churton  died,  leaving  the  map,  so  far  as  it  had  gone,  to  Governor 
Tryon  In  October,  1768,  Tryon  wrote  to  the  Earl  of  Hillsboro,  stating  that  he  had 
commissioned  Capt.  Collet  to  continue  work  on  the  map,  and  he  had  redrawn  it  from 
the  Churton  charts,  and  was  taking  it  to  England  to  submit  to  His  Majesty,  m  the 
hope  of  having  it  printed.  Tryon  said  that  the  lower  section  of  the  map  was  still  not 
satisfactory,  and  suggested  that  Collet  be  commissioned  to  come  back  and  make 
additional  surveys.  It  does  not  appear  whether  this  was  done,  or  whether  the  map 
was  printed  as  drawn.  The  Wachovia  Historical  Society  has  a  copy  of  the  map,  which 
is  3  ft.  8  in.  by  2  ft.  7  in.  in  size.  In  the  lower  right-hand  corner  is  a  rather 
elaborate  design,  including  the  English  Coat-of-Arms,  an  Indian,  a  wild-cat,  and  an 
alligator,  and  under  it  the  inscription: — "To  His  most  Excellent  Majesty  George  III, 
King  of  Great  Britain,  etc.,  etc.,  etc.  This  Map  is  most  humbly  dedicated  by  His 
Majesty's  most  humble  obedient  and  dutiful  Subject,  John  Collet." 


Kecokds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  761 

The  second  public  service  was  at  noon,  when  the  entire  company 
assembled  for  the  Lovefeast,  in  which  the  Congregation  of  Salem 
formally  welcomed  Br.  and  Sr.  Graff,  who  will  now  reside  among  us ; 
and  welcomed  also  all  the  members  in  Wachovia,  now  gathered  for 
the  second  time  in  this  Saal. 

The  third  service  was  at  two  o'clock,  and  in  it  the  first  Ordination 
in  Wachovia  took  place.  Br.  Graff  spoke  on  the  Text  for  the  day: 
"Thy  testimonies  are  very  sure :  holiness  becometh  thine  house,  O  Lord, 
for  ever,"  applying  it  to  the  purpose  of  this  meeting.  Then  the 
Doxology  for  Ordination  was  sung;  and  the  Brn.  Ludolph  Gottlieb 
Bachhof  and  J ohann  J acob  Ernst  were  ordained  Deacons  by  Br.  Graff, 
assisted  by  the  Brn.  TJtley  and  Tiersch,  with  the  laying  on  of  hands 
and  the  kiss  of  peace.  The  Doxology  was  again  sung,  and  then  the 
Srs.  Kosina  Bachhof,  Juliane  Ernst,  and  Elizabeth  Bagge  were  or- 
dained Deaconesses  by  Br.  and  Sr.  Graff,  with  the  laying  on  of  hands. 
Then  the  closing  portion  of  the  Doxology  was  sung,  and  the  Congrega- 
tion fell  on  its  knees,  while  Br.  Graff  fervently  commended  to  the 
Saviour  these  newly  ordained  Brethren  and  Sisters,  and  with  them  all 
our  Congregations,  and  all  the  souls  who  with  us  trust  in  the  death 
of  Jesus.  When  the  blessing  of  the  Lord  had  been  laid  upon  those 
present,  they  departed,  in  the  peace  of  Jesus  Christ. 

Later  in  the  afternoon  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz  met  with  the  Brn. 
Bachhof  and  Ernst  to  discuss  their  future  work,  for  in  addition  to 
their  former  duties  they  will  now  baptise  and  hold  Communion  for 
their  Congregations,  unless  some  member  of  the  Salem  Conference 
should  be  there  by  appointment  on  a  visit. 

Br.  Marshall  spoke  in  the  evening  meeting,  and  explained  that  it 
was  the  duty  of  the  Provincial  Elders  Conference  to  bind  together  all 
the  Congregations  and  Societies  in  Wachovia;  also  announced  that  Br. 
Graff  had  been  made  Gemein  Heifer  for  Salem. 

[XII  Woche,  111k-  In  the  latter  part  of  Oct.  1773,  Br.  Utley  went 
to  New  River,  in  Virginia.  He  preached  twice  in  German  and  once 
in  English.  The  path  is  so  bad  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  follow 
it.  The  land  is  much  broken;  here  and  there  between  the  mountains 
there  is  a  little  plantation,  with  fertile  fields  and  meadows,  and  then 
more  frightful  mountains.  In  all  these  corners  of  the  earth  there 
are  people  who  crossed  the  ocean  with  Brethren,  or  once  lived  in  their 
neighborhood,  or  who  went  to  a  country  school  with  them,  and  so  have 
known  the  Brethren  more  or  less  well.] 

Nov.  9.    Br.  Bagge  left,  with  four  wagons,  for  Charlestown. 

Bee.  3.    Br.  Bagge  returned  this  evening  from  Charlestown. 


762  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Dec.  10.  The  wagons  returned  from  Charlestown  today.  With  them 
came  a  negro  girl,  whom  Br.  Bagge  bought  in  Charlestown  for  service 
in  his  family.  Also  a  potter,  William  Allen,  who  asks  for  work,  and 
would  like  to  stay  with  the  Moravians.    Br.  Aust  will  give  him  a  trial. 

[Marshall's  Report  to  U.  E.  C.  Br.  Bagge  took  only  four  wagons 
to  Charlestown  this  time,  for  recently  the  stores  in  Cross  Creek  have 
improved,  so  that  he  secured  several  wagon-loads  of  goods  from  there, 
though  as  yet  there  is  a  poor  assortment  to  select  from,  and  little  chance 
to  dispose  of  the  chief  product  of  this  country,  that  is  hides.  Our 
trade  is  seriously  affected,  but  so  far  has  been  carried  on  successfully, 
thanks  largely  to  Br.  Bagge's  activity  and  ability.  This  time  the 
sale  of  skins  was  so  doubtful  that  he  decided  to  ship  them  himself  to 
Europe,  but  we  hope  for  good  results  from  this  venture.  On  Dec. 
3rd  he  returned  safely  from  his  trip. 

It  has  been  decided  to  give  no  more  credit  (except  in  a  few  cases 
just  among  ourselves),  and  to  sell  from  the  store  only  for  cash  or  barter; 
therefore  the  price  on  goods  has  been  reduced,  which  we  think  will  have 
a  good  effect. 

In  Cross  Creek  the  warehouses  belonging  to  two  merchants  were 
entered;  in  one  were  the  goods  which  Br.  Heckewalder  recently  bought 
for  our  store  and  packed  in  boxes.  Two  or  three  of  these  boxes  were 
broken  open  and  £113:  worth  was  stolen.  Some  time  afterward  the 
thieves  were  discovered,  and  some  of  the  goods  were  found  in  their 
possession.  What  the  total  loss  will  be,  and  who  will  have  to  bear 
it,  has  not  yet  been  decided.  The  robbery  on  the  way  to  Charlestown, 
of  which  a  report  reached  Europe,  did  not  amount  to  much, — a  driver 
from  Bethania  had  gotten  out  a  shirt  and  laid  it  on  the  wagon,  and 
that,  and  a  pocket-book  containing  some  paper  money,  were  stolen. 
Our  letters  and  reports  are  always  carefully  packed.  In  November 
one  of  the  horses  to  the  Bethabara  wagon  fell  dead  as  a  load  of  wheat 
was  being  taken  to  Cross  Creek ; — only  the  day  before  an  offer  of  £27 : 
for  the  horse  had  been  refused. 

Br.  Fritz  has  received  an  answer  to  his  letter  to  Mr.  Day,  in  Charles- 
town. Mr.  Day  gave  courteous  thanks  for  the  Mission  Eeports  sent 
to  him,  but  said  nothing  about  his  negroes. 

It  looks  as  though  it  would  soon  be  necessary  to  make  the  English 
Queensware  and  Tortoise-shell,  that  is,  a  fine  pottery  resembling  por- 
celain ;  the  former  is  lighter  than  straw  color,  and  the  latter  is  mottled, 
like  a  tortoise  shell.  The  matter  began  with  a  gentleman  who  was 
traveling  through,  and  who  would  have  liked  to  stay  with  us;  we 
gave  him  lodging  for  some  days,  and  some  clothing,  and  in  return  he 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  763 

told  Br.  Aust  how  the  work  was  done,  and  gave  him  the  receipts, 
which  he  knew  because  he  had  been  the  superintendent  of  a  factory 
which  made  such  pottery.  Recently,  with  the  wagons  from  Charlestown, 
there  came  a  young  man  who  had  worked  in  that  same  factory.  He 
came  without  invitation  or  encouragement,  and  has  asked  for  work 
here.  He  looks  promising  and  we  can  use  him,  so  we  have  given  him 
permission  to  stay,  though  only  on  the  same  terms  as  other  day- 
laborers,  who  can  be  dismissed  at  any  time.  A  special  kiln  is  being 
built,  but  only  a  small  one,  and  we  will  see  how  it  goes;  for  some 
time  our  pottery  has  been  turning  out  a  good  product  not  very  differ- 
ent from  Queensware. 

The  day  after  Br.  Bagge's  return  the  Single  Brethren  Heinzmann, 
Schapiz,  Wutroba,  and  Holland  arrived  from  Europe;  and  on  the 
5th  they  were  welcomed  with  a  Choir  lovefeast.  Since  then  Br.  Heinz- 
mann has  taken  up  his  duties  as  Yorsteher  of  the  Single  Brethren. 
We  not  only  rejoiced  in  the  letters  brought  from  Europe,  but  also  in 
the  second  and  third  sections  of  the  Life  of  Count  Zinzendorf,  and  his 
picture. 

Br.  Metcalf  sent  by  these  Brethren  the  Deeds  to  his  land,8  which 
puts  me  in  position  to  sell  it.  But  on  account  of  the  length  of  time 
which  has  elapsed  many  of  the  lines  are  uncertain,  and  in  some  places 
never  were  properly  run,  so  I  have  been  obliged  to  have  all  the  tracts 
re-surveyed,  so  we  can  tell  what  belongs  to  us. 

Threshing  the  grain  in  Bethabara  has  shown  that  it  is  so  full  of 
weevils  this  year  that  much  of  it  is  not  even  fit  to  feed  to  cattle,  and 
the  same  is  true  in  many  places  in  the  neighborhood.] 

Extracts  from  the  Minutes  of  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz,  Aufseher  Col- 
legium, and  Grosse  Heifer  Qonferenz,  1773. 

[In  the  record  of  1772  the  Minutes  of  each  Board  were  given 
separately,  in  order  that  the  scope  of  activity  of  each  might  be  more 
clearly  seen.  From  the  historical  standpoint  they  need  parallel  read- 
ing, so  for  1773  extracts  will  be  taken  from  each,  in  chronological 
order,  the  source  being  noted.] 

Jan.  Jf.  (G.  Helf.  Conf.)  The  Brn.  Aust,  Triebel,  Broesing,  and 
Melchior  Rasp,  with  several  Brethren  from  the  Aufseher  Collegium, 
shall  inspect  all  chimneys,  stoves,  fireplaces,  etc.,  in  the  town,  and 

8  In  1762,  Earl  Granville  had  granted  to  his  Surveyor,  William  Churton,  twenty  tracts  in 
North  Carolina,  totaling'  eleven  or  twelve  thousand  acres.  In  1764  Churton  sold  this 
land  to  Charles  Metcalf,  of  England;  and  in  1772  Metcalf  sent  Power  of  Attorney  to 
Marshall  to  sell  it  for  him.  It  seems  that  sales  were  not  made,  however,  for  in  1778 
Marshall  bought  the  twenty  tracts  from  Metcalf  and  his  sister,  on  account  of  the 
Unitas  Fratrum.  The  tracts  were  scattered  along  Blanket  Bottom  Creek,  Muddy  Creek, 
Abbotts  Creek,  etc.,  in  what  were  then  Rowan  and  Orange  counties. 


764  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


report  on  their  condition,  and  what  in  their  opinion  should  be  changed 
or  improved. 

Jan.  5.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  It  is  proposed  that  Billy  Grabs  learn  the 
shoe-maker's  profession  with  Br.  Pfeil,  in  Bethabara;  which  will  give 
him  an  opportunity  to  learn  from  Br.  Graff  how  to  play  the  organ, 
and  Bethania  would  like  to  have  an  organist  for  the  new  organ  they 
have  ordered  from  Bulitscheck. 

Jan.  6.  (Auf.  Col.)  The  fire  inspection  shall  take  place  next  week, 
in  all  the  houses  of  the  town.  Br.  Aust  shall  take  charge  of  the  ladders 
used  in  building,  and  hang  them  on  certain  houses,  and  give  certain 
persons  charge  of  them,  without  whose  permission  they  shall  not  be 
moved,  except  in  case  of  fire. 

Jan.  9.  (Auf.  Col.)  Br.  Steinman  has  handed  in  his  bill  for  work 
done  on  Steiner's  mill  this  summer.  He  has  charged  3  sh.  6d.  for 
day  wages,  and  8sh.  per  100  ft.  for  laying  flooring,  rough  or  planed. 
He  shall  be  allowed  only  3  sh.  day  wages,  but  for  the  flooring  what  he 
asked. 

The  Congregation  Council  shall  be  notified  that  the  Act,  whereby 
new-comers  into  the  Province  were  free  for  some  years  from  tax 
and  road-work,  has  been  repealed,  and  is  no  longer  in  force. 

The  Committee  on  water-works  reports  that  the  west  springs  are 
the  best. 

Jan.  10.    The  Aufseher  Collegium  and  the  Water-works  Committee 
met  and  agreed: — 
\       That  work  shall  begin  at  the  spring  behind  the  Tan-yard. 

If  possible  the  water  shall  be  taken  to  the  top,  or  near  the  top,  of 
the  hill  behind  the  Skin  House,1  where  the  foot-path  from  below  comes 
into  the  road  to  God's  Acre,  as  from  there  all  parts  of  the  town  and 
all  the  houses  can  be  reached. 

If  it  should  be  necessary,  in  order  to  get  fall  and  pressure,  the 
upper  spring  also  shall  be  used,  and  the  water  from  both  springs  shall 
be  led  into  one  basin. 

So  far  as  possible  the  pipes  shall  be  laid  straight  down  and  straight 
up  the  hills.  We  will  try  to  find  a  sufficient  number  of  black  and  white 
oak  logs  in  the  neighborhood,  and  when  they  have  been  bored  they 
shall  be  washed  in  pools  in  the  bottom  near  the  Tan-yard,  and  in  the 
Wach.  Those  leading  the  water  down  hill  shall  be  bored  larger  than 
those  leading  up  hill,  to  give  the  water  more  pressure.  The  bore  shall 
not  be  over  1%  inches.    The  pipes  leading  to  the  houses  can  be  smaller. 


1  The  Skin  House  stood  on  the  east  side  of  Main  Street,  on  the  lot  just  north  of  the  present 
Bank  Street. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


765 


Pipes  shall  not  run  through  the  lots,  but  along  the  streets,  as  it  will 
cause  complaint  to  have  work  done  in  lots  that  have  been  dug  or  planted. 
Pipes  shall  be  10  to  12  feet  long.2 

The  spring  shall  be  enclosed  in  a  chest,  made  of  planks,  walled  on 
the  outside,  and  plastered,  with  clay,  so  that  the  crawfish  cannot  get  in. 
This  shall  be  covered  over  with  sods,  like  a  turnip-cellar,  to  protect  it 
from  rain  water  and  filth;  but  an  opening  shall  be  left,  provided  with 
a  good  cover. 

Feb.  9.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  Lovefeast  will  not  be  held  this  time  in 
Friedberg,  as  it  is  poor  G***  H***'s  turn  to  provide  the  bread,  and 
he  has  scarcely  that  much  in  his  house.  It  is  most  unwise  that  this, 
and  the  Commtmion  wine,  should  be  provided  turn  about;  in  future 
the  Stewards  should  furnish  what  is  necessary,  and  present  their  ac- 
counts to  the  Communicants.  One  of  the  Stewards  should  have  charge 
of  the  supply  of  Communion  wine. 

Feb.  23.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  When  Br.  Fockel  goes  to  Charlestown  he 
shall  take  a  letter  from  Br.  Fritz  to  Mr.  Day,  and  see  what  that 
gentleman  has  in  view  regarding  the  sending  of  a  Brother  to  preach 
to  his  negroes. 

(Auf.  Col.)  The  report  of  the  Fire  Inspectors  was  read  and  dis- 
cussed. In  the  future  care  shall  be  taken  regarding  stove-pipes,  where 
a  pipe  runs  for  some  distance  through  or  against  wood.  It  shall  be 
suggested  to  Congregation  Council  to  order  some  leather  fire-buckets 
from  Pennsylvania,  where  they  cost  one  dollar  each.  Br.  Broesing  has 
given  Br.  Bagge  his  list  of  prices  for  chimney-sweeping,  namely, — ■ 
Single  Brothers'  kitchen  chimney,  lsh.  6d. ;  chimney  in  a  two-story 
house,  1  sh.  2d. ;  in  a  one-story  house,  8d. ;  Tavern  kitchen  chimney,  1  sh. 

March  2.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  Br.  Bonn,  as  Executor,  acting  for  Sr. 
Merk,  wishes  to  bind  Br.  Merk's  two  apprentices,  Jacob  Wohlfart  and 
Strub,  to  other  Masters,  and  asks  the  opinion  of  Conference. 

Brn.  Broesing  and  Triebel  were  suggested,  and  after  consulting  with 
the  Masters,  with  Br.  Bonn,  with  the  widow,  and  with  both  boys,  and 
finding  all  willing,  the  boys  moved  from  Bethabara  to  Salem  Brothers 
House  on  March  6th,  and  were  taken  by  the  Masters  for  eight  days 
on  trial. 

March  9.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  Little  G***  K***,  who  ran  away  last 
Sunday  from  his  foster-father  and  Master,  Br.  Aust,  will  be  taken  back 
today,  by  Br.  Petersen,  and  will  be  told  that  he  must  learn  obedience 
before  any  one  can  think  of  letting  him  learn  a  profession. 


2  Old  pipes  found  show  that  the  wooden  logs  were  bored,  and  the  sections  joined  with  four- 
inch  iron«  rings  sharpened  on  both  ends  and  driven  into  the  wood. 


766  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


March  16.  (Auf.  Col.)  In  the  presence  of  some  members  of  this 
Collegium,  Br.  Jacobus  van  der  Merk's  two  apprentices  were  bound 
to  other  Masters  for  the  remaining  time  of  their  apprentice  years, 
Johannes  Strub  to  Br.  Christian  Triebel,  carpenter,  and  Johann  Jacob 
Wohlfart  to  Br.  Andreas  Broesing,  joiner. 

(Aelt.  Conf.)  This  morning  the  Aufseher  Collegium  was  informed 
by  Br.  Bonn  that  in  the  locksmith's  shop  he  heard  various  reports 
against  Br.  A***;  the  Collegium  spoke  with  the  Brn.  J**  M**,  B**, 
C**,  J.  F.  B**,  and  A***  about  it  and  found  that  the  reports  were 
lies.  The  Collegium  reports  the  facts  to  the  Conferenz,  and  it  is 
agreed  that  such  unchristian  gossip  cannot  be  tolerated  in  the  Congre- 
gation, and  that  Br.  A***'s  good  name  must  not  be  questioned,  though 
he  shall  be  warned  about  his  free  manners,  and  his  criticism  of  other 
Brethren. 

March  29.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  Some  weeks  ago  Col.  Gideon  Wright's 
daughter  came  to  Br.  Reuter's  house,  to  stay  for  a  while,  giving  as  the 
reason  that  she  had  been  converted  and  would  like  to  live  here,  but 
she  soon  left,  after  visiting  her  acquaintances  in  the  town,  and  talk- 
ing with  them.  Day  before  yesterday  she  came  back,  bringing  her 
sister  with  her,  and  giving  the  same  excuse.  As  they  have  neither 
asked  nor  received  permission  this  time,  and  as  the  reason  they  have 
given  does  not  appear  to  be  the  true  one,  nor  will  their  presence 
benefit  our  town,  Br.,  Reuter  shall  be  asked  to  send  them  courteously 
away  as  soon  as  possible. 

(G.  Helf.  Conf.)  The  roads  for  Sunday  walks  shall  be  divided 
between  the  Brethren  and  Sisters  as  follows: — 

a)  Brushy  Fork,  George  Holder's,  Friedland,  and  toward  the  mill. 

b)  Belews-Creek,  God's  Acre,  Bethabara,  Baumgarten's,  and  Shal- 
low Ford  road. 

Before  boys  are  bound  to  Masters  the  Aufseher  Collegium  shall 
speak  with  both  parties,  and  then  the  boy  shall  be  bound  by  a  Justice, 
with  Brethren  from  the  Collegium  present  as  witnesses. 

When  an  Apprentice  becomes  of  age  he  becomes  free,  according  to 
the  Constitution  of  the  land ;  and  his  Indenture  shall  be  canceled  by  the 
Aufseher  Collegium,  with  the  approval  of  the  Hand-work  Committee. 
And  if  either  Master  or  Apprentice  has  anything  to  complain  of  it 
shall  be  discussed  at  that  time,  and  settled,  so  that  there  may  be  no 
after-talk,  or  groundless  accusation. 

April  1.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  The  Aeltesten  Conferenz  had  a  meeting 
with  the  Brn.  Bachhof  and  Ernst,  and  Sr.  Ernst,  concerning  the  plan 
for  Friedberg.    From  the  beginning  the  Society  there  has  consisted 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  767 

of  the  house-fathers  and  mothers  who  contribute  to  the  maintainance 
of  the  School-House;  but  those  who  openly  make  trouble,  or  refuse 
their  contributions,  shall  no  longer  be  counted  as  Society  members. 
Communicants  there  shall  now  be  considered  a  Country  Congregation, 
and  shall  be  served  as  such ;  the  first  Congregation  meeting  shall  follow 
the  next  Society  Lovefeast. 

April  13.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  Next  Sunday,  Quasimodo,  will  be  the 
Day  of  Eemembrance  for  the  Received;  there  are  two  in  the  Brothers 
House,  and  one  in  the  Sisters  House,  and  they  will  have  a  little  Love- 
feast  with  their  Choir  officers. 

As  Johann  Schaub  has  now  been  re-admitted  to  the  Communion  his 
marriage  need  not  longer  be  delayed.  The  question  was  laid  before  the 
Saviour  whether  the  proposal  concerning  Hanna  Leinbach  still  held 
good,  and  the  affirmative  lot  was  drawn. 

April  14.  (Auf.  Col.)  A  plan  presented  by  the  Single  Brethren, 
for  a  brewery,  to  be  built  near  their  cattle  shed,  was  approved.  There 
is  no  objection  if  they  join  with  Br.  Herbst,  and  lay  pipes  from  the 
nearest  spring,  to  serve  both  the  tan-yard  and  the  brewery. 

The  opinion  was  expressed  that  it  would  be  good  for  the  town  as 
a  whole,  for  the  Store,  and  for  the  Tavern,  if  the  new  Store  building 
should  now  be  erected  on  the  lot  reserved  for  it;3  it  will  be  necessary 
to  borrow  £300 :  or  £400 :,  and  there  seems  a  chance  of  getting  this. 

As  Br.  and  Sr.  Graff  are  to  move  to  Salem  this  year,  and  it  is 
impossible  to  make  room  for  another  family  in  the  Gemein  Haus,  and 
there  is  no  other  vacant  place,  it  was  decided  to  arrange  the  upper 
story  of  the  present  Skin  House  for  a  dwelling. 

The  matter  of  the  mill  below  Salem  was  discussed  with  Br.  Steiner. 
According  to  contract  a  part  of  it  is  to  belong  to  him.  It  is  not 
quite  finished,  and  so  far  has  cost  £1134 :  5 :  10.  If  one  allows  £65 : 
14:  2  for  the  two  mill-stones  yet  to  be  made,  the  total  will  be  £1200: 
and  of  this  total  valuation  Br.  Steiner  takes  one  fourth  on  his  own 
account.  Of  the  toll  which  the  mill  takes,  Br.  Steiner  as  miller  will 
receive  one  third;  of  the  remaining  two  thirds  Br.  Steiner  will  have 
one  quarter,  and  Salem  Congregation  three  quarters,  repairs  and 
other  expenses  of  the  mill  having  been  paid  before  the  division.  If 
the  miller  needs  a  boy  or  a  servant  he  shall  board  and  pay  him  at 
his  own  expense.  The  Inventory  of  the  supplies  and  machinery  of 
the  mill  shall  be  made  at  once,  and  values  stated.  The  land  belonging 
to  the  mill  shall  be  rated  at  £40 :  per  hundred  acres,  and  on  the  total 
valuation  of  the  land  the  mill  shall  pay  5%  annually,  in  addition  to 


3  North-west  corner  of  Main  and  West  Streets. 


768  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


the  Quit  Eent.  The  mill  shall  also  pay  £5 :  annual  rent  for  the  fall. 
As  soon  as  the  Inventory  is  finished  Br.  Steiner  shall  board  the  men 
working  on  the  mill,  one  shilling  a  day  being  allowed  for  each. 

Br.  Herbst  reports  that  the  Single  Brother,  Stotz,  is  doing  well  with 
him,  and  he  plans  to  pay  him  15  sh.  per  week  for  the  present,  as  he 
did  Jens  Schmidt  when  he  began. 

April  15.  (Auf.  Col.)  In  conference  with  the  leaders  of  the  Single 
Sisters  it  appeared  that  Sisters  working  for  families  in  the  town  are 
being  employed  by  the  week,  with  board  included,  and  these  Sisters 
are  paying  nothing  for  board  in  their  Choir  House,  so  that  often 
only  six  or  eight  are  at  the  table  there;  and  yet  the  salaries  of  those 
working  in  the  Sisters'  kitchen  must  be  paid.  It  was  decided  to  make 
a  change  in  the  custom,  and  to  arrange  with  the  married  people  in 
town  that  in  the  future  all  Single  Sisters  shall  eat  in  their  Choir 
House,  whether  employed  in  families  by  the  day  or  week,  and  shall 
pay  board  there,  which  will  be  much  better  for  the  life  of  their  Choir. 

It  was  noted  that  Br.  Micksch  should  be  encouraged  to  open  the 
little  shop  for  tobacco,  etc.,  already  often  discussed,  so  that  he  might 
be  able  to  support  himself. 

Br.  Triebel  undertook  to  make  a  new  pump  for  the  well  near  the 
present  Store,  but  the  bore  was  crooked.  Then  he  bored  another, 
which  was  no  straighter,  and  the  pump  gives  water  only  when  worked 
with  the  greatest  force.  Br.  Bagge  asks  what  he  shall  do  about  it, 
for  the  pump  has  already  cost  £17:11:—:  and  cannot  be  used,  and  of 
this  amount  £3:  14: — :  has  been  the  expense  of  taking  it  out  and 
putting  it  in  so  many  times.  It  was  decided  to  pay  the  bill  as  it  now 
stands,  when  Br.  Triebel  has  made  the  pump  work  well. 

April  19.  (Auf.  Col.)  In  a  conference  with  the  Brn.  Kapp  and 
Steiner  it  was  decided  that  the  toll  at  both  mills  shall  remain  as  it  has 
been,  except  for  wheat,  for  other  mills  south  of  Wachovia  take  only 
the  tenth  bushel  for  wheat,  and  we  must  do  the  same.  The  toll  will 
therefore  be  one-eighth  for  corn-meal,  one-tenth  for  flour,  corn  chops 
and  rye  chops,  and  one-twelfth  for  malt  chops. 

Matthew  Oesterlein,  black-smith,  Henrich  Blum  and  Samuel  Mau, 
masons,  and  Ludwig  Moller,  potter,  who  have  been  apprenticed,  respec- 
tively, to  the  Brn.  George  Schmidt,  Melchior  Kasp,  and  Gottfried  Aust, 
have  finished  their  apprentice  years,  and  in  the  presence  of  their 
Masters  they  were  interviewed  by  the  Collegium,  the  duties  of  a  journey- 
man were  explained  to  them,  and  they  were  urged  to  be  faithful  and 
industrious  in  their  work,  and  obedient  to  their  employers.  The  In- 
dentures of  the  first  three  were  canceled;  Moller  had  none. 


Becokds  of  the  Mokavians  in  ^Noeth  Carolina 


769 


April  20.  (G.  Half.  Conf.)  Wages  of  the  Single  Sisters  shall  be 
as  follows.— For  working  in  the  garden,  and  for  washing,  2  sh.  per 
day;  other  household  work  1  sh.  6d.  By  the  week,  7  sh.  The  Sisters 
shall  pay  3  sh.  per  week  for  dinner  in  their  Choir  House,  but  shall  have 
breakfast  and  supper  in  the  families  where  they  work.  If  a  Sister  is 
to  work  in  a  family  for  a  long  time  she  shall  receive  £7 :  per  year, 
and  shall  have  all  her  meals  with  the  family. 

(Aelt..  Conf.)  As  both  Johann  Schaub  and  Hanna  Leinbach  have 
accepted  the  suggestion,  they  shall  be  betrothed  this  afternoon  at  four 
o'clock  in  Salem;  this  shall  be  announced  to  the  Congregation  in  Salem 
today,  in  Bethabara  tomorrow,  and  the  third  publication  can  be  in 
Bethania;  and  then  on  Sunday  afternoon  the  wedding  can  be  in 
Bethabara.  There  is  no  time  for  delay,  on  account  of  Br.  Graff's 
approaching  departure. 

It  has  been  decided  that  the  Brn.  Graff  and  Lorenz  shall  leave  for 
v  Pennsylvania  on  May  5th.    Johann  and  Heinrich  Hauser,  of  Bethania, 
will  go  as  drivers;  Bethania  and  Friedberg  shall  each  furnish  one 
horse,  and  Bethabara  the  third  horse  and  a  light  wagon.4  Joseph 
Leinbach  will  travel  in  their  company. 

May  3.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  We  badly  need  a  leather-dresser,  a  tanner, 
and  a  shoe-maker;  also  a  weaver  for  the  Single  Sisters.  Br.  Graff 
shall  let  our  wish  be  known  in  Bethlehem  and  Lititz,  and  try  to  secure 
them. 

May  15.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  Br.  Lung  arrived  today  with  the  Brethren 
from  Yorktown. 

May  16.  (G.  Helf.  Conf.)  Br.  Bonn  asks  permission  to  have  his 
brother-in-law,  Brendel,  in  his  house  for  a  few  days.  Brendel  has 
moved  hither  from  Pennsylvania,  and  is  waiting  for  his  family. 
Agreed  that  Br.  Bonn  may  have  him  as  guest  for  several  days. 

May  18.  (Auf.  Col.)  There  was  discussion  concerning  the  build- 
ing of  a  powder-house  in  the  upper  corner  of  the  Skin  House  lot,  on 
the  road  to  God's  Acre.  Br.  Bagge  urged  the  necessity  for  at  once 
planning  for  the  building  of  a  new  Skin  House,  and  especially  for 
the  building  of  a  new  Store  and  dwelling  house. 

(Aelt.  Conf.)  Br.  Matthaeus  has  received  from  the  Unity's  Elders 
Conference  approval  of  the  plan  to  print  a  small  Hymn  Book  for 
the  use  of  the  Country  Congregations  of  Brethren  in  North  America. 
It  is  to  contain  a  selection  of  hymns  from  the  shorter  Hymn  Book,  and 

4  This  arrangement  is  interesting  in  view  of  the  fact  that  after  their  return  Lorenz  Bagge 
was  to  be  pastor  of  Bethabara,  and  Bishop  Graff  was  to  ordain  the  pastors  of  Bethania 
and  Friedberg. 

17 


770  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


the  Church  Liturgies.  This  cannot  be  printed  in  less  than  three  years. 
He  wishes  that  we  in  Wachovia  would  take  part  in  the  enterprise.  If 
we  assume  one-sixth  of  the  expense  we  expect  to  receive  one-sixth  of 
the  edition  of  1000  books.  The  Unity's  Elders  Conference  also  recom- 
mends that  the  Church  Litany  be  used  by  the  Country  Congregations, 
with  omission  of  the  paragraphs  referring  to  the  Choirs,  and  such 
other  parts  as  they  do  not  need,  which  will  also  serve  to  shorten  the 
Litany. 

May  19.  (Auf.  Col.)  There  was  further  discussion  concerning 
the  Store.  For  immediate  use  a  house  16  by  24  ft.  shall  be  built  of 
stripped  logs,  beams  thrown  across,  and  a  few  more  logs  added,  so  that 
an  upper  floor  can  be  laid  when  needed.  It  shall  stand  back  in  the 
future  Store  lot,  and  will  give  the  Store  the  place  lost  in  the  present 
Skin  House,  and  skins  can  be  stored  in  it  for  the  time  being.  The 
permanent  Skin  House,  however,  shall  stand  on  a  line  with  the  Dwell- 
ing and  Store  House  on  the  Main  Street,  where  the  scales  shall  also 
be.  The  dwelling  house  shall  stand  on  the  corner,  opposite  Eeuter's, 
then  the  Store,  and  then  the  Skin  House.  This  temporary  Skin  House 
shall  be  built  as  soon  as  possible.  When  the  little  powder  house  is 
ready  work  shall  begin  on  the  present  Skin  House. 

May  25.  (Auf.  Col.)  Inventories  of  the  Store,  Tavern,  Pottery, 
and  Tannery  were  presented,  as  of  the  30th  of  last  month.  Although 
the  Tavern  shows  only  a  small  profit,  and  the  Tannery  has  a  deficit 
of  something  like  £40 :,  we  can  thank  the  Lord  for  His  blessing  on  the 
Store  and  Pottery,  and  the  accounts  of  these  Branches  shall  be  closed 
according  to  the  Inventories.  It  was  decided  to  begin  a  separate  book, 
into  which  the  Inventories  shall  be  copied,  for  comparison  year  by  year. 

June  3.  (Auf.  Col.)  It  is  feared  that  Br.  Bonn  is  running  too 
much  in  debt,  through  his  building,  and  lack  of  good  management,  and 
his  business  is  suffering  through  lack  of  a  supply  of  drugs  and  other 
things  which  are  much  used.  We  appreciate  his  services,  and  it  was 
proposed  to  allow  him  7  sh.  6d.  per  day  for  expenses  when  he  goes 
to  Court;  also  that  he  should  witness  all  Deeds  drawn  here,  and  receive 
8  sh.  per  Deed  for  his  trouble  in  proving  them  and  having  them 
recorded  at  Court.  Whoever  can  give  him  good  advice  as  to  his  affairs, 
and  especially  how  he  can  bring  his  Apothecary  Shop  into  better 
condition,  shall  give  him  that  assistance. 

June  21.  (Auf.  Col.)  The  future  Store  building  was  discussed, 
and  it  was  decided  that  for  durability  the  walls  under  the  eaves  should 
be  laid  up  with  clay,  others,  however,  plastered  on  the  outside.  The 


Eecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


771 


inner  dividing  walls  can  be  of  unburned  brick;  the  outer  walls  of 
both  Store  and  Skin  House  shall  be  entirely  of  uncut  stone. 

George  Holder  yesterday  told  Br.  Bagge  that  he  wishes  to  give  up 
the  Plantation  next  April. 

(G.  Helf.  Conf.)  A  letter  was  presented  to  Conferenz  concerning 
butchering.  The  town  is  not  yet  in  position  to  keep  cattle  the  whole 
year  through;  and  too  small  to  take  all  the  meat  from  the  butcher 
when  a  large  animal  is  killed,  so  that  some  would  spoil.  As  the 
Single  Brethren  and  Br.  Meyer  do  most  of  the  butchering,  they  are 
advised  to  confer  before  killing  a  large  animal  in  summer,  so  that 
neither  injures  the  other. 

A  question  was  asked  concerning  the  price  of  butter.  None  can 
be  bought  for  6d;  many  are  paying  8d.  It  was  agreed  to  take  the 
medium  price,  and  pay  7d. 

[Marshall's  Report  to  U.  E.  C.  The  Single  Brethren  have  estab- 
lished a  sickle-smithy,  and  have  built  a  grinding-mill,  turned  by  water 
brought  from  a  spring  to  a  small  over-shot  wheel.  They  are  also  build- 
ing a  brewery. 

There  is  no  Graveyard  near  Salem  except  our  God's  Acre,  so  the 
Vestry  has  resolved  to  open  a  Parish  Burying  Ground  below  Salem, 
which  shall  be  as  decently  kept  as  our  own  God's  Acre  above  Salem.] 

July  Jf.  (G.  Helf.  Conf.)  The  Parish  Graveyard5  for  Salem  will 
be  laid  out  on  a  hill  near  the  road  between  the  Sisters  House  and 
Tavern  meadows.  In  digging  the  graves  no  difference  will  be  made 
as  to  age  or  sex. 

It  was  proposed  that  signs  be  placed  on  the  houses  of  those  having 
professions,  and  on  the  Store  and  Tavern,  for  the  convenience  of 
strangers  coming  to  town.  The  signs  should  give  the  name  of  the 
Master  and  his  profession, — "Charles  Holder,  a  saddler,"  "Gottfried 
Aust,  a  potter." 

July  IS.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  Catalogs  of  all  the  Congregations  and 
Societies  in  Wachovia  shall  be  revised  and  sent  to  the  Unity's  Elders 
Conference. 

July  27.  (G.  Helf.  Conf.)  Little  boys  should  not  be  allowed  to 
attend  services  without  supervision.  Por  Lovefeasts,  Baptisms,  and 
Children's  Meetings  Br.  Mlson  shall  have  charge  of  them;  at  other 
times  their  parents. 

The  following  Brethren  were  appointed  a  Committee  to  prepare  the 
springs  above  the  town  for  the  water-works : — 

Petersen,  Aust,  Reuter,  George  Schmid, 

5  A  map  of  1805  shows  the  Parish  Graveyard  as  lot  No.  104,  on  the  east  side  of  Church 
Street,  midway  between  Walnut  and  Race  Streets. 


772 


North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Triebel,  Valentine  Beck,  and  Melchior  Rasp. 

The  first  four  shall  have  charge  of  the  work;  Br.  Aust  shall  oversee 
the  workmen  at  first;  Br.  Reuter  shall  sign  the  Tickets;  Br.  Bagge 
shall  be  treasurer. 

Aug.  2.  (G.  Helf.  Conf.)  Work  is  being  done  on  both  springs,  and 
the  Brethren  hope  for  good  results,  especially  from  the  upper  one. 

The  County  Tax  for  1772  is  just  now  being  asked  for.  Br.  Aust 
will  collect  from  the  married  men,  and  Br.  Koffler  from  the  unmarried, 
and  the  money  will  be  handed  to  Br.  Bagge,  and  he  and  Br.  Bonn 
will  take  it  to  the  Sheriff. 

The  Tax  for  1770  has  not  yet  been  paid,  but  it  has  been  charged 
against  the  Oeconomie,  and  will  be  paid  by  that. 

Aug.  10.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  In  a  letter  to  Br.  Graff,  Br.  Ernst  men- 
tions that  Bultischeck,  who  has  lived  in  Bethania  two  years  as  a  guest, 
now  wishes  to  take  a  lot  there. 

Aug.  16.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  It  was  mentioned  that  in  case  of  the  death 
of  Br.  Stach  or  Br.  Bachhof  the  support  of  their  widows  would  fall  on 
the  Administration  Diaconie;  therefore  it  was  decided  to  take  first 
class  membership  in  the  Widows  Society6  for  each  of  them. 
(Auf.  Col.)  It  will  be  best  for  the  Salem  Diaconie  to  bear  all 
expenses  of  the  Salem  Parish  God's  Acre,  so  that  no  parishioners 
living  outside  the  town  can  claim  any  rights  in  the  town  because  of 
taxes  paid. 

Aug.  23.  (Auf.  Col.)  Before  Br.  Charles  Holder,  who  is  a  Justice, 
Br.  Triebel  recently  took  out  a  warrant  against  Jacob  Greter,  from 
the  South  Fork,  for  a  debt  of  1  sh.  6d.  When  it  came  to  trial  Greter 
had  to  pay  this,  and  2  sh.  8d.  costs.  Br.  Triebel's  unbrotherly  treat- 
ment of  Greter,  and  Br.  Holder's  untimely  willingness  to  issue  the 
warrant,  are  to  be  deplored.  It  is  as  little  our  purpose  that  Brother 
should  go  to  law  with  Brother,  when  he  is  piqued  or  angry  about 
something,  as  it  is  that  we  should  not  be  submissive  to  the  authorities. 
(G.  Helf.  Conf.)  Stamped  weights  and  measures  of  all  kinds  shall 
be  ordered  from  London,  by  which  all  weights  and  measures  can  here- 
after be  tested. 

Aug.  30.  (G.  Helf.  Conf.)  Col.  Armstrong  appears  to  expect  the 
Friedlanders,  and  other  residents  in  Wachovia,  to  attend  Musters.  He 
shall  be  asked  to  permit  members  of  this  Parish  to  be  freed  from  this 
service,  on  payment  of  a  small  fine.  The  Brn.  Marshall  and  Bagge 
were  requested  to  see  him  about  this. 

*  A  Moravian  Life  Insurance  Company,  of  which  men  belonging  to  the  Unity  may  become 
members,  their  widows  being  the  beneficiaries.    The  office  is  m  Bethlehem,  Pa, 
it  has  done  good  service  through  a  long  series  of  years.       The  difference  between 
"classes"  no  longer  exists — it  was  based  on  the  age  of  those  joining. 


Eecokds  of  the  Mokavians  in  North  Carolina 


773 


Sept.  13.  (G.  Helf.  Conf.)  A  pall  shall  be  bought  with  Congre- 
gation cash.  A  Corpse  House7  should  also  be  built  at  once.  Br. 
Marshall  submitted  a  plan  for  one,  20  ft.  square,  with  two  divisions. 

Sept.  18.  (Auf.  Col.)  A  Corpse  House,  of  uncut  stone,  shall  be 
built  in  the  Square;  £35:  from  the  Salem  building  fund  has  been 
deposited  in  the  Store  for  this  purpose. 

E urniture  and  supplies  will  be  needed  in  Br.  Graff's  future  residence. 
Br.  Utley  will  see  to  their  purchase. 

A  great  many  counterfeit  English  half  pence,  and  good  and  bad 
Irish  half  pence,  are  now  in  circulation,  which  people  wish  to  have 
accepted  as  one  penny,  even  as  the  good  English  half  pence  are  taken. 
In  Salisbury  and  other  places  people  are  refusing  to  accept  this  false 
currency  at  one  penny  of  our  money,  but  take  it  at  a  less  value;  con- 
sequently all  the  bad  money  has  drifted  to  our  neighborhood,  so  that 
we  scarcely  see  the  genuine  any  more.  It  will  be  best  in  the  future 
to  accept  only  genuine  English  half  pence  at  one  penny,  Proc.  and 
all  the  rest  at  two  for  one  penny,  Proc. 

Sept.  27.  (Auf.  Col.)  Parish  matters  were  considered,  the  Brethren 
from  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz,  and  the  Brn.  Bonn  and  Keuter,  meet- 
ing with  the  Collegium.  The  question  was  how  many  of  our  out- 
lots  belong  to  Dobbs  Parish?  We  re-read  the  Parish  Act  of  1755, 
and  the  draft  of  the  Act  of  1773  to  enlarge  Surry  County,  in  which 
the  clause  relating  to  our  Parish  was  inserted,— the  printed  Act  has 
not  yet  been  received.  We  agreed  that  all  lots  added  to  the  Wachovia 
Tract  prior  to  the  Act  of  1755  are  certainly  included  in  this  Parish, 
but  not  those  purchased  later.  Therefore  the  two  pieces  on  the  east 
line,  belonging  to  Henry  Antes,  the  two  belonging  to  Cossart,  and  the 
one  to  Weiss,  on  the  west  line,  belong  to  Dobbs  Parish.  There 
are  also  640  acres  on  the  Sorau,  and  313  acres  near  Douthit's,  which 
were  surveyed  before  1755,  but  Deeds  have  not  yet  been  received,  so 
it  is  doubtful  whether  they  should  be  included. 

The  Brn.  Bonn  and  Bagge  were  asked  to  see  Col.  Martin  Armstrong 
about  several  things.  1)  To  pay  him  his  fee  for  the  election  of  the 
last  Vestry.  2)  To  ask  whether  he  will  collect  the  Parish  Tax,  or 
whether  we  shall  appoint  some  one  to  do  it.  3)  To  inform  him  that 
the  Tax  for  the  Parish  of  St.  Jude8  has  been  collected  from  certain 
persons  living  in  our  Parish,  which  should  not  have  been  done.  4) 
To  ask  that  persons  in  our  Parish,  even  though  they  are  not,  strictly 

7  For  various  reasons  it  was  considered  wise  to  place  the  casket  containing  remains  in  the 

Corpse  House  for  the  days  intervening  between  death  and  burial.  Modern  under- 
taking methods,  and  modern  funeral  customs,  have  made  such  a  house  unnecessary  as 
an  adjunct  to  the  church  building. 

8  That  is,  the  Church  of  England  Parish  in  Surry  County  outside  of  Wachovia. 


774  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


speaking,  Brethren,  may  be  excused  from  attending  Muster  and  from 
appointment  as  officers,  and  may  be  permitted  to  pay  a  definite  yearly 
fine  instead,  if  tbey  so  desire. 

(G.  Helf.  Conf.,)  The  expenditures  for  the  poor,  in  Salem,  shall 
be  made  by  Br.  Eeuter,  as  Church  Warden,  but  Salem  Diaconie  shall 
pay  them.  Hereafter  the  money  collected  in  the  boxes  at  the  doors 
of  the  Saal  shall  be  used  for  that  purpose. 

Col.  Armstrong  was  very  friendly  to  the  Brethren,  and  assured 
them  that  he  would  leave  entirely  to  them  the  collection  of  the  Taxes 
assessed  by  the  Dobbs  Parish  Yestry. 

Oct.  4.  (G.  Helf.  Conf.)  According  to  law  the  Parish  Tax  must 
be  paid  between  Easter  and  the  first  of  November.  Br.  Bonn,  as 
Deputy  Sheriff,  will  post  Advertisements  announcing  this.  He  will 
then  collect  the  Tax  from  Salem,  Friedland,  and  that  section;  Br. 
Blum  will  gather  it  in  Bethabara ;  and  Br.  Spoenhauer  in  Bethania. 

Br.  Bagge  will  order  the  stamped  weights  and  measures  from  Phila- 
delphia. 

Oct.  19.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  S***  M**9  has  written  a  letter  to  the 
Congregation,  bemoaning  the  unrest  of  his  heart,  saying  that  he  has 
sought  pardon  from  the  Saviour  with  many  tears,  asking  forgiveness 
from  the  Congregation  also,  and  begging  that  he  may  be  taken  back. 
It  seems  best  that  he  should  work  for  a  time  with  Br.  George  Aust, 
and  then  with  Br.  John  Kanke,  so  that  we  may  see  whether  he  really 
has  had  a  change  of  heart. 

Oct,  26.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  M**  has  gone  to  Br.  George  Aust  for  a 
month. 

Nov.  2.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  In  the  Brothers  House  a  class  in  writing 
and  arithmetic  shall  again  be  begun  for  the  boys.  We  must  also  see 
that  the  younger  Sisters  and  girls  in  the  Sisters  House  have  practice 
in  writing. 

Nov.  16.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  The  Act  renewing  our  Parish,  and  placing 
it  as  a  whole  into  Surry  County,  was  read  by  the  Conferenz. 

Nov.  21.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  The  year  for  the  widowed  Sister,  Christine 
Merk,  is  almost  over,  and  it  will  be  well  to  consider  marriage  for  her. 
Br.  Koffler  was  suggested. 

Nov.  23.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  School  charges  for  those  living  outside 
Bethania  will  be  4d  per  week;  in  Bethabara  it  will  have  to  be  6d,  as 
there  are  so  few  children.  In  Friedberg  the  Stewards  can  charge 
those  outside  the  Society  4d. 


9  See  Salem  Diary;  July  28,  and  August  3,  1773. 


Kecokds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  775 


Dec.  7.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  Br.  and  Sr.  Graff  reported  concerning  their 
visit  to  Bethania.  It  appears  that  F***'s  wife  is  a  veritable  agent  of 
Satan,  and  that  she  has  led  many  of  the  young  people  astray.  She 
failed  to  influence  S**  H**,  but  she  stopped  S**'s  daughters  in  the 
evening  as  they  were  going  to  Singstunde,  and  coaxed  them  into  her 
house,  where  they  met  certain  objectionable  fellows,  and  spent  the 
evening  with  them.  She  has  had  a  bad  influence  on  other  girls  also. 
Br.  Marshall,  in  the  name  of  the  Conferenz,  will  write  to  the  Congre- 
gation of  Bethania,  deploring  this  condition  of  things,  and  urging 
the  necessity  of  dismissing  her  from  the  Congregation. 

Dec.  8.  (Auf.  Col.)  There  was  discussion  concerning  a  journey- 
man potter,  by  the  name  of  Ellis,10  who  arrived  today  from  Charles- 
town,  coming  of  his  own  accord.  He  had  been  in  Pine  Tree,  and  was 
on  his  way  to  Charlestown,  when  he  met  Br.  Bagge,  and  asked  if  he 
might  not  come  here,  and  was  told  he  might  do  as  he  liked,  but  no 
promise  of  work  could  be  given ;  that  would  have  to  be  arranged  with 
Br.  Aust.  He  understands  how  to  glaze  and  burn  Queens  Ware,  so 
the  Collegium  approves  Br.  Aust's  suggestion,  which  is,  that  a  kiln, 
suitable  for  burning  such  ware,  be  built  on  the  lot  occupied  by  Br. 
Ludwig  Meinung,  which  adjoins  Aust's,  where  the  man  can  work  under 
supervision.  He  shall  receive  food  and  clothing,  and  a  douceur  for 
his  work,  and  we  will  learn  all  we  can  from  him  about  glazing,  of 
which  Br.  Aust  already  has  some  knowledge.  It  should  be  noted  that 
two  and  a  half  years  ago  Br.  Aust  learned  something  of  the  art  of 
making  this  ware  from  a  travelling  potter,  though  he  had  not  tried  to 
draw  it  from  him;  and  that  Ellis  should  now  come  of  his  own  accord 
makes  us  think  that  the  Almighty  means  that  this  art  should  be 
established  here. 

Dec.  IJf.  (Aelt.  Conf,)  Mr.  Day  has  written  to  Br.  Fritz,  thanking 
him  for  the  present  sent,  and  for  the  reports  of  our  Missions  among  the 
heathen;  but  he  says  nothing  further  about  sending  someone  to  his 
negroes. 

(Auf.  Col.)  The  Aeltesten  Conferenz  draws  attention  to  the  fact 
that  in  case  of  marriage  there  is  no  place  where  a  couple  can  be  lodged, 
even  for  a  time.  All  places  were  considered,  especially  the  houses  which 
have  no  rooms  under  the  roof.  For  the  present  the  most  available  would 
be  Carl  Holder's  and  Meinung's,  which  belong  to  the  Diaconie,  and  a 
room  could  be  arranged  in  each.  It  was  decided  to  study  Meinung's 
house,  and  see  what  could  be  done ;  but  to  build  such  a  room,  and  make 
the  necessary  arrangements  for  its  use  by  a  family,  would  cost  about 
£30. 


Called  Allen  in  the  Salem  Diary,  December  10,  1773. 


776  JSTorth  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Dec.  21.  (Provincial  Elders  Conference.)  Br.  Fockel  shall  receive 
£60:  salary  from  the  Store  [at  Bethabara]. 

Dec.  29.  (Auf.  Col.)  Those  who  have  become  16  years  of  age  since 
Michaelmas  must  contribute  to  the  Congregation  Cash.  The  officers 
of  the  respective  Choirs  shall  see  that  they  do  their  share. 

A  man  from  Abbotts  Creek,  Plessel  by  name,  offers  to  lend  the  Single 
Brothers  Diaconie  £36 :,  to  be  repaid  on  three  months'  notice.  It  is  not 
clear  whether  he  simply  deposits  it  with  them,  or  whether  they  are  to 
pay  interest. 

Extracts  from  Bethabara  Diary,  1713. 

Jan.  5.  Br.  Keuter  and  Br.  Meinung  went  today  to  Br.  Bagge's  lot, 
which  borders  on  Henry  Banner's,  and  measured  some  hundreds  of 
acres  for  a  man  named  Hill. 

Jan.  11.  The  third  family  from  Carols  Manor,— Slator,  his  wife 
and  two  children, — moved  from  here  today  to  their  land  eleven  or  twelve 
miles  away.  Only  the  elderly  widow,  Mrs.  Goslin,  with  her  children 
and  two  negroes,  now  remain,  waiting  until  their  cabin  is  finished. 

Jan.  12.  Mr.  Budolph,  from  Belews  Creek,  who  has  been  called  in 
by  Br.  Jac.  van  der  Merk,  came  today,  and  made  several  incisions  in 
both  Br.  Merk's  legs,  to  draw  off  the  water,  as  he  is  suffering  from 
dropsy.    Br.  Bonn  also  came  from  Salem  to  visit  Br.  Merk. 

Jan.  21.  Br.  Kobus1  said  this  morning  that  he  would  go  home  this 
evening  about  six  o'clock,  and  asked  that  Br.  Graff  should  not  fail  to 
come  to  give  him  the  last  blessing,  remarking  that  many  angels  would 
be  present,  that  he  had  already  seen  in  his  room,  dressed  in  a  beautiful 
white  robe,  the  little  Jacob  Blum,  who  went  home  some  years  ago ;  and 
he  would  like  to  be  able  himself  to  take  part  in  the  last  blessing.  When 
Br.  Graff  went  to  him  he  took  Br.  Graff's  hand  in  both  his  own,  and 
moved  them  towards  his  head,  and  so  he  received  the  blessing  of  the 
Congregation  and  of  his  Choir;  then  for  an  hour  he  lay  with  folded 
hands,  like  a  contented  child,  fully  conscious,  and  joining  audibly  in  the 
hymns  that  were  sung  for  him,  and  when  too  weak  for  that  following 
them  with  his  lips.  Finally  life  ended  like  the  extinguishing  of  a  light, 
without  the  gasping  or  convulsions  so  usual  in  a  case  like  his.  Now 
he  is  at  rest,  thank  God !  His  departure  was  at  once  announced  by  the 
musicians,  and  in  the  Singstunde  the  Congregation  sang  the  usual 
Liturgy. 

1  The  first  name  of  Jacobus  van  der  Merk  was  shortened  by  the  Brethren  to  Jacob  and  to 
Kobus — it  is  properly  James  in  English,  but  the  form  they  used  is  followed  in  the 
translation. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


777 


Jan.  22.  Br.  Bullitschek  came  from  Bethania  to  make  Br.  Merk's 
coffin. 

Jan.  21^.  A  large  number  of  Brethren  and  friends  gathered  for  the 
funeral  of  Br.  Merk,  among  them  the  three  Justices  of  the  Peace, 
Gideon  Wright,  Moses  Martin,  and  Malcom  Curry,  together  with  Br! 
Bonn  and  Br.  Charles  Holder,  from  Salem,  [who  were  also  Justices]. 
Mr.  Curry,  especially,  was  much  affected,  and  offered  to  help  carry  the 
bier,  saying  that  he  loved  Br.  Merk.  It  rained  gently  all  day,  but 
not  enough  to  soak  the  ground.  At  one  o'clock  the  entire  company 
gathered  in  the  Saal,  there  was  not  even  standing  room,  and  some  of 
the  Brethren  had  to  remain  outside.  Br.  Graff  spoke  on  the  Text 
for  Jan.  21st,  *  *  *  ;  following  with  a  short  address  in  English  for 
those  who  understood  only  that  language.  Then  the  remains  were 
taken  to  God's  Acre,  and  buried  during  the  usual  Liturgy.  Everything 
was  carried  out  in  the  most  beautiful  order,  and  many  tears  were  shed. 

Feb.  11.  Yesterday,  and  again  today,  a  wagon  load  of  salt  was 
brought  to  our  Store,  and  a  third  was  taken  to  Bethania.  Eor  some 
time  salt  has  been  scarce  in  this  neighborhood,  and  could  be  sold  to  our 
neighbors  only  by  the  quart.  Now  the  need  is  relieved,  but  the  price 
is  somewhat  higher. 

Feb.  12.  Mr.  Hamilton,  Deputy  Clerk  for  the  Court  of  this  County, 
came  from  New  Bern.  He  brought  letters  from  our  Brn.  Marshall 
and  Bagge,  written  on  the  29th  of  last  month  in  New  Bern.  These 
were  sent  on  to  Salem,  together  with  the  printed  Address  of  the  Gover- 
nor to  the  Assembly,  in  which,  among  other  things,  he  proclaimed,  the 
pardon  of  His  Majesty  for  those  who  took  part  in  the  last  insurrection. 

Feb.  U.  Br.  Ernst  wrote  that  Wilhelm  Adam  Wolf  has  died,  near 
Bethania.   May  God  have  mercy  on  his  poor  soul ! 

Feb.  15.    George  Aust  and  family  moved  from  here  to  their  farm. 

Feb.  16.  Br.  Steinman  and  young  Volz  had  a  narrow  escape  today 
on  the  Steinman  farm.  They  were  working  on  the  roof  of  the  stable, 
and  had  secured  the  rafters  only  with  ordinary  nails,  which  pulled  loose' 
and  all  the  roof  timbers  fell,  and  Steinman  with  them.  He  might 
have  been  killed,  but  escaped  with  bruises  on  head  and  shoulder.  Br. 
Bonn  came  from  Salem  yesterday,  and  today  he  and  Br.  Blum  went 
to  Court. 

Feb.  18.  Our  well-known  neighbor  from  the  Yadkin,  Johannes 
Hogst,  came  through  on  his  way  to  Pennsylvania.  Letters  were  given 
him  for  Bethlehem. 

Feb.  23.  Br.  Graff  went  to  Salem  to  Conference,  and  returned  this 
evening.  He  brought  old  Br.  Pfeil  a  Certificate  from  the  Assembly, 
freeing  him  from  public  taxes  and  duties. 


778  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Feb.  26.  Three  wagons  came  from  Bethania,  and  were  loaded  with 
deer  skins  and  other  things  from  this  Store  and  the  Store  in  Salem, 
which  they  will  take  to  Charlestown.  Br.  Michael  Eanke  will  have 
charge  of  all  the  wagons,  as  besides  him  there  are  only  boys  and  an  out- 
sider, Hermanns  Miiller.  [The  reason  for  sending  these  three  wagons 
at  this  unusual  season  of  the  year  was  that  there  is  no  demand  m 
Charlestown  for  the  half-dressed  skins  brought  in  by  the  hunters,  so  we 
had  to  send  what  we  had  of  hides  still  in  the  hair,  and  send  them  before 
warm  weather  brought  worms  to  spoil  them.  If  we  could  secure  from 
Bethlehem  a  leather-dresser,  as  we  have  several  times  suggested,  it  would 
help  us  very  much ;  as  it  is  our  trade  is  much  endangered.  Marshall's 
Report  to  U.  E.  C] 

Feb.  28.  In  Congregation  Council  the  Brn.  Blum  and  Lung  were 
elected  members  of  the  Committee  in  place  of  the  departed  Brethren, 
Pfeifer  and  van  der  Merk. 

March  2.  Everywhere  many  persons,  and  especially  children,  are 
suffering  from  a  hard  cough  and  aching  of  the  body,  the  result  of  the 
recent  severe  cold. 

March  8.  At  eight  o'clock  there  was  Singstunde,  which  will  in  future 
be  held  at  this  hour,  for  the  sake  of  the  elderly  Brethren  who  are  tired 
from  the  day's  work  and  cannot  keep  awake  till  nine  o'clock. 

March  18.  The  widow,  Merk,  came  from  Salem  with  her'  [hus- 
band's] Executor,  Br.  Bonn,  who  will  also  take  charge  of  the  estate  of 
Sr.  Zynn. 

March  20.  Heyn's  daughter,  who  cared  for  Margreth  [Zynn] 
faithfully  to  the  end,  went  back  to  Eriedland  with  her  father,  taking 
a  large  package  of  bedding  and  clothing  which  the  elderly  Sister  gave 
her.  Mr.  Lanier  was  in  the  Tavern  today.  Among  other  things  he 
reported  that  the  Governor  had  dissolved  the  Assembly. 

March  27.  Br.  Fockel  returned  from  Charlestown,  in  good  health. 
He  left  the  wagons  at  Sandy  Swamp  three  days  ago.  All  went  well 
on  the  trip. 

March  29.  This  afternoon  Mr.  Lanier  passed,  with  his  company,  on 
their  way  to  run  the  line  between  Rowan  and  Surry,  according  to  the 
recent  Act  of  Assembly.  Br.  Reuter  had  been  named  one  of  the  Com- 
missioners, and  Mr.  Lanier  left  a  letter  of  instructions  for  him,  which 
Br.  Pfeil  took  at  once  to  Salem. 

April  3.  Mr.  Martin  Armstrong  came  to  collect  taxes.  His  Adver- 
tisement, posted  at  the  Tavern,  provided  one  shilling  for  Parish  Tax, 
but  this  assessment  has  not  yet  been  made,  for  the  new  Act  regarding 
Dobbs  Parish  is  not  yet  in  force. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  779 


April  8.  Maundy  Thursday.  The  Single  Brother,  Johannes 
Schaub,  and  the  Married  Sister,  Rosina  Stach,  were  re-admitted  to  the 
Communion. 

April  13.  In  the  Tavern  here  there  was  a  public  sale  of  the  negress, 
Eranke,  who  has  been  working  there.  Br.  Meyer,  from  Salem,  offered 
£100;  the  man  who  was  selling  her  raised  the  bid  £5:  and  therefore 
kept  her,  but  this  was  not  his  intention,  he  only  meant  to  raise  the  price, 
and  it  may  well  be  that  he  will  let  Br.  Meyer  have  her. 

April  23.    Our  Sisters  have  finished  the  sheep-shearing. 

[There  is  a  gap  in  the  Diary  from  April  27  to  June  4.] 

July  12.  The  Brn.  Bagge  and  Bonn  came  from  Salem,  on  their  way 
to  meet  the  Chief  Judge  on  his  arrival  at  Gideon  Wright's.  They  re- 
turned before  night,  bringing  several  packages  of  letters,  which  have 
come  from  Germany  by  way  of  Charlestown  and  Salisbury. 

July  13.  Br.  Marshall  came  from  Salem,  going  first  to  Bethania  to 
make  arrangements  for  the  reception  of  the  Chief  Judge  tomorrow. 

July  IJf.  The  Brn.  Marshall,  Bagge  and  Bonn  went  to  Bethania  to 
meet  the  Chief  Judge  and  escort  him  to  Salem. 

July  16.  This  was  the  happy  day  of  the  long-awaited  return  of  our 
Brethren  from  Pennsylvania,  that  is  Br.  Graff  and  Br.  and  Sr.  Lorenz 
Bagge,  with  their  wagoners.  In  the  evening  the  Congregation  had  a 
Love-feast,  to  thank  the  Saviour  for  their  safe  journey.  Announcement 
was  made  of  Br.  Graff's  ordination,  on  July  6th,  at  Bethlehem,  as  Co- 
Episcopus,  and  of  Br.  Bagge's  marriage  to  Sr.  Elizabeth  Burstler,  in 
Lititz.  Also  that  Br.  and  Sr.  Graff  would  move  to  Salem,  and  their 
places  here  would  be  taken  by  Br.  and  Sr.  Bagge. 

J uly  24.  Adam  Spach  brought  Br.  Leonard  Moser  for  a  short  visit ; 
the  latter  has  recently  come  from  Maryland  to  look  at  land. 

July  26.  The  Brn.  Blum  and  Stauber  went  to  the  Town  Fork  to 
see  young  Hampton,  who  recently  rode  one  of  our  best  draft  horses 
to  death,  on  Sheriff's  business.  He  refused  to  make  any  arrangement 
for  paying  for  it,  and  plans  to  leave  the  Province  before  the  next  ses- 
sion of  the  Assembly,  to  which  the  matter  will  have  to  go. 

Aug.  10.  Many  of  the  militia  passed  through  today,  on  their  way 
to  General  Muster  at  Gideon  Wright's. 

Aug.  19.  The  two  Single  Sisters,  Colver  and  Schiiz,  and  the  two 
girls,  Sehner  and  Elisabeth  Dixon,  came  from  Salem  to  dry  apples  and 
peaches  for  the  Single  Sisters,  and  for  others  in  the  Gemein  Haus. 

Sept.  10.  In  Bethania  Br.  Bullitschek  placed  the  new  organ  in  the 
Saal;  one  stop  is  so  far  finished  that  Br.  Meinung  could  play  for  the 
evening  service. 


780  ]N  orth  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Sept.  28.  The  Sisters  have  finished  picking  hops;  there  has  been 
a  good  crop. 

Sept.  20.  Two  men  from  Virginia  spent  the  day  here,  and  looked 
about  with  wonder  and  pleasure.  Among  other  questions  they  asked 
how  many  negroes  we  had?  Answer,  two.  They  were  the  more  sur- 
prised to  find  that  white  people  had  done  so  much  work. 

Oct.  15.    Br.  and  Sr.  Graff  and  their  daughter  moved  to  Salem. 

Nov.  2.  Br.  Lorenz  went  to  Salem  to  Conference.  The  Brn.  Bullit- 
schek  and  Schor  began  repairing  our  saw-mill.  Br.  Kiihnast  held  the 
twilight  Bible  Beading. 

Nov.  8.  Sr.  Christine  Merk  moved  to  Salem.  She  will  have  a  little 
room  in  the  house  of  Br.  and  Sr.  Bonn. 

Nov.  12.    The  site  for  the  new  Tavern  was  staked. 

Nov.  15.  It  has  frozen  rather  hard  the  last  four  nights.  Schaub, 
Jr.  went  to  Martin  Duncken's  to  burn  lime  for  the  new  Tavern. 

Nov.  17.  Today  it  is  twenty  years  since  the  first  Brethren  came  here 
to  live. 

Nov.  26.  Br.  Kichter  brought  in  the  great  oxen  from  the  woods. 
Seven  were  caught,  and  put  in  the  stable;  it  was  dangerous  work,  but 
accomplished  without  injury,  thank  God! 

Nov.  29.  Early  this  morning  Br.  Kapp  brought  word  that  his  father- 
in-law,  Friedrich  Schor,  died  peacefully  yesterday,  in  the  fourth  hour. 

Dec.  11.  Br.  Lorenz  went  home  with  Johannes  Hogst,  who  had  asked 
for  the  baptism  of  his  child.  He  lives  in  a  German  settlement,  which 
begins  at  our  line  and  extends  to  the  Yadkin.  They  reached  his  house 
about  eleven  o'clock,  and  found  the  company  already  assembled.  Pieling 
Stall,  Jacob  Dietz,  and  Jacob  Schwartz,  also  asked  for  the  baptism  of 
their  children.  Br.  Lorenz  explained  that  when  Brethren  baptised 
children  they  expected  the  parents  to  bring  them  up  in  the  Baptismal 
Covenant,  and  to  keep  them  in  it,  so  far  as  in  them  lay. 

Dec.  19.  We  hear  that  Col.  Armstrong  has  returned  from  the 
Assembly. 

Dec.  20.  Several  families  passed  through,  coming  from  Pennsylva- 
nia.   We  heard  from  them  that  Friedrich  Miiller  would  soon  be  here. 

Extracts  from  the  Friedberg  Diary,  1778. 

Jan.  8.  The  long-expected  Broadbay  families  arrived,  and  on  the 
4th  went  to  Friedland. 

Jan.  28.  Br.  and  Sr.  Bachhof  were  in  Salem,  and  gave  Br.  Tiersch 
the  Friedberg  contribution  for  Missions,  which  was  £1  :11  :  6. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  781 

Jan.  25.    Adam  Spach,  Jr.  joined  the  evening  school  for  older  boys. 
Feb.  15.    Three  years  ago  today  Br.  and  Sr.  Bachhof  moved  to  this 
School-House. 

Feb.  21.  Br.  Lorenz  and  several  Single  Brethren  and  Youths  came 
from  Salem  to  the  funeral  of  Christian  Daniel  Hartman.  He  was 
born  in  Reddingtown,  in  Pennsylvania,  but  was  not  baptised,  for  at 
that  time  his  parents,  our  beloved  Br.  and  Sr.  George  Hartman  were 
connected  with  Ephrata,  that  is  with  the  so-called  Seventh  Day  Ad- 
ventists.  The  Indian  alarms  caused  them  to  move  to  Carolina,  bringing 
with  them  this  son,  another  three  years  old,  and  an  infant  daugh- 
ter.   *  *  * 

March  7.  Br.  Bachhof  visited  George  Hartman's  son,  John,  who  is 
ill.  He  shows  much  the  same  symptoms  as  his  brother,  Christian 
Daniel, — high  fever,  headache,  pain  in  the  chest,  and  has  spit  up  blood, 
and  bled  at  the  nose. 

March  8.  Johann  Nicholas  Boeckel  has  moved  into  his  new  house  in 
Wachovia.    May  the  Saviour  be  with  him ! 

March  2Jf.  There  was  a  heavy  storm,  with  thunder,  wind,  and  hail. 
Many  have  said  that  even  an  hour  after  the  storm  there  were  hail- 
stones seen  as  large  as  hen's  eggs. 

March  28.  The  Society  met,  and  among  other  things  they  were  told 
that  Br.  Peter  Pfaff,  who  had  been  Steward  for  more  than  a  year, 
had  asked  to  be  relieved.  A  vote  was  taken,  and  Nicholas  Boeckel  was 
elected  in  his  place. 

April  4.  Sunday.  Br.  Tiersch  preached  on  I  John,  I,  8  and  9. 
Then  the  Society  had  a  Lovefeast,  during  which  Br.  Marshall  gave  the 
company  greetings  from  the  Brn.  Gregor  and  Loretz,  and  from  the 
Unity's  Elders  Conference  as  a  whole ;  and  stated  that  a  Country  Con- 
gregation was  now  to  be  established  here,  after  the  pattern  of  those  in 
Pennsylvania.  He  made  a  hearty,  brotherly,  talk,  explaining  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Unity,  and  its  aims ;  then  our  neighbors  from  beyond 
Muddy  Creek,  Christoph  and  Altje  Elrod,  who  had  long  wished  to 
join  the  Brethren,  were  admitted  into  the  Society;  and  in  the  following 
service  they  were  Received  into  the  Congregation  by  Br.  and  Sr. 
Bachhof,  with  the  Kiss  of  Peace.  Finally,  after  the  service  for  abso- 
lution, the  Congregation  united  in  an  indescribably  blessed  Communion. 

April  11.  Easter  Sunday.  The  weather  being  fine  we  were  able  to 
hold  the  Liturgy  on  God's  Acre. 

April  18.  The  Stewards  tried  to  arrange  with  the  Brethren  to  pro- 
vide candles  and  salt  for  Br.  Bachhof,  and  he  suggested  to  them  that 
all  overdue  gifts  might  be  delivered  week  by  week,  together  with  the 


782  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


regular  allowance  of  provisions,  candles  and  salt,  of  which  all  approved. 
Next  day  Johann  Nicholas  Boeckel,  who  had  fallen  behind,  made  a  be- 
ginning, and  brought  a  pound  of  candles  and  a  quart  of  salt. 

April  25.  Our  neighbor  from  beyond  Muddy  Creek,  Wilhelm  Boh- 
ner,  asks  to  be  taken  into  the  Society.  He  was  brought  up  among 
Brethren  in  Pennsylvania,  and  was  a  Society  member  there. 

April  26.  George  Frey  sent  his  two  daughters  to  school.  Br.  Beuter 
and  Miksch  surveyed  the  land  for  the  School-House,  which  is  80  acres, 
including  the  fields. 

May  3.  Br.  Soelle,  who  has  been  visiting  in  the  neighborhood,  ar- 
rived here  very  ill,  and  Br.  Bachhof  took  him  to  Salem. 

May  5.  Br.  Tiersch  sent  a  note,  saying  that  our  dear  Br.  Soelle  went 
home  contentedly  last  evening,  in  the  eleventh  hour;  and  that  his  fu- 
neral will  be  tomorrow  at  one  o'clock.  At  his  request  the  word  was 
circulated  in  this  neighborhood. 

May  10.  J.  N.  Boeckel  sent  his  eldest  daughter,  Anna  Marie,  and 
Greter  sent  his  son,  Jacob,  to  school.  Today  the  children  learned  the 
verse 

Ich  bin  ein  kleines  Kindelein 
TJnd  meine  Kraft  ist  schwach ;  etc. 

May  15.  The  Brn.  Marc  Hahn  and  Martin  Ebert  arrived  from 
Yorktown.  Already  this  morning  we  have  heard  that  two  families 
were  coming  from  Yorktown,  and  young  Brandel  and  his  family  from 
Heidelberg,  [  Pa.  ] . 

May  16.  After  preaching  another  service  was  held,  in  which  the 
Memoir  of  our  departed  Br.  Soelle  was  read,  together  with  his  last 
Diary,  and  a  beautiful  hymn  which  he  had  written. 

June  llf.    School  closed  on  account  of  harvest. 

June  26.  Adam  Hartman  would  like  to  sell  his  improvements  here 
and  move  to  his  brother-in-law  on  New  Eiver,  but  his  wife  is  not  yet 
of  his  mind. 

July  2.  Br.  Bachhof  visited  the  homes  of  George  Hartman  and  Adam 
Spach.  The  former  was  busy  making  hay.  At  the  farm  of  the  latter 
the  father  and  his  sons  were  cutting  oats ;  the  mother  and  her  daughters 
were  spinning,  carding  and  weaving.  It  was  a  great  pleasure  to  see  the 
children  busy  with  their  appointed  tasks; — what  a  pity  that  it  is  not 
so  in  all  homes ! 

July  11.  Peter  Frey  asked  to  be  relieved  from  his  office  as  Steward, 
and  Peter  Pf  aff  was  elected  in  his  place. 

July  18.    In  the  presence  of  Peter  Frey  the  collection  boxes  were 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  783 


opened,  and  the  amount  for  Missions  was  found  to  be  18  sh.  7d.  Har- 
vest being  successfully  ended  Br.  and  Sr.  Adam  Spacb  bad  a  Lovefeast 
for  tbeir  children,  to  which  Br.  and  Sr.  Bachhof  were  invited.  Thanks 
were  given  to  God  for  the  rich  gifts  received  from  His  hands ;  and  their 
little  daughter,  Johanna,  was  especially  commended  to  the  Saviour,  it 
being  her  eighth  birthday.  And  Br.  and  Sr.  Bachhof  remembered 
with  love  and  gratitude  that  on  this  day,  eleven  years  ago,  they  were 
married  in  Bethabara. 

July  22.  The  elderly  Moser,  from  Manakosy,  and  his  brother,  who 
lives  in  Stinking  Quarter,  came  with  Adam  Spach.  They  were  very 
friendly,  and  said  they  were  minded  to  select  land  in  Wachovia,  and 
settle  here. 

Sept.  8.  Br.  Marshall  announced  that  he  would  come  next  Sunday, 
and  hold  a  Lovefeast,  as  a  little  post-Festival  for  the  Married  People. 

Sept.  12.  *  *  *  Br.  Marshall  read  the  Psalm  used  at  the  Married 
People's  Festival,  in  Salem,  on  the  7th.    *  *  * 

Sept.  27.    School  began  again,  with  four  scholars. 

Nov.  6.    Br.  Bonn  bled  fourteen  persons  at  the  School  House. 

Nov.  27.    Br.  Bachhof  held  the  Communion  service  for  the  first  time. 

Dec.  25.  "We  had  a  really  blessed  Christmas  Day.  First  the  message 
of  the  angels,  as  given  in  the  Gospels,  was  sung,  and  served  as  the  text 
for  the  sermon,  followed  by  praises  to  the  Son.  Then,  after  an  address, 
there  was  the  baptism  of  little  Joseph  Walk.  This  was  followed  by  the 
Lovefeast  for  the  children,  during  which  one  after  the  other  repeated 
texts  concerning  the  Christ-Child  in  the  manger,  and  together  they 
brought  their  childish  offerings  of  thanks  and  praise.  At  the  close  of 
the  service  each  was  given  a  new  verse  and  a  cake.  In  spite  of  the  bad 
weather  about  sixty  children  were  present.  Unfortunately  they  had  to 
go  home  in  a  storm  of  thunder,  lightning  and  heavy  rain,  which  pre- 
vented Br.  and  Sr.  Bachhof  from  going  to  Salem  to  share  with  the  Con- 
gregation there  in  the  Lord's  Supper,  the  best  of  all  Christmas  gifts. 

Dec.  31.  At  ten  o'clock  the  Society,  and  their  older  children,  had  a 
Lovefeast,  during  which  the  Memorabilia  of  the  three  Town  Congre- 
gations in  Wachovia  were  read,  and  also  those  of  the  Country  Congre- 
gations and  Societies.  We  closed  with  a  consideration  of  the  last  beau- 
tiful Text  of  the  year,  and  at  the  stroke  of  twelve  we  fell  on  our  knees, 
and  sang 

Now  thank  we  all  our  God; 
then  the  first  Text  for  the  new  year,  1774,  was  read,  another  hymn  was 
sung,  and  we  commended  ourselves  to  the  grace  of  God  the  Father,  the 
love  of  the  Son,  and  the  communion  of  the  Holy  Ghost. 


SOELLE'S  DIARY 


[One  of  the  most  interesting  characters  living  in  Wachovia  during 
the  years  1771  to  1773  was  George  Soelle,  "the  free  servant  of  Jesus 
Christ." 

Soelle  was  an  ordained  minister  of  the  Unity  of  Brethren,  and  had 
served  as  pastor  of  various  Moravian  congregations  in  the  northern 
States,  being  in  charge  of  Broadbay,  Maine,  for  the  years  preceding 
the  coming  of  the  Broadbay  settlers  to  "Wachovia.  Moving  south  with 
them,  he  continued  to  act  as  their  pastor  when  they  settled  at  what 
came  to  be  called  Friedland,  but  beyond  that  his  heart  went  out  to 
the  men  and  women,  outside  of  Wachovia,  who  longed  to  lead  a  godly 
life,  but  knew  not  how  to  find  peace  in  so  doing. 

Making  his  home  in  the  Salem  Brothers  House,  Soelle  went  hither 
and  yon  as  he  was  invited;  north,  south,  east  or  west,  wherever  his 
services  were  desired.  Afoot  or  on  horseback  he  made  his  way  to 
Deep  Creek  and  Dutchman's  Creek  and  the  mountains  beyond;  to  the 
River  Settlement  on  the  Yadkin;  to  Abbotts  Creek  and  the  Uharie;  to 
Belews  Creek;  to  Town  Fork;  to  Virginia.  Sometimes  he  went  alone, 
sometimes  a  friend  would  accompany  him  from  one  preaching  place 
to  another.  He  was  past  sixty  years  of  age,  and  not  strong,  night 
often  found  him  "very  tired,"  but  next  morning  he  would  again  take 
up  his  work.  Sometimes  he  noted  that  he  "visited  every  stream  along 
the  way,  because  it  was  so  oppressively  hot";  sometimes  he  "shivered 
with  cold,"  not  infrequently  he  was  drenched  to  the  skin  by  heavy 
rain,  but  nothing  stopped  him.  More  than  once  he  notes  that  the 
weather  was  so  very  bad  that  he  did  not  expect  to  find  any  audience  at 
the  meeting  house,  but  it  seems  not  to  have  occurred  to  him  that  such 
weather  was  a  sufficient  excuse  for  a  man  of  his  age  to  miss  his  ap- 
pointment, and  he  usually  found  more  people  than  he  expected  waiting 
for  him. 

He  was  not  a  particularly  good  horseman,  and  preferred  to  go  on 
foot,  but  the  doctor  had  forbidden  that,  so  he  made  the  best  of  it, 
though  it  gave  him  disturbed  hours  when  his  horse  wandered  away 
during  the  night's  rest.  But  somebody  always  made  it  possible  for  him  to 
borrow  a  horse  and  keep  the  next  appointment,  and  somebody  always 
found  his  horse  and  restored  it  to  him,  and  that  gave  opportunity  for 
him  to  record  his  thankfulness  to  Cod. 

Another  difficulty  was  the  finding  of  his  way,  for  he  seldom  went 
twice  in  exactly  the  same  route,  and  now  and  then  he  would  miss 


Eecokds  of  the  Mokavians  in  Worth  Carolina  785 

the  path,  and  wander  for  hours  in  the  forest;  but  either  he  found 
where  he  was  and  retraced  his  steps  or  a  friendly  stranger  took  him 
in  for  the  night,  and  though  again  "very  tired"  all  was  well. 

He  must  have  been  a  man  of  wonderfully  attractive  personality. 
As  he  passed  from  place  to  place  the  sick  of  soul  sought  him  out  and 
told  him  "all  their  heart."  Host  and  hostess  spoke  freely  with  him, 
showing  their  hopes  and  fears  and  listening  to  his  counsel.  In  the 
evenings  the  young  folks  of  the  family  clustered  around  him,  drawing 
him  into  conversation  or  shyly  waiting  for  him  to  speak.  His  comments 
on  these  young  people  are  an  index  to  the  man's  point  of  view: — 
"The  lad  is  wild,  but  I  love  him  for  his  straightforwardness."  "The 
younger  girl's  heart  was  tender."  "The  seventeen-year-old  son  amazed 
his  parents;  they  thought  he  cared  nothing  for  religion,  but  of  his 
own  accord  he  talked  frankly  with  me,  bringing  a  Bible"  and  dis- 
cussing one  and  another  point.  "It  is  a  dear  family,  and  the  twelve- 
year-old  boy  particularly  appeals  to  me."  So  run  his  comments  in 
one  and  another  home.  In  one  of  the  places  farthest  from  Salem 
the  family  begged  him  to  stay  and  make  his  home  with  them.  They 
offered  him  food  and  clothing,  and  a  horse  for  his  pastoral  visiting, 
anything  he  needed,  if  he  would  only  stay,  and  while  he  could  not 
accept  he  simply  and  gladly  records  their  wish.  On  two  other  occa- 
sions he  was  offered  the  pastorate  around  a  newly  erected  school- 
house,  on  his  own  terms;  but  he  explained  that  he  could  not  be  bound 
to  any  one  charge,  though  he  would  come  to  them  as  often  as  he  could. 

The  message  that  he  took  into  these  many  homes  was  simple  Gospel, 
and  he  records  almost  no  conversations  on  other  topics.  From  the 
outlines  he  gives  of  his  sermons  it  is  plain  that  he  spoke  in  language 
that  plain  folk  could  understand,  preaching  "Christ  and  Him  cruci- 
fied," "the  Saviour,"  "the  Friend  of  sinners";  and  in  private  conver- 
sation he  emphasized  the  fact  that  self-righteousness  was  fatal,  and 
that  men  must  recognize  their  weakness  and  their  sin,  and  that  coming 
as  poor  sinners  to  a  Saviour  they  were  sure  to  find  loving  acceptance. 
Eepeated  comments  show  how  he  grieved  over  the  fact  that  the  other 
itinerant  ministers  of  the  day  did  not  stress  these  points.  He  thought 
it  a  great  pity  that  men  "only  half  converted"  thought  they  were 
called  to  preach,  and  being  themselves  not  on  a  firm  foundation,  and 
having  no  personal  experience  of  the  deepest  and  most  essential  things, 
they  could  and  did  exhort  but  could  not  lead  souls  into  personal  com- 
munion with  God,  or  help  them  to  find  peace. 

But  while  he  lamented  over  the  ignorance  and  lack  of  spiritual  ex- 
perience of  these  other  preachers,  mostly  Baptists,  he  recognized  and 
18 


786  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


commended  their  earnestness  of  purpose,  and  his  personal  relations  with 
them  were  pleasant.  Mr.  Murphee,  who  had  a  meeting  house  west  of 
the  Yadkin,  made  him  welcome  there  whenever  he  chose  to  preach. 
On  one  occasion  he  chanced  to  reach  a  place  where  a  three-day  meet- 
ing was  beginning,  and  the  minister  in  charge  invited  him  to  preach 
the  opening  sermon.  On  the  other  hand  the  other  ministers  seem  to 
have  availed  themselves  often  of  appointments  made  by  Soelle,  coming 
at  the  same  time,  and  preaching  to  the  same  audiences  when  Soelle  had 
finished.  Sometimes  he  remained  to  hear  them,  sometimes  he  left  at 
once  to  meet  other  appointments,  but  he  makes  no  unfavorable  com- 
ments on  their  action,  not  even  when  the  second  preacher  "preached 
Soelle's  sermon  over  again."  Once  the  Baptist  minister  present  held 
a  "baptising"  after  Soelle's  services  were  over,  and  Soelle  watched  it 
with  interest,  it  being  the  first  ceremony  of  the  kind  he  had  seen. 

Of  course  things  did  not  always  go  smoothly.  Sometimes  word  of 
his  coming  had  not  been  sent  out  as  he  expected,  and  he  must  either 
postpone  the  meeting  or  wait  until  messengers  could  take  the  word 
around  through  the  neighborhood.  Sometimes  his  reception  was  not 
warm,  and  he  "made  no  appointment  to  come  again;  they  might  ask 
for  him  if  they  wanted  him  to  come."  Once  at  least  opposition  to  him 
took  open  form.  A  new  meeting  house  had  been  built  in  a  neighbor- 
hood where  he  was  accustomed  to  preach,  and  there  the  audience  assem- 
bled. Soelle  went  to  the  reading  table  to  open  the  service,  but  before 
he  could  begin  a  man  began  to  sing,  then  another  spoke,  and  finally  one 
man  said  plainly  that  Soelle  was  not  to  be  allowed  to  preach  there. 
Others  protested  that  the  house  had  been  built  chiefly  for  his  use; 
but  Soelle  quietly  bade  his  friends  cease  the  discussion,  and  go  with 
him  to  a  nearby  friendly  house,  and  the  large  majority  of  the  audience 
accompanied  him,  leaving  the  few  opponents  in  possession  of  an  almost 
emptied  building.  Such  incidents,  however,  were  the  exception,  and  as 
a  rule  he  was  warmly  welcomed  and  urged  to  come  again. 

Soelle's  Diary  of  his  pastoral  tours  begins  with  March  23,  1771, 
and  ends  with  April  12,  1773,  and  consists  of  about  two  hundred  closely 
written  pages  of  German  script.  It  gives  the  story  of  his  movements 
from  day  to  day  during  that  time,— where  he  went,  with  whom  he  talked, 
what  he  preached,  and  all  the  little  incidents  of  the  way.  With  a 
very  few  exceptions  the  names  he  gives,  the  homes  at  which  he  stopped, 
constitute  a  kind  of  honor  roll  of  those  who  sought  to  live  godly  lives 
in  the  midst  of  a  careless  and  ofttimes  godless  land,  not  infrequently 
scoffed  and  jeered  at  by  their  neighbors.  And  yet  these  same  neighbors 
cared  more  than  they  realized,  for  when  Soelle  came  they  crowded 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  787 

the  rooms  and  meeting  houses,  so  that  from  time  to  time  services  had 
to  be  held  out  of  doors,  under  some  sheltering  tree.  One  thing  can 
be  noted  here,  as  all  through  the  diaries  of  this  period,  and  that  is  the 
easy  display  of  emotion  in  men  and  women.  Soelle  did  not  encourage 
noisy  excitement,  in  fact  he  plainly  discouraged  it,  and  told  them  why 
he  considered  it  of  no  avail,  but  unless  touched  hearts  showed  in  moist 
eyes  or  gentle  tears  he  felt  that  his  words  had  not  gone  home.  Steeled 
though  these  pioneers  were  to  endure  toil  and  privation  they  had  not 
learned  to  wear  a  mask  upon  their  faces,  to  hide  their  feelings  from  the 
world,  and  penitence  meant  tears,  real  not  metaphorical,  and  affection 
and  joy  often  brought  tears  as  well. 

As  he  went  in  and  out  among  these  his  parishioners  Soelle  records 
their  spiritual  condition,  their  growth  in  self-knowledge  and  in  humility, 
their  increased  understanding  of  his  message, — or  the  reverse.  These 
were  matters  which  deeply  concerned  him  as  their  pastor,  but  which 
have  no  place  in  an  historical  volume.  The  part  of  the  Diary  which 
more  nearly  concerns  the  historian,  or  at  least  the  genealogist,  is  that 
his  itineraries  give  the  approximate  location  of  many  homes,  and  that 
interwoven  with  his  religious  comments  are  bits  of  family  history, 
•otherwise  unattainable.  Some  of  the  locations  can  be  still  more 
definitely  fixed  by  Deeds  in  the  County  Court-Houses,  but  in  the 
absence  of  "Wills  the  personal  items  are  invaluable  to  any  one  whose 
"family  tree"  happens  to  .be  rooted  there.  With  this  in  mind  the 
various  journeys  have  been  carefully  analyzed,  and  items  combined,  so 
that  without  too  much  repetition  the  reader  may  follow  him  out  into 
various  directions  from  Salem.  It  should  be  remembered  that  not 
once  did  he  make  all  these  points  in  one  journey;  he  might  go  direct 
from  Bethabara  to  "old  father  Hies,"  or  he  might  spend  a  week  on  the 
way  stopping  at  various  homes,  and  making  calls  to  right  or  left. 
He  might  go  by  Murphee's  and  return  by  Douthit's,  or  he  might  go 
and  come  by  the  Shallow  Ford.  The  order  used  in  the  following  is 
merely  the  longest  and  fullest  trip,  amplified  by  all  the  rest.  It  may 
be  added  that  there  seem  to  have  been  three  usual  crossing  places  of  the 
Yadkin  River, — from  Bethania  to  Murphee's  or  Glen's,  probably  what 
was  later  known  as  Glen's  ferry;  the  Shallow  Ford,  on  what  is  now 
known  as  the  Lewisville  road;  and  another  ferry  from  Douthit's  to 
David  Jones's,  doubtless  the  one  later  called  Idol's  ferry,  for  local  tra- 
dition states  that  it  was  by  the  ford  at  this  point  that  Daniel  Boone 
crossed  and  recrossed  the  Yadkin.  Idol's  ford  and  ferry  have  been 
destroyed  by  the  back  water  from  the  dam  of  the  Southern  Power 
Company's  plant. 


788  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


The  first  series  of  visits,  as  grouped,  leads  west  from  Salem,  to  plan- 
tations along  and  near  Deep  Creek,  (that  is  across  the  middle  of  the 
present  County  of  Yadkin),  from  there  to  Dutchman's  Creek  (in  the 
present  County  of  Davie),  with  several  side  excursions.  It  is  based 
on  a  trip  taken  in  April,  1771,  though  with  free  use  of -the  records  of 
other  trips.] 

Editorial  Compilation  from  Soelle  Diary. 

1)  Went  from  Salem  to  Bethabara;  went  to  the  Yadkin  Eiver  and 
spent  the  night  with  Br.  Martin  Hauser. 

Held  service  in  the  home  of  Joseph  Philips,  who  lived  near  the 
Yadkin;  after  the  service  baptised  the  child  of  George  Loesch,  whose 
farm  was  not  far  away.    "Philips'  neighbors  are  nearly  all  Eegulators." 

Visited  three  families  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Branch. 

Crossed  the  Yadkin,  and  preached  in  Mr.  Morphee's  meeting  house, 
some  miles  beyond.  Morphee  (or  Murphee)  lived  in  the  neighborhood, 
and  sometimes  entertained  Soelle  in  his  home.  On  March  5,  1773, 
Soelle  records  that  Murphee  is  planning  to  move  elsewhere.  On  this 
April,  1771,  trip  Soelle  spent  the  night  at  the  home  of  Abraham  Cris- 
son,  who  is  shown  on  the  map  of  1771,  (given  in  Vol.  I,  of  the  Records 
of  the  Moravians),  some  miles  south,  below  the  Deep  Creek,  but  near 
the  Yadkin  there.  He  was  a  good-natured  man,  well  liked  by  his  neigh- 
bors.   His  married  daughter  died  toward  the  end  of  1771. 

Visited  Eoger  Turner,  Jr.  His  wife,  who  was  a  daughter  of  Mrs. 
Eobert  Elrod  by  her  first  marriage,  had  been  in  poor  health  for  seven 
years.  Eoger  Turner,  Sr.  was  the  oldest  man  in  the  neighborhood;  in 
1773  Soelle  notes  that  he  was  84  years  old,  and  blind.  Eecords  in  Eowan 
County  show  that  Eoger  Turner,  Sr.  held  his  land  under  Grants  from 
Lord  Granville,  dated  1755  and  earlier;  Eoger  Turner,  Jr.  secured  a 
Grant  from  Granville  in  1761.  The  land  seems  to  have  been  south  of 
Deep  Creek,  on  Turner's  Creek,  some  miles  west  of  the  Yadkin.  The 
Will  of  Eoger  Turner,  Sr.  filed  in  Eowan  County,  is  dated  Feb.  2, 
1775,  and  was  probated  at  the  November  term  of  Court,  1778.  It 
mentions  his  wife,  Elisabeth;  sons  Elias,  Eobert,  Thomas,  and  Eoger; 
daughters  Hannah  and  Mary;  and  grandson  Eoger,  son  of  Thomas. 
Soelle's  Diary  mentions  that  Eoger  Turner,  Jr.  and  his  wife  have 
children. 

Spent  the  night  at  Eobert  Elrod's.  They  were  elderly  people. 
Mrs.  Elrod  was  a  sister  of  the  wife  of  John  Douthit,  Sr.,  and  from  the 
Hope  Church  Book,  in  the  Salem  Archives,  it  appears  that  Mrs. 
Douthit's  maiden  name  was  Scott,  so  that  Mrs.  Elrod  was  also  a  Scott, 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  789 

and  probably,  like  her  sister,  she  was  born  in  Pennsylvania,  and  moved 
to  the  Manakosy  settlement  in  Maryland  before  coming  to  North  Caro- 
lina. She  was  a  widow  when  she  married  Elrod;  her  eldest  daughter 
married  Roger  Turner,  J r.  already  mentioned,  and  the  younger  married 
John  Jones.  No  children  of  her  second  marriage  are  mentioned. 
Soelle  notes  that  Mrs.  Elrod  had  formerly  been  bitter  against  the 
Brethren,  but  was  now  most  friendly,  and  he  thought  "the  Saviour  will 
win  many  hearts  in  this  family,"  Mrs.  Elrod  and  her  elder  daughter 
being  particularly  concerned  about  their  salvation.  The  "old  mother" 
of  the  Robert  Ellrods  lived  between  them  and  the  Yadkin  River,  but 
Soelle  neglects  to  give  her  name,  or  to  say  whether  she  was  mother 
of  Robert  or  of  his  wife. 

Having  preached  at  Elrod's,  Soelle  spent  the  following  night  at 
Abraham  Wilson's.  Nothing  is  said  about  his  family,  but  Soelle  fre- 
quently stopped  there.  He  had  a  brother,  James  Wilson.  Robert 
Wilson,  whom  Soelle  visited  from  Abraham's,  is  called  "a  neighbor," 
so  he  was  evidently  not  a  brother.  Robert  Wilson's  wife  was  named 
Elisabeth,  and  in  March,  1772,  Soelle  notes  that  he  will  move  back 
to  his  old  place  near  McNight,  east  of  the  Yadkin,  in  about  a  month. 

On  the  April,  1771,  trip  Soelle  went  from  Abraham  Wilson's  to  visit 
his  brother,  James  Wilson;  and  went  from  there  to  call  on  Jonathan 
Buhn  (Boone) ;  and  returned  to  Robert  Elrod's  for  the  night.  A 
Deed  recorded  in  Rowan  County  shows  that  Jonathan  Boone  married 
Mary  Carter.  Not  far  from  James  Wilson  lived  Andrew  Hunt,  son  of 
Col.  Hunt. 

Two  miles  beyond,  that  is  west,  of  Robert  Elrod  lived  John  Joims 
(Jones),  a  young  Englishman,  who  had  married  Mrs.  Robert  Elrod's 
younger  daughter.  They  were  young  people,  and  Soelle  notes  that 
John  had  been  one  of  the  wildest  young  men  of  the  neighborhood, 
though  now  he  was  glad  to  hear  of  religious  things,  and  to  have  Soelle 
hold  services  in  his  house. 

Further  up  Deep  Creek  lived  John  Herrmann,  who  appears  on  the 
1771  map  already  mentioned.  On  one  occasion  Soelle  walked  from 
Bethabara  to  Herrmann's  in  one  day,  leaving  at  6  a.m.  and  reaching 
there  between  3  and  4  o'clock.  Herrmann  had  several  sons,  and  an- 
other German  family  lived  with  them.  Herrmann's  wife  was  born 
in  the  Wetterau;  he  was  a  German.  Of  the  other  family  (name  not 
given)  the  father  was  born  in  Eisenach,  and  the  mother  in  Lindheim. 
Herrmann's  house  was  so  near  the  road  that  many  people  stopped 
there  every  day. 


790  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Crossed  Deep  Creek  to  Reis'  home, — also  shown  on  the  1771  map. 
Ries  lived  five  miles  from  John  Herrman.  Reis  and  his  family  had 
refugeed  in  Bethania  during  the  Indian  War.  Old  father  Ries  was 
in  poor  health,  but  welcomed  Soelle  eagerly  on  every  visit,  and  rejoiced 
to  have  him  hold  service  in  his  home.  When  Soelle  was  there  in 
June,  1772,  he  found  that  the  old  man  had  recently  died.  His  son, 
Valentine  Ries,  continued  the  friendship  with  Soelle;  he  either  lived 
with  his  father  or  near  by.  "The  people  about  here  are  wild,"  and 
Valentine  had  a  good  deal  to  endure  from  their  jeers,  because  of  his 
religious  tendencies.  On  one  visit  it  was  recorded  that  "many  English 
had  gathered,  as  Mr.  Cook  was  to  preach  to  them."  "All  the  Germans 
here  understand  English,  also."  The  Baptists  were  very  active  in 
seeking  members  in  this  neighborhood.  On  one  visit  Soelle  talked 
with  Matthias  Zimmerman,  who  formerly,  for  a  year  and  a  half, 
worked  in  Salem  as  a  carpenter  with  Br.  Triebel.  Now  he  had  be- 
come a  Captain;  and  was  much  opposed  to  the  Brethren.  Although 
a  brother-in-law  of  George  Lang,  Zimmerman  was  one  of  the  leaders 
in  the  movement  to  keep  Soelle  out  of  the  Deep  Creek  meeting  house, 
claiming  that  only  Lutherans  or  Reformed  should  be  allowed  to  use  it. 

Having  preached  at  Ries',  Soelle  went  to  George  Lang's  (Long's) 
for  the  night.  Lang  lived  in  what  was  known  as  Miller's  Settlement  on 
Deep  Creek.  The  plantation  of  Christian  Miller  can  be  seen  on  the 
map  of  1771;  it  was  some  miles  above  Ries.  Christian  Miller  was  a 
man  past  middle  age,  formerly  rough  and  godless,  but  now  he  led 
in  meeting  when  no  one  else  was  there  to  serve.  George  Lang  was  a 
staunch  friend  of  Soelle,  who  thought  highly  of  him, — "they  and  the 
Rieses  are  the  only  Germans  hereabouts  who  care  for  religion,"  so  it 
was  no  wonder  that  the  Baptists  tried  hard  to  get  him  to  join  them,  and 
that  he  had  much  to  endure  from  the  taunts  of  his  friends. 

From  George  Lang's  it  was  five  miles  to  William  Grant,  generally 
referred  to  as  Billy  Grant.  He  lived  in  what  was  called  the  Hunting 
Creek  neighborhood,  and  there  is  mention  of  Grant's  mill,  where  Temple 
Cole  came  to  collect  taxes  in  July,  1771.  In  addition  to  wife  and 
children*  his  old  mother  lived  with  them,  a  woman  of  eighty  years,  and 
altogether  the  household  numbered  23  persons.  Their  eldest  daughter 
was  married.  Grant's  sister,  a  widow,  died  in  March,  1772.  Soelle 
remarks  that  "this  is  the  only  family  in  this  neighborhood  that  has 
ears"  for  a  Gospel  message. 

In  Sept.  1772,  Soelle  made  a  trip  from  Grant's  into  the  Brushy 
Mountains.  He  visited  first  at  the  home  of  Eriedrich  Lang  (Long), 
and  remarked  that  "they  are  both  young  people,  and  therefore  still  very 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  791 

poor."  The  previous  year  he  had  met  Friedrich  Lang  at  the  home  of 
George  Lang,  and  had  heard  that  "the  old  mother"  had  broken  her  leg. 
Lang  lived  on  the  road  to  Fox  Nobbs,  which  according  to  a  Deed  from 
Michael  Henderson  to  Friedrich  Miller,  (recorded  in  Eowan  County) 
was  a  600  acre  tract  on  the  head  waters  of  Deep  Creek,  joining  Moses 
Woodruff,  Samuel  Gentry,  and  John  Swim.  Miller  also  had  200  acres 
on  Deer  Lick  branch,  joining  the  Fox  Nobbs  tract. 

Passing  through  Fox  Nobbs  Soelle  came  to  the  home  of  "old  Swim," 
"right  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains,"  twelve  miles  from  Friedrich  Lang, 
and  wondered  to  see  how  well  he  was  fixed  in  so  short  a  time.  It  is 
not  said  where  he  had  previously  lived,  though  there  may  be  a  clue  in 
the  statement  that  his  daughter  had  attended  services  in  Friedland. 
"Though  he  is  so  high  he  has  good  corn." 

From  Swim's  house  Soelle  went  to  Pipe's  house,  in  Allen's  Settlement, 
so  fulfilling  a  promise  made  a  year  and  a  half  previously.  "The  set- 
tlers here  are  all  Irish,  a  robbed  and  plundered  people,  where  poverty 
makes  itself  at  home.  When  I  go  among  the  Irish  I  am  always  re- 
minded of  the  Greek  lines  which  Paul  quoted  concerning  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Crete,  for  they  fit  the  Irish  Nation  fairly  well,  even  as  Luke's 
comment  on  the  Athenians, — that  they  are  always  eager  to  hear  or  to 
tell  some  new  thing, — applies  to  the  men  of  New  England.  My  host 
received  me  gladly,  and  cared  for  me  as  well  as  he  could;  milk  and 
cornbread  was  the  fare  practically  all  the  time  I  was  there,  and  not 
enough  of  that."  A  day  was  spent  in  circulating  the  notice  of  Soelle's 
presence,  and  that  service  would  be  held,  and  on  the  following  day  a 
large  number  gathered,  so  that  the  service  had  to  be  held  out  of  doors. 
When  preaching  was  over  urgent  request  was  made  to  Soelle  to  come 
and  live  among  them,  "for  they  are  a  forsaken  people,  to  whom  no  one 
ever  went,  and  it  was  more  than  sixty  miles  to  the  Yadkin."  Soelle  could 
not  accept  the  invitation,  but  promised  to  visit  them  again  when  he 
could,  a  promise  not  to  be  fulfilled  because  of  his  death  the  next  spring. 
The  impression  made  upon  him  is  indicated  by  his  exclamation: — "It 
is  distressing  to  see  men  in  such  terrible  darkness;  may  the  dear  heav- 
enly Father  lighten  the  heavy  judgment  somewhat,  so  that  their  eyes 
may  be  opened  to  see  the  glory  of  God!" 

On  the  Sept.  1771  trip,  Soelle  went  from  William  Grant's,  fourteen 
miles  to  John  Buhn  (Boone).  According  to  the  Grant  from  Granville 
to  John  Boone,  1753,  recorded  in  Rowan  County,  Boone  owned  630 
acres  on  the  north  side  of  Hunting  Creek. 

Next  day  he  preached  in  a  meeting  house  five  miles  from  the  Boone 
home,  then  came  eastward  to  Dutchman's  Creek,  where  he  spent  the 


792  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


night  with  Heinrich  Bube,  whose  brother  had  belonged  to  the  Brethren's 
congregation  in  Philadelphia,  and  had  died  there. 

Having  preached  at  Bube's,  Soelle  set  out  for  Morgan  Bryant's, 
reaching  there  before  evening.  Morgan  Bryant  was  a  very  large  land 
owner;  the  earliest  Deed  book  of  Rowan  County  shows  Grants  to  him 
from  Granville  of  nearly  2,200  acres,  and  he  probably  had  much  more. 
Two  of  these  grants  put  him  into  possession  of  810  acres  of  land  south 
of  Deep  Creek,  and  at  the  time  of  Soelle's  visit  he  doubtless  was  living 
there.  He  also  owned  land  on  the  north  side  of  the  Yadkin,  above 
the  mouth  of  Elk  River. 

The  next  night  Soelle  spent  with  William  (Billy)  Bryant,  whose 
land  lay  along  the  Yadkin,  on  the  south  side,  at  the  western  curve  of 
what  is  locally  called  The  Bend.  His  wife  had  been  baptised  by  Mur- 
phee.    Their  eldest  son  was  a  boy  of  fifteen  or  sixteen  years. 

It  was  possible  to  go  from  "William  Bryant's  up  the  right  bank 
(here  the  west  bank)  of  the  Yadkin  to  the  Shallow  Ford,  and  thence 
on  the  Shallow  Ford  road  to  Salem,  passing  Robert  Lanier's  store  on 
the  road  near  the  east  bank  of  the  River,  but  more  often  Soelle  followed 
the  route  taken  in  Sept.  1771,  and  went  from  William  Bryant's  to 
"dear  David  Johns,"  (Jones).  David  Jones  was  an  unmarried  man, 
"who  owned  his  own  land."  A  Grant  and  two  Deeds  in  Rowan  County 
show  that  David  Jones,  Sr.  secured  220  acres  of  land  on  the  Yadkin 
River,  which  was  later  divided  between  John  Jones  and  David  Jones, 
Jr.  In  1777  David  Jones  sold  to  Stephen' Riddle,  and  the  ferry  across 
the  River  at  that  point  came  to  be  called  Riddle's  Ferry;  later  it  was 
known  as  Idol's  Ferry;  it  crossed  the  river  a  short  distance  above  the 
modern  plant  of  the  Southern  Power  Company. 

Having  crossed  the  River  at  David  Jones's,  Soelle  visited  Henrich 
Bucker,  a  native  of  Switzerland,  whose  wife,  Catherine,  was  of  Dutch 
stock.  Catharine  was  a  sister  of  Mrs.  Christopher  Ellroth  (Elrod), 
who  lived  two  miles  away.  Christopher  Elrod  and  his  wife  later  joined 
the  Moravian  congregation  of  Hope,  so  the  facts  of  their  lives  are  of 
record  and  need  not  be  here  inserted,  further  than  to  say  that  Mrs. 
Bucker's  maiden  name  was  Soelle,  and  her  parents  originally  Menonites. 
Nothing  is  said  as  to  relationship  to  George  Soelle.  At  Christopher 
Elrod's  Soelle  found  Peter  Sehner,  Jr.  "industrious  and  well-behaved." 
He  also  visited  John  Douthit,  Sr.  and  Valentine  Frey,  who  lived 
west  of  Muddy  Creek,  and  whose  location  can  be  found  on  the  map  of 
Wachovia,  facing  page  310  in  Yol.  I  of  the  Records  of  the  Moravians  in 
North  Carolina.  Both  Douthit  and  Frey  became  members  of  Hope 
congregation.    On  May  15,  1771,  Soelle  notes  that  "the  School  House 


Kecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  793 

in  the  Ellroth  settlement  is  to  be  about  a  hundred  rods  from  the  road 
to  Cross  Creek,  between  Douthit,  Ellroth,  and  Jacob  Hauser." 

From  Frey's,  Soelle  went  across  Muddy  Creek  and  the  South  Fork  of 
Muddy  Creek  to  Friedberg;  and  from  there  back  to  Salem. 
2)    Visits  to  a  somewhat  different  section,  though  partly  overlapping 
the  above,  were  made  by  Soelle  in  June,  1772  and  Feb.  1773.  Combined 
they  give  the  following  information  as  to  points  touched. 

Setting  out  from  Friedberg,  Soelle  stopped  first  at  the  home  of  Valen- 
tine Frey,  above  mentioned;  and  in  his  Diary  remarks  that  he  knew 
the  Freys  fourteen  years  earlier  in  Pennsylvania;  also  notes  that  so 
many  people  stop  at  Frey's  that  he  feels  sorry  for  the  two  old  people. 
From  there  he  went  by  Samuel  Bryant's  to  Gabriel  Enox',  where  he 
found  the  wife  ill,  with  her  mother  in  attendance. 

Spent  the  night  at  the  home  of  Joseph  Bryant,  "a  polite  and  affable 
man,"  who  cannot  read,  but  is  well-to-do.  "I  had  not  been  in  this 
neighborhood  before;  death  [spiritual]  reigns,  and  the  people  seem 
to  have  much  of  this  world's  goods."  Bryant  himself  was  "as  yet  without 
eyes  or  ears,"  but  he  and  his  wife  made  Soelle  welcome,  and  the  ser- 
vice, which  was  largely  attended,  was  held  by  his  spring  in  the  shade 
of  the  trees. 

On  the  way  to  Dutchman's  Creek  Soelle  called  on  a  man  whose  name 
he  variously  spells  as  Hoehnelein,  Hoehele,  and  Heinele,  a  German  by 
birth.  On  Dutchman's  Creek  he  stopped  with  Christoph  Bube  and  his 
wife,  old  people.  Christoph  was  evidently  a  brother  of  Heinrich  Bube, 
for  the  statement  is  repeated  that  his  brother  had  been  a  member  of 
the  Brethren's  congregation  in  Philadelphia,  and  had  died  there.  On 
his  first  visit  Soelle  noted  that  four  families  in  the  neighborhood  were 
interested,  but  the  rest  would  not  listen  to  a  Dissenter.  But  in  1773  he 
wrote:  "Last  time  the  Germans  here  were  very  bigoted,  and  opposed 
to  me,  but  this  time  many  came." 

Between  Dutchman's  Creek  and  the  South  Yadkin  lived  Daniel 
Lewis.  He  and  his  wife  were  of  Quaker  stock.  Lewis's  meeting  house 
was  near  by,  and  they  begged  Soelle  to  come  and  live  with  them.  Half 
a  mile  from  the  meeting  house  lived  Trautz,  a  German,  with  a  son 
sixteen  year  old,  and  others  younger. 

Pastor  Wartmann  is  mentioned  as  living  in  the  Dutchman's  Creek 
neighborhood,  having  been  born  in  Hanover,  and  being  an  educated, 
ordained  minister.  Van  Cleft,  a  Dutchman,  sixty  years  old,  was  a 
leader  in  the  group  that  gathered  at  the  Dutchman's  Creek  meeting 
house. 


794  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


From  the  home  of  Daniel  Lewis,  Soelle  went  to  John  Boone,  already 
mentioned,  who  "will  probably  join  the  Baptists  for  the  sake  of  Com- 
munion." 

In  Sept.  1771,  Soelle  went  fifteen  miles  from  John  Boone  to  William 
Grant;  and  then  from  Grant's  to  the  home  of  Nathanael  Buhn  (Boone), 
"a  good  day's  ride  to  the  mountains,"  over  a  very  bad  path.  He  notes 
that  the  country  is  thinly  settled,  most  of  the  men  having  come  in  from 
Virginia  two  or  three  years  earlier.  Boone's  wife  was  a  daughter  of 
Joseph  Bryant. 

In  June,  1772,  however,  Soelle  turned  from  John  Boone  towards 
Dutchman's  Creek,  having  first  visited  Hughes,  a  store-keeper,  who  had 
only  one  arm.  "He  and  his  wife  are  young  people,  who  do  not  under- 
stand each  other."  He  is  probably  the  J oseph  Hughes,  "one-handed,"  "a 
peddler,"  who  is  mentioned  in  the  Wachovia  Diaries  of  1770  and  1771. 
It  was  ten  miles  from  Boone's,  across  Dutchman's  Creek,  to  Morgan 
Bryant's,  where  he  met  "old  Col.  Hunt."  James  Bryant  is  mentioned 
as  a  son  of  Morgan  Bryant. 

At  James  Wilson's  house  the  service  was  held  in  the  woods  on  account 
of  the  number  present.  Then  Soelle  went  to  Abraham  Wilson's ;  and  on 
to  Robert  Elrods',  where  he  held  service,  baptised  the  child  of  Henry 
and  Rachel  Speer,  and  spoke  with  Henn  and  his  wife,  young  people 
from  the  Byrant  Settlement. 

At  William  Bryant's  he  saw  "old  mother  Boone,"  who  was  a  Quaker ; 
also  visited  in  the  home  of  Thomas  Bryant.  Thomas  Bryant's  wife  was 
the  eldest  daughter  of  old  Col.  Hunt.  "The  people  here  speak  of 
building  a  meeting  house,  and  ask  if  I  will  not  come  to  them  regularly." 

From  William  Bryant's  Soelle  evidently  passed  to  the  Shallow  Ford, 
stopping  to  speak  to  Mosby  and  wife,  who  had  "a  large  and  very  wild 
family."    And  then  back  to  Salem. 

In  November,  1771,  Soelle  made  a  trip  to  the  South  Fork,  the  River 
Settlement,  the  Jersey  Settlement  and  the  Uharie.  Taking  this  tour 
as  the  basis,  and  filling  in  from  others,  the  following  notes  give  items 
regarding  certain  settlers  to  the  south  and  southeast  of  Wachovia. 
1)  Having  visited  various  families  in  the  South  Fork,  or  Friedberg, 
settlement,  Soelle  spent  the  night  with  Christel  (Christian)  Frey, 
whose  house  was  a  usual  stopping  place  for  travelers  going  to  Salisbury 
also.  "There  is  nothing  more  pleasant  than  to  find  at  least  one  soul 
that  knows  its  poverty,  but  one  may  search  with  a  lantern  and  scarcely 
find  one  within  many  miles." 

Next  day  Frey  accompanied  him  to  the  home  of  George  Reed,  in  the 
River  Settlement  on  the  Yadkin.    Reed  "is  a  man  who  loves  the  truth, 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  795 

and  gladly  listens,"  "but  he  has  as  yet  little  light."  His  home  was 
"twenty  miles  from  Wilson's,  and  twenty  miles  from  Salem";  and  on 
a  later  trip  Soelle  remarks  that  the  Reed  house  was  so  cold  that  his 
feet  did  not  get  warm  during  the  two  days  he  was  there. 

"With  Reed,  Soelle  attended  a  meeting  in  the  neighborhood,  and 
was  asked  to  preach,  which  he  did.  He  was  followed  by  Mr.  Baumann, 
the  teacher  there,  who  "made  many  exclamations  over  the  points  in 
the  sermon,  urging  the  people  to  take  them  to  heart,  for  their  eternal 
salvation.  This  was  not  pleasing  to  me,  but  I  must  learn  to  be  all 
things  to  all  men,  if  thereby  I  may  save  one  or  two."  Baumann  came 
from  Virginia  in  the  fall  of  1770,  and  was  serving  as  an  exhorter  in 
that  neighborhood.  In  Jan.  1773,  Soelle  noted  that  a  meeting  house 
had  been  erected  five  miles  from  George  Reed,  and  that  Baumann  had 
recently  been  ordained  as  a  Baptist  minister.  "The  Baptists  are  active 
here  and  in  Virginia,  but  in  Pennsylvania  they  sleep." 

The  widow  Marrill  and  her  children  attended  Soelle' s  services  in  the 
River  Settlement.  Soelle  says  that  "she  cannot  forget  the  fate  of  her 
husband,"  but  unfortunately  does  not  state  what  the  sad  fate  was. 

From  the  River  Settlement  Soelle  crossed  Abbotts  Creek  to  the  house 
of  Leonard  Kern,  a  German,  "who  holds  services  for  the  neighbors, 
and  catechises  the  children." 

His  invitation  to  the  Jersey  Settlement  had  come  from  John  Pipes, 
who  lived  forty  miles  from  Bethabara. 

Prom  the  Jersey  Settlement  Soelle  went  toward  the  Uharie  (here 
spelled  Juvare).  Kern  accompanied  him  two  miles,  and  was  most 
friendly ;  but  later  Soelle  lost  his  way,  finally  reaching  the  home  of 
Jacob  Roth,  a  Dunkard.  Hearing  that  Soelle  belonged  to  the  Brethren 
Roth  asked  for  a  meeting,  and  two  Englishmen  who  were  there  expressed 
the  same  wish,  so  Soelle  set  a  time  when  he  could  return  to  them. 

Pour  miles  further  on  he  reached  the  home  of  Dewald  Pant,  where 
he  spent  the  night.  Many  neighbors  gathered  in,  asking  innumerable 
questions.  "These  people  are  of  a  definite  species,  and  remind  me  of 
the  crow  in  Esop's  Fable,  which  made  itself  great  with  the  feathers  of 
other  birds.  They  have  Moravian,  Dunkard,  Separatist,  Baptist  prin- 
ciples, know  everything  and  know  nothing,  despise  others,  hold  to  no 
one,  and  reject  all  others.  With  only  one  soul  was  there  an  opportunity 
to  really  speak;  and  she  was  the  only  one  to  ask  me  to  come  again  to 
this  neighborhood."  The  Dewald  Fants  had  many  children.  One  son  was 
married,  and  had  two  children,  of  four  and  three  years,  both  blind. 
The  day  after  this  was  written  Soelle  held  a  public  service,  and  records 
that  "the  hearts  and  ears  of  the  people  were  open,  and  they  melted  like 


796  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


wax  in  the  fire,  especially  dear  Jacob  Roth/'  who  spoke  of  selling  his 
land  in  order  to  move  nearer  the  settlement  of  the  Brethren,  though 
Soelle  advised  against  this. 

Next  day  Roth  rode  with  Soelle  to  the  house  of  Mr.  Mobray,  on  the 
Uharie.  "Mr.  Mobray  lives  on  rich  land,  the  best  I  have  seen  in 
Carolina,"  but  he  does  not  own  it.  He  has  a  rather  large  family.  "He 
gave  me  to  understand  that  he  planned  to  buy  land  in  Wachovia  from 
the  Brethren,  since  he  could  not  secure  that  on  which  he  lived.  Men 
give  him  a  bad  name." 

On  the  following  day  services  were  held  at  the  home  of  John  Kimbo- 
rough,  the  most  important  man  in  the  neighborhood.  He  was  quite 
young,  but  the  Assembly  Man  for  Gilbert  [Guilford]  County.  Soelle 
preached  here  several  times,  on  various  trips,  and  made  interesting  notes 
of  his  experiences.  "There  was  close  attention,  emotion  and  tears.  People 
remarked  that  they  had  never  seen  so  quiet  a  service."  "Many  Free 
Masons  live  in  this  section."  The  service  was  attended  by  people  of 
many  religious  beliefs,  "a  bewildered  people."  In  April,  1772,  Kim- 
borough  as  spokesman  made  Soelle  a  definite  offer,  urging  him  to  become 
their  pastor,  but  he  was  obliged  to  refuse.  In  March,  1773,  it  is  noted 
that  John  Kimborough  is  having  a  Tavern  built,  to  relieve  his  house 
from  the  constant  stream  of  visitors. 

The  next  night  Soelle  spent  with  Bradley  Kimborough.  He  and  his 
wife  were  elderly  people,  members  of  the  Church  of  England,  and 
"hungry  for  the  Gospel."  "The  neighbors  say:  'We  won't  go  to  his 
house,  because  he  falls  upon  us  with  the  Gospel'."  In  March,  1773, 
Soelle  preached  the  first  sermon  in  a  new  meeting  house  near  Bradley 
Kimborough's,  and  notes  that  there  are  only  three  meeting  houses  be- 
tween Salem  and  the  Uharie, — Friedland,  Welborn's,  and  Kimborough's. 

On  this  Nov.  1771  trip,  Soelle  returned  from  Bradley  Kimbo- 
rough's by  way  of  Jacob  Wagner's.  He  lived  on  Abbotts  Creek.  From 
there  he  went  to  the  home  of  Peter  Frey ;  to  Bachhof ,  at  Friedberg ;  and 
thence  to  Salem. 

2)  There  were  naturally  a  number  of  ways  in  which  it  was  possible 
to  go  from  Salem  to  the  Uharie,  passing,  as  Soelle  did,  from  house  to 
house  as  invited.  In  April,  1772,  he  went  first  to  Richard  Ulrich,  "I 
will  take  the  road  by  his  house,  which  is  much  shorter." 

Five  miles  further  on  lived  Billingley,  a  young  man  who  had  a  desire 
for  good;  "most  people  about  here  are  without  God  or  God's  Word." 
The  meeting  house  of  1773  was  built  half  a  mile  beyond  Billingley  to- 
ward Bradley  Kimborough's. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  797 

Beyond  Bradley  Kimborough  lived  George  Hermann  and  his  family. 
They  were  of  German  birth,  "old,  honorable  and  religious  people/' 
most  of  the  children  being  grown. 

Joseph  Bobbins'  house  was  a  meeting  place  for  the  Baptists,  of  whom 
there  were  only  about  ten  in  the  neighborhood.  There  Soelle  met  the 
Baptist  minister,  Davis,  who  cordially  invited  him  to  come  to  Haw 
River.  Soelle  spoke  in  the  morning  to  about  200  persons,  and  the 
Baptist  minister  in  the  afternoon.  Davis  was  the  only  ordained  man 
among  these  Baptists,  and  Soelle  thought  him  "an  earnest,  well-meaning 
man,  who  with  all  his  might  pointed  the  people  to  the  atoning  power 
of  Christ,  assuring  them  that  it  mattered  little  whether  they  belonged  to 
one  or  to  another  denomination,  whether  they  were  plunged,  dipped  or 
sprinkled,  for  the  blood  of  Christ  must  be  their  righteousness,  and  it 
must  be  sprinkled  in  their  hearts,  otherwise  nothing  would  help."  "In 
the  evening  I  had  to  answer  many  difficult  questions,  especially  with 
regard  to  Infant  Baptism,  and  the  Saviour  gave  me  grace  to  answer 
all  modestly,  and  to  show  them  where  I  thought  their  mistake  was; 
the  minister  himself  kept  very  quiet.  There  are  souls  here  that  one  can 
love,  and  that  are  tender,  but  others  are  empty  vessels,  and  it  is  the 
latter  who  do  most  of  the  chattering.  I  went  to  bed,  but  the  others  sat 
around  until  day,  talking  with  each  other."  "The  next  day  there  was  a 
baptising ;  not  so  many  came  as  yesterday."  Soelle  saw  four  persons  bap- 
tised, and  remarks  that  the  service  "charmed"  him,  "with  its  accordance 
with  the  words  of  Romans  VI,  4,  '~Now  are  we  also  buried,'  and  if 
they  had  had  on  white  garments  it  would  have  made  a  pretty  picture." 
Soelle  did  not  feel  moved  to  talk,  but  was  especially  invited  to  do  so 
after  the  baptismal  service,  and  made  a  short  address  on  Matt.  XI, 
25-28.  Then  the  Baptists  had  Communion,  being  ten  in  number,  in- 
cluding the  newly  baptised.  Soelle  adds  the  story  of  the  drunken  man, 
which  is  referred  to  in  the  Salem  Diary.  "Before  the  first  meeting 
began  I  was  standing  in  the  doorway  talking  to  a  man,  when  a  young 
man  came  up  who  had  been  drinking.  He  said  to  us  that  we  should 
make  him  repentant,  for  he  was  drunk  and  had  industriously  made 
himself  so.  I  did  not  answer  him,  but  the  other  man  told  him  that  if 
he  had  come  to  disturb  the  house  of  God  then  the  hand  of  the  Lord 
would  be  laid  heavily  upon  him.  A  moment  later  such  an  attack  of 
colic  came  upon  him  that  his  drunkenness  passed  away,  and  he  had 
to  be  carried  to  bed,  where  he  lay  all  day  in  great  pain." 

Four  miles  beyond  Joseph  Bobbins  lived  Conrad  Breyel,  a  German, 
where  Soelle  held  his  next  meeting.  From  there  he  went  to  John  Kim- 
borough, Bradley  Kimborough,  and  back  to  Salem. 


798 


NOKTH    CAKOLINA    HlSTOEICAL  COMMISSION 


3)  Journeys  made  in  Nov.  1772,  and  in  January  and  April,  1773, 
give  some  additional  names  of  families  in  the  same  neighborhoods  as 
the  above. 

On  Abbotts  Creek  there  was  Mr.  Eoss,  an  elderly  man,  who  "asked 
whether  what  people  said  of  me  was  true,  that  is  whether  I  was  a  Free 
Mason,  which  was  the  reason  the  Moravians  did  not  love  me.  I  only 
laughed  and  did  not  think  the  question  worth  an  answer,  for  I  am  al- 
ways comforted  when  what  the  people  say  of  me  is  a  plain  lie."  At 
Boss's  home  Soelle  notes  that  the  breakfast  consisted  of  fat  meat  and 
sauer-kraut. 

"Old  Peter  Kiihn"  is  mentioned  in  the  Abbotts  Creek  neighborhood; 
also  the  widow  Parloer,  an  elderly  woman,  a  neighbor  of  Jacob  Wagner. 
Her  husband,  whose  first  name  is  not  given,  had  died  in  1771. 

The  Baptist  preacher  and  teacher  of  this  Abbotts  Creek  neighbor- 
hood was  Stotsmann,  "an  earnest,  serious,  loyal  man." 

Passing  Bradley  Kimborough's  to  George  Hermann's,  Soelle  heard 
that  "Mr.  Peace  has  given  £5:  toward  the  meeting  house,  as  he  has 
bought  land  near  by  and  plans  to  move  here." 

After  visiting  John  Kimborough,  Soelle  called  on  the  elderly  George 
Hartmann;  then  went  six  miles  to  the  home  of  Briel,  on  Carraway 
Creek,  where  a  largely  attended  meeting  was  held.  "In  a  straight 
line  of  thirty  miles  I  have  now  three  preaching  places."  "Most  of  the 
English  on  the  Carraway  are  Baptists;  there  are  many  Irish  highway- 
men, and  today  many  young  men  were  pressed  to  go  after  and  capture 
them," — so  he  wrote  on  April  12,  1773.  Curtel  Bryel  and  his  wife 
were  the  parents  of  the  young  man  who  committed  suicide  in  the  fall 
of  1771 ;  they  had  another  son,  married,  whose  first  name  is  not  given, 
and  it  is  not  clear  in  which  home  the  above-mentioned  meeting  was 
held.  Soelle's  regular  engagement  was  to  hold  service  for  the  Germans 
in  that  neighborhood,  though  many  English  also  came. 


In  July,  1772,  Soelle  went  northeast  from  Salem,  to  Belews  Creek, 
stopping  at  the  home  of  Bernard  Fehr,  a  man  who  feared  God,  kept 
good  order  in  his  house,  and  had  properly  trained  children.  There 
Soelle  kept  two  services,  one  for  the  Germans  and  one  for  the  English; 
and  he  records  that  many  of  the  English  and  Irish  living  thereabouts 
have  recently  come  from  Virginia. 

On  Aug.  15,  1772,  Soelle  took  a  longer  trip  in  the  same  general 
direction.  He  went  first  to  Belews  Creek,  over  the  "new  road"  which 
he  found  very  bad,  to  the  home  of  Seeler,  a  man  who  was  very  poor, 
but  hospitable.    "Just  as  many  Germans  live  here  as  in  Friedland,"  and 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


799 


for  them  Soelle  kept  a  service,  following  it  with  a  meeting  held  in 
English,  for  which  all  of  the  Germans  remained,  standing  about  the 
door  under  the  sun-screen. 

Eudolph  Andreas  lived  on  the  road  to  Alamance  (here  spelled  Ele- 
ments), and  with  him  Soelle  spent  the  night. 

The  next  evening  he  reached  the  so-called  Buffalo  Settlement,  after 
a  long  journey  over  an  unknown  road.  All  the  residents  here  were 
Presbyterians,  rich  and  well-satisfied  with  themselves.  Soelle  stayed 
with  David  Care,  in  whose  home  Brethren  had  often  stopped  on  former 
journeys,  but  Care  said  he  had  never  discussed  the  doctrines  of  the 
Moravians  with  them,  and  Soelle  had  many  questions  to  answer.  Next 
morning  Soelle  was  greatly  distressed  to  find  that  his  horse  had  wan- 
dered away,  and  half  a  day  passed  before  it  was  found  and  returned 
to  him.  "Better  on  foot  than  on  horseback,  so  has  a  man  no  care,  but 
that  is  forbidden  to  me  now." 

Ludwig  Eisele,  in  the  Alamance  section,  was  at  first  rather  distant, 
but  soon  became  friendly  and  helpful,  and  the  next  day  he  rode  three 
miles  with  Soelle  to  the  home  of  Jacob  Christmann. 

Christmann  had  known  the  Brethren  for  some  time.  His  daughter 
was  in  service  in  Salem,  and  married  there,  and  a  son  also  settled 
there.  When  Soelle  arrived  request  was  at  once  made  that  he  hold 
service  in  the  local  meeting  house,  and  as  the  leader  of  the  congrega- 
tion agreed  notice  was  at  once  sent  out.  As  a  general  thing  service 
was  held  for  them  once  in  four  weeks  by  Sutor. 

Scarcely  had  Soelle  reached  the  church  next  day  when  an  old  Dunkard 
came  up  and  began  to  discuss  Infant  Baptism,  warning  Soelle  against 
it.  While  they  were  talking  a  man  came  to  ask  for  the  baptism  of 
his  child,  as  he  did  not  wish  to  have  it  baptised  by  a  minister  of  the 
Reformed  Church, — and  the  Dunkard  went  away  in  disgust,  and  after 
some  conversation  with  the  father  Soelle  promised  to  baptise  the  child, 
which  he  did  after  making  an  address  on  the  sacrament  of  Baptism. 
The  old  Dunkard  looked  and  listened,  and  exclaimed :  aO  what  a  pity ! 
The  last  has  spoiled  the  former!"  But  the  people  thanked  him  re- 
peatedly for  what  they  had  heard,  and  begged  him  to  come  again. 

After  the  services  Soelle  set  out  again,  and  taking  the  wrong  path 
he  rode  twelve  miles,  coming  to  the  Trading  Path  just  where  the  battle 
of  Alamance  had  taken  place ;  near  by  was  a  fenced-in  burying  ground. 
In  the  evening  he  reached  the  home  of  David  Lau,  who  received  him 
cordially. 

Lau  introduced  Soelle  to  Nott,  the  school  teacher  of  Stinking  Water, 
"a  dear  man,  humble,  with  a  warm  heart  for  the  Saviour,  and  eyes 
that  fill  with  tears  when  the  talk  is  of  the  Saviour's  sufferings.    I  had 


800  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


not  expected  to  find  so  precious  a  soul  among  these  people,  who  in  gen- 
eral appear  to  be  orderly,  honorable  and  religious.  One  is  happy 
to  find  such  a  pearl.  This  dear  man,  who  is  poor  in  this  world's 
goods,"  was  to  hold  a  funeral  service  that  afternoon  and  asked  Soelle 
to  be  present.  After  the  burial  the  company  went  into  the  school- 
house,  and  Soelle  spoke  to  them  of  the  "blessedness  of  a  heart-knowledge 
of  Him  Who  was  crucified."  "The  settlers  in  Alamance  and  Stinking 
Water  are  nearly  all  German.  They  have  four  churches,  one  in  Ala- 
mance and  three  in  Stinking  Water;  the  newest  is  large,  and  has  a 
pulpit  and  galleries.  Sutor  preaches  in  all  of  them,  and  Wott  reads 
when  there  is  no  preaching."  Sutor  was  a  Swiss,  "unlettered  and  un- 
ordained,"  and  "from  my  heart  I  pitied  the  poor  people,  who  spend 
their  money  where  there  is  nothing  to  buy."  They  had  engaged  Sutor 
for  four  years.  On  Sunday  Sutor  was  rather  taken  aback  to  find  Soelle 
in  the  church;  Soelle  had  intended  to  leave  earlier,  but  the  people  had 
begged  him  to  stay.  Sutor  spoke  first,  and  Soelle  gained  the  impressions 
above  recorded;  then  Soelle  spoke,  and  noted  that  his  words  found  en- 
trance into  hearts,  and  that  eyes  filled  with  tears,  though  only  one  man 
besides  Nbtt  sought  private  conversation  with  him.  ~No  one  was  by 
when  IsTott  took  leave  of  Soelle,  throwing  his  arms  around  his  neck  and 
kissing  him  in  brotherly  fashion. 

Then  Soelle  set  out  for  Rock  River,  to  visit  the  Baptist  preacher, 
Syms.  In  March  this  man  Syms  and  two  others  were  in  the  Salem 
Brothers  House,  having  stopped  there  to  buy  some  food.  As  they  were 
in  the  kitchen  Soelle  chanced  to  step  in,  and  began  to  talk  with  them 
about  the  new  birth  of  the  heart,  when  Syms  exclaimed :  "Thanks  be  to 
God  that  I  have  found  a  child  of  God  in  this  house!"  He  also  begged 
Soelle  to  visit  him.  After  a  trying  day,  in  which  Soelle  rode  eighteen 
miles  searching  for  his  home,  he  at  last  reached  his  destination,  and 
was  made  heartily  welcome.  "He  is  a  very  poor  man,  for  it  is  the 
custom  and  rule  of  the  Baptists  not  to  pay  their  preachers,  and  they 
must  support  themselves  by  the  work  of  their  own  hands,  in  spite  of 
the  fact  that  they  must  visit  and  serve  the  people  committed  to  their 
charge.  Some  of  the  members  do  not  approve  of  this."  With  Syms' 
approval  Soelle  held  a  meeting  for  the  German-speaking  settlers  at  the 
home  of  a  man  named  Seiler,  who  knew  some  of  the  Brethren,  espe- 
cially Schaub;  Syms  accompanied  Soelle  to  this  meeting,  and  followed 
his  address  with  a  few  words  begging  those  present  to  let  the  words 
sink  into  their  hearts  and  take  root  there. 

Next  day  Seiler  took  him  two  miles  to  the  "big  road"  to  Carraway 
Creek,  but  the  way  thither  was  so  long  that  Soelle  had  to  spend  the 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  801 

eight  en  route,  finding  a  lodging  "bad  enough  and  dear  also."  In  the 
morning  he  passed  through  Poolcats  Settlement,  where  all  the  corn 
was  ruined.  A  storm  forced  him  to  stop  at  a  house,  where  he  found 
a  woman  who  had  heard  him  preach  on  Carraway ;  and  another  woman 
and  a  boy  came  in  who  showed  him  the  way  through  the  woods  to  the 
home  of  the  elder  Breiel. 

He  went  six  miles  to  the  home  of  George  Hermann.  Muster  was 
being  held  at  John  Kimborough's  house,  and  hearing  that  Soelle  was 
there  Kimborough  announced  to  the  company  that  Soelle  would  hold  a 
service  on  the  following  day,  when  he  spoke  "on  the  man  without 
Christ,  and  the  man  in  Christ,"  according  to  Eph.  II,  1-5. 

On  the  following  day  Soelle  returned  to  Salem. 


North  of  Belews  Creek,  and  therefore  a  little  east  of  north  from 
Salem,  lies  the  Town  Fork  of  Dan  River.  Settlers  came  there  as  early 
as  they  did  to  Wachovia,  and  the  Moravian  ministers  visited  there  from 
time  to  time.  They  seem,  however,  not  to  have  met  with  much  suc- 
cess, for  in  April,  1771,  Soelle  wrote:  "The  people  on  this  side  of  the 
Yadkin  are  much  deader  than  on  the  other  side,  but  the  Gospel  must 
be  preached  to  the  dead  also."  In  Sept.  1772,  he  visited  at  the  home 
of  the  Mr.  Benner,  or  Banner,  with  whom  the  Moravians  had  been 
friendly  ever  since  they  came  to  North  Carolina,  and  again  recorded 
his  sad  impression  that  "This  neighborhood  is  to  me  the  darkest  of  all." 
He  also  made  two  trips  into  Virginia,  taking  the  road  that  crossed 
the  Town  Fork.  Combining  the  accounts  of  these  two  trips, — May  and 
October,  1772,  the  following  items  appear  concerning  the  men  living 
along  that  road. 

Not  far  from  Benner,  on  the  Town  Fork,  lived  James  Hampton,  at 
whose  house  meetings  were  held  by  Soelle,  and  some  of  the  rough,  wild 
spirits  were  moved  to  tears  by  his  words. 

Eight  miles  from  there  lived  Moses  Martin,  where  Soelle  spent  the 
night,  enjoying  the  well-trained,  quiet,  orderly  children. 

Passing  on  to  the  Meho  River,  on  the  May  trip,  Soelle  found  a  tavern, 
but  it  was  full  of  godless  men,  so  he  spent  the  night  at  a  neighboring 
plantation  belonging  to  a  man  named  Lemon,  who  had  no  feed  for 
Soelle's  horse,  and  no  pasture,  so  the  following  day  Soelle  must  needs 
walk  and  lead  the  horse,  letting  it  graze  by  the  roadside. 

On  the  October  trip  Soelle  crossed  the  Meho  and  went  to  the  home 
of  Mr.  Vernon,  but  found  poverty  there  also,  little  for  the  family  to 
eat,  and  nothing  for  his  horse,  which  again  had  to  feed  by  the  roadside 
on  the  following  day.  Two  miles  from  there  was  a  meeting  house  in 
19 


802  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


which  Soelle  preached,  in  accordance  with  a  promise  made  to  Vernon 
in  Salem  eight  days  before.  He  spent  the  night  with  a  Mr.  Pratt, 
who  had  a  house  by  the  side  of  the  road.  He  was  a  quiet,  respectable 
man,  with  a  large  family;  his  wife  was  sick. 

Next  day  he  crossed  Smith's  Eiver,  and  at  evening  reached  the  home 
of  Mr.  Peter  Porkins  [Perkins],  a  rich,  busy  man,  living  on  the  road 
to  Pennsylvania.  "Most  of  the  settlers  hereabouts  are  religious,  some 
Baptists  among  them." 

At  the  home  of  Mr.  Harris  he  was  made  most  heartily  welcome. 
This  Baptist  minister  had  just  returned  from  a  trip  to  the  neighborhood 
of  the  Potomac,  where  there  was  an  awakening  among  the  Germans. 
With  him  Soelle  went  to  the  meeting  house,  three  miles  away,  where 
a  three-day  "big  meeting"  was  beginning,  and  at  Harris'  invitation 
Soelle  preached  the  opening  sermon.  This  was  followed  by  a  service 
in  which  those  present  were  expected  to  tell  their  experiences  in  grace. 
Another  Baptist  minister,  Mr.  Lane,  went  to  Soelle  and  complained 
about  Harris,  disapproving  of  this  experience  meeting  and  complaining 
that  Harris  would  not  let  him  speak  to  the  people.  Some  had  advised 
Lane  to  call  a  meeting  of  his  own  in  the  woods,  but  Soelle  suggested 
that  it  would  be  better  to  discuss  the  differences  quietly  with  Harris, 
and  Harris  and  Lane  really  did  talk  together  nearly  all  night,  but 
without  coming  to  an  agreement.  Next  day  a  young,  single  man, 
named  Lowell,  preached  in  the  morning,  and  Soelle  in  the  afternoon. 
While  the  Baptists  remained  for  Communion  Soelle  went  home  with 
Mr.  Lowell,  who  told  him  how  he  had  been  awakened,  and  how  he  was 
still  uncertain  and  restless.  "It  is  a  great  pity  that  in  this  part  of 
the  world  a  man  who  is  half  awakened  turns  to  the  converting  of  others 
and  begins  to  preach,  before  he  himself  has  been  thoroughly  healed." 
Mr.  Lowell  had  been  imprisoned  because  of  his  preaching,  and  had 
been  released  only  two  weeks  before  Soelle  met  him. 

Before  reaching  the  home  of  Capt.  Eoberts  Soelle  had  to  cross  sev- 
eral creeks,  very  stony  in  dry  weather,  so  that  the  horse  stumbled, 
and  doubly  difficult  in  rainy  weather,  when  the  streams  were  swollen. 
On  the  visit  in  May  Soelle  found  a  young  minister  of  the  Church  of 
England  at  Eoberts'  house.  "When  he  learned  that  I  was  to  be  counted 
among  the  educated  he  began  to  quote  some  lines  from  Homer,"  and 
later  wished  to  discuss  the  Moravians,  of  whose  doctrine  he  had  many 
mistaken  ideas,  which  he  said  he  had  read.  "I  told  him  that  many 
evil  things  were  written,  that  in  this  world  many  useless  and  worse 
than  useless  books  were  printed,  and  that  if  they  could  be  taken  out 
of  the  hands  of  men  and  sunk  into  the  sea  it  would  be  a  good  thing, 
for  they  served  only  to  lead  men  astray."  The  family  of  Capt.  Eoberts 
was  large;  their  outward  circumstances  pressing. 


Eecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


803 


Having  spent  the  night  with  a  Presbyterian  family  Soelle  went  to  the 
home  of  Nicolas  Porkins,  a  young  man;  and  at  the  invitation  of  Mr. 
Land  preached  in  the  nearby  meeting  house.  Mr.  Land  had  formerly 
lived  on  Abbotts  Creek,  and  had  belonged  to  the  Church  of  England, 
but  having  found  inspiration  in  the  preaching  of  Baptists  he  had 
joined  them.  Next  day  Soelle  returned  to  the  Presbyterian  family 
and  held  a  service  for  the  Presbyterians  of  that  neighborhood. 

Eeturning  to  Peter  Porkins,  Soelle  set  out  for  home,  spending  a  night 
with  Mr.  Pratt,  and  the  next  night  with  a  Mr.  Harding.  The  day 
spent  with  Mr.  Harding,  Nov.  6th,  happened  to  be  Soelle's  birthday- 
he  was  sixty-three  years  old.  In  the  morning  he  waked  with  a  special 
sense  of  the  nearness  of  the  Saviour,  and  wrote  in  his  Diary :  "Heaven 
and  earth  are  His,  a  house,  a  church,  a  road,  a  tree,  are  alike  to  Him." 

Crossing  the  Dan  to  Moses  Martin's,  Soelle  meant  to  visit  Michael 
Seitz,  but  it  was  raining  and  the  path  was  overhung  with  wet  leaves, 
so  he  went  on  to  Peter  Prey's,  and  found  his  house  in  ashes !  Fortu- 
nately the  family  had  been  able  to  save  their  belongings,  though  the 
fire  had  been  at  night,  and  Peter  himself  not  at  home. 

Prom  here  Soelle  went  back  to  Salem,  by  way  of  Banner's  on  Town 
Pork,  and  Bernhard  Pehr's  on  Belews  Creek. 


Soelle  died  on  May  4,  1773,  and  on  July  23d  Eichard  Utley  set  out 
on  a  tour  of  the  homes  and  preaching  places  in  the  direction  of  Deep 
Creek.  Most  of  the  families  named  in  his  Diary  have  already  been 
mentioned,  but  the  course  he  took  is  of  interest,  particularly  because 
at  every  home  where  he  spent  a  night  he  read  the  Memoir  of  Br.  Soelle, 
which  had  been  prepared  in  accordance  with  the  custom  of  the 
Moravians. 

July  23.  Left  Salem;  visited  Daniel  Smith,  Douthid,  Christopher 
Ellrod,  spending  the  night  with  the  latter. 

July  2k.  Preached  at  Adam  Ellrod's;  crossed  the  Atkin;  visited 
Col.  Hunt;  spent  the  night  with  Morgan  Bryant. 

July  25.  Preached  in  Timber  Eidge  meeting  house,  being  accom- 
panied thither  by  James  Bryant,  son  of  Morgan  Bryant.  Spent  the 
night  with  J ohn  Bryant. 

July  26.  Eode  with  Col.  Hunt  to  the  home  of  George  Lang,  on 
Deep  Creek;  spent  the  night  with  George  Lang's  brother,  Prederic. 

July  28.  Preached  in  Valentine  Eeese's  house  to  about  two  hundred 
people;  called  on  John  Jones;  spent  night  with  Eobert  Ellrod. 

July  29.  Visited  Eoger  Turner;  also  old  Mr.  Turner,  the  father, 
Thomas  Bryant,  William  Bryant,  James  Porbush,  reading  the  Soelle 
Memoir  at  each  home.    Spent  the  night  with  Morgan  Bryant. 


804  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


July  SO.  Called  on  Col.  Hunt,  George  Boone,  William  Williams; 
lodged  with  Samuel  Bryant. 

July  81.    Preached  again,  in  Timber  Kidge  meeting  house. 

Aug.  1.  Preached  at  Adam  Ellrod's  on  the  Atkin.  Visited  the 
widow  Goslin,  and  Daniel  Smith ;  spent  the  night  at  Douthid's. 

Aug.  2.    Keturned  to  Salem. 

Memoir  of  the  departed  Br.  George  Soelle. 
[Translated  in  full.] 
He  has  himself  prepared  the  following  account  of  his  journey  through 
life. 

Come  here  and  listen,  for  I  will  relate  what  the  Lord  has  done  for 
my  soul!  What  the  God  of  my  salvation,  Who  died  for  me  upon 
the  cross,  has  done  for  my  poor,  lost  soul ;  so  that  other  sinners,  hearing 
it,  may  learn  to  know  the  gracious  and  merciful  Saviour,  and  know 
what  His  blood  does  for  poor  sinners. 

I  was  born  'Nov.  6,  1709,  on  the  island  Erroe,  in  Denmark.  The 
grace  which  the  Friend  of  Children  gave  me  in  Holy  Baptism  I  lost 
little  by  little,  as  sin  and  depravity  got  the  upper  hand.  For  a  while 
I  continued  to  like  to  sing  religious  songs,  but  gradually  lost  those  also. 
In  my  twelfth  year  I  was  overcome  with  such  an  alarm  and  fear  of 
God  that  I  went  into  the  church,  threw  myself  on  the  floor,  and  be- 
sought the  dear  God  with  many  tears  to  forgive  my  sins.  My  fear 
passed,  and  I  felt  safe,  but  for  twelve  more  years  went  my  own  way. 

In  1734,  when  in  the  school  at  Odensee,  a  new  unrest  came  over  me, 
I  felt  how  terrible  sin  was,  prayed  and  wept,  and  felt  much  anxiety, 
until  I  was  pale  as  a  corpse.  For  several  years  I  was  greatly  op- 
pressed and  miserable,  and  as  all  around  me  were  dead  in  sin  I  often 
wished  that  I  could  find  just  one  man  with  whom  I  could  speak. 
Meanwhile  I  experienced  many  evidences  of  the  grace  of  the  Saviour 
in  my  heart  and  received  comfort,  and  because  the  salvation  of  my  soul 
lay  so  near  to  my  heart  I  thought  about  it  day  and  night,  even  dream- 
ing about  it.  Once  I  saw  a  beautiful  vine,  with  blood-red  grapes, 
from  which  my  hands  and  feet  were  stained  red  as  blood.  Another 
time  it  seemed  that  I  was  one  of  the  men  who  were  carrying  the  body 
of  the  Saviour,  and  as  it  disappeared  from  our  hands  I  heard  a  voice 
say  three  times :  "The  Brethren  have  overcome."  At  that  time  I  had 
not  heard  one  word  concerning  the  Unity  of  Brethren. 

In  1741  I  was  called  and  ordained  as  a  Lutheran  minister,  and  bore 
witness  publicly  of  the  grace  which  leads  poor  sinners  to  the  feet  of 
Jesus;  wherefore  men  took  me  for  a  Herrnhuter,  though  when  I  was 


Kecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


805 


questioned  about  it  I  could  only  say  that  I  had  heard  nothing  about 
them. 

But  soon  after,  that  is  in  1742,  I  learned  to  know  Br.  Grasmann,  the 
first  of  the  Brethren  that  I  had  met,  and  his  life  and  conversation 
suited  me  well.  Then  I  first  learned  of  the  sin  of  all  sins,  the  lack 
of  faith  in  the  atonement  of  the  Saviour,  which  I  had  not  hitherto  felt 
in  my  heart.  Now  at  last  my  lost  condition  was  evident  to  me,  and 
it  was  hard  for  me  to  speak  and  to  preach  of  the  Saviour,  for  I  did 
not  yet  know  Him,  nor  could  call  Him  mine.  I  did  not  recognise 
this  as  a  testing  and  temptation,  but  thought  and  felt  that  on  account 
of  my  lack  of  faith  I  was  a  lost  and  condemned  sinner.  Then  the 
crucified  Saviour  appeared  to  me,  as  He  died  upon  the  cross  for  my 
sins,  and  faith  sealed  in  my  heart  through  His  blood:  "All  thy 
sins  are  forgiven  thee."  I  felt  the  peace  of  God  in  my  heart,  grace 
overflowed  my  heart  from  His  wounds,  and  I  was  as  though  new  born. 

In  1747  my  old  Principal,  whose  Deacon  I  was,  died  in  his  82nd 
year  as  a  sinner  redeemed  by  the  blood  of  Jesus.  This  freed  me  from 
my  office,  and  as  the  Saviour  made  clear  to  my  heart  that  I  belonged 
in  the  Unity  of  Brethren  I  resolved  to  join  them.  In  1748  I  consulted 
the  Brethren  in  Copenhagen,  and  they  advised  against  the  change, 
recommending  that  I  remain  where  I  was,  and  there  serve  the  Saviour. 
But  I  had  no  rest  in  my  heart  until  on  Michaelmas  I  preached  my 
farewell  sermon  and  set  out  for  the  Unity. 

I  reached  Herrnhaag  on  Oct.  26th,  when  the  Text  for  the  day  was 
the  beautiful  phrase :  "I  dwell  among  my  people."  I  moved  to  Marien- 
born,  where  I  was  Beceived  on  Dec.  1st;  and  in  April,  1749,  I  partook 
of  the  Holy  Communion  for  the  first  time  with  the  congregation. 
During  this  time  I  enjoyed  indescribable  blessedness  in  my  heart,  and 
made  fast  the  covenant  with  my  Saviour  that  nothing  should  sever 
me  from  His  wounds,  His  blood,  His  death,  which  covenant  He  has 
made  to  endure.  Afterwards  I  went  with  several  Brethren  to  Barby, 
where  for  three  years  I  found  a  blessed  school  for  my  heart,  I  learnt 
to  know  myself  better,  and  the  Saviour  showed  me  much  grace. 

In  1753  I  received  a  call  to  America,  and  reached  Bethlehem  on 
Sept  14th,  with  several  other  Brethren,  being  conscious  of  the  presence 
of  the  Saviour,  Who  showed  Himself  to  me  in  grace.  From  that 
center  I  preached  the  gospel  of  Jesus'  sufferings  and  death  in  Oly, 
Lynn,  Yorktown  and  Philadelphia,  till  in  1760  I  went  to  New  England, 
in  1762  to  Khode  Island,  and  from  there  to  Broadbay,  where  I  re- 
mained eight  years ;  and  then,  in  1770,  I  moved  with  several  families 
to  Wachovia. 


806  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


When  I  think  of  all  the  grace  and  mercy  which  the  Saviour  has 
shown  to  poor  me  during  these  twenty  years  in  North  America,  I 
must  needs  exclaim,  while  tears  wet  my  cheeks  :  "Lord  I  am  too  small 
for  all  the  mercy  and  faithfulness  which  Thou  hast  shown  to  me !" 

So  far  goes  the  account  of  the  departed  Brother,  as  he  wrote  it. 

In  1770,  when  he  could  once  more  celebrate  his  birthday  (the  62nd) 
within  the  Unity,  and  could  again  share  in  the  Holy  Communion,  he 
was  very  thankful,  and  often  said  that  the  Saviour  had  brought  him 
back  to  his  home  among  the  Brethren.  He  was  soon  lodged  in  the 
Salem  Brothers  House,  where  he  rejoiced  to  share  in  the  grace  and 
blessings  of  the  congregation  and  of  the  Single  Brethren's  Choir,  and 
was  strengthened  anew  by  all  that  the  Saviour  does  for  poor  sinners 
who  hold  to  Him  and  to  His  Atonement.  He  never  willingly  missed 
a  Communion,  or  a  Festal  Day  of  congregation  or  Choir,  unless  he 
was  out  on  a  preaching  tour,  and  he  always  said  that  the  Saviour 
refreshed  him  thereby,  and  gave  praises  to  Him  therefor.  Then  with 
new  zeal  he  would  go  out  again  to  preach  the  Gospel  of  the  sufferings 
and  death  of  Jesus. 

During  the  last  year  he  not  only  proclaimed  this  Gospel  in  Wachovia 
and  the  adjoining  regions,  but  he  went  twice  into  Virginia,  preaching 
with  power  and  grace.  And  he  often  prayed  earnestly,  and  begged: 
"O  Brother,  help  me  pray  that  the  Gospel  may  bring  forth  abiding 
fruit  for  eternity,  that  the  poor  souls  may  realize  their  miserable  and 
lost  condition,  may  come  to  the  Saviour  and  His  wounds,  may  turn  to 
Him  with  their  whole  hearts,  may  learn  to  believe  on  Jesus,  and  may  be 
saved." 

Recently  he  has  thought  and  has  often  told  the  Brethren  that  his 
time  here  would  soon  be  over,  and  that  his  wish  and  desire  to  be  at  home 
with  his  dear  Lord  would  soon  be  fulfilled. 

On  last  Good  Friday  he  held  the  first  public  service  in  the  new 
meeting  house  at  Friedland,  and  proclaimed  the  death  of  the  Lord 
with  grace  and  spirit.  Then  he  journeyed  to  the  Hugh  Warren 
[TJharie]  in  order  to  preach  there  on  Easter  Day.  There  he  wrote: 
"In  spirit  I  was  in  Salem ;  my  Friend  held  Himself  near  to  me  and  I 
to  Him."  And  he  said  further  that  his  meditation  was  that  His 
children  lay  their  bodies  in  the  earth  to  rest,  as  He  rested  in  the  grave, 
and  as  He  rose  so  shall  they  also  some  day  arise,  and  this  mortal  shall 
put  on  immortality. 

On  April  28th  he  set  out  on  his  last  journey  to  the  Atkin,  in  order 
to  preach  there.  In  spite  of  his  age  and  weakness  he  was  apparently 
well,  and  took  a  hearty  leave  of  the  Brethren,  as  he  always  did  when 


Eecoeds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


807 


leaving  for  a  trip,  commending  himself  to  their  prayers  and  thoughts 
before  the  Lord.  On  the  journey  he  became  so  ill  that  he  was  not  able 
to  hold  the  service  for  May  2nd.  He  still  had  strength  enough  that 
he  hoped  to  reach  home,  so  on  the  2nd  several  friends  brought  him  to 
Friedberg  School-House;  and  from  there  Br.  Bachhof  accompanied  him 
to  Salem  the  next  day.  He  was  then  so  weak  that  he  had  to  be  lifted 
from  his  horse  and  carried  to  his  room.  All  possible  medical  aid  was 
at  once  given,  but  it  was  soon  evident  that  medicine  no  longer  had  any 
effect,  and  that  the  Saviour  would  take  him  home  into  His  joy.  He 
himself  said  that  no  medicine  would  serve,  if  the  Saviour  wished  to 
take  him  to  Himself,  and  that  he  was  willing  that  He  should  do  what 
He  chose. 

The  last  evening  before  his  blessed  home-going  some  of  the  Brethren 
came  to  visit  him.  He  was  asked  whether  he  saw  the  Brethren,  who 
loved  him  and  had  come  to  see  him  ?  He  answered :  "I  am  very  happy 
that  the  Brethren  love  me;  I  am  very  weak  and  weary  of  body,  but 
my  heart  is  well."  He  was  also  asked  whether  he  was  going  to  the 
Saviour?  He  replied:  "I  am  ready,  but  I  do  not  yet  know;  I  have 
resigned  myself  to  His  will.  For  Him  have  I  lived,  Who  bought  me 
with  His  precious,  divine  blood.  O  how  blessed  it  is  when  a  heart 
seeks  and  knows  nothing  but  to  live  for  the  Saviour.  O  that  all  men 
might  know  how  to  value  their  salvation,  and  what  an  unspeakable  grace 
and  blessing  it  is,  through  the  incarnation  and  the  atoning  death  of 
Jesus,  to  be  redeemed,  and  to  live  for  Him  Who  redeemed  us."  For 
about  half  an  hour  he  spoke  of  the  blessings  which  his  heart  had 
experienced  through  the  wounds  of  Jesus.  After  he  had  spoken  of  the 
Saviour,  in  English  and  in  German,  as  though  he  had  many  hearers, 
the  Brethren  sang  several  hymns  for  him,  and  he  joined  with  a  weak 
voice  until  the  final  moment  drew  near.  On  the  evening  of  the  4th 
of  May,  at  eleven  o'clock,  in  his  64th  year,  after  he  had  received  the 
blessing  of  his  Choir  and  of  the  Church  in  the  words:  "Into  the 
peace  of  Jesus  we  commit  thy  spirit,  soul  and  body,  thou  brother  of 
the  Lord,"  he  expired  gently  and  blessedly  in  the  arms  of  Jesus. 

The  members  of  his  Single  Brothers  Choir,  whom  to  the  end  he  loved 
so  dearly,  and  in  whose  joy  and  sorrow  he  ever  took  such  a  deep  interest, 
add  the  following: — We,  who  are  eye-witnesses  of  his  departure,  can- 
not describe  how  deeply  we  felt  the  presence  of  God.  Our  hearts  were 
tender,  and  were  melted  by  the  feeling  that  was  there;  it  was  nothing 
less  than  as  if  the  Saviour  Himself  were  in  the  room,  and  had  come 
to  take  His  servant  home.  The  plentiful  tears  of  the  Brethren  bore 
witness  to  this,  and  we  shall  keep  it  in  eternal  remembrance. 


1774 


From  the  Bagge  MS. 

During  the  years  1773  and  1774  the  quarrel  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  Colonies  continued,  because  of  a  new  Act  of  the  English  Parlia- 
ment which  required  that  all  tea  shipped  to  America  must  first  have 
paid  a  tax  in  England.    All  the  Colonies  resented  this,  and  when  the 
East  India  Company  sent  shiploads  of  tea  into  the  chief  harbors,  in- 
tending to  open  a  warehouse  at  each  place,  the  ships  were  nowhere 
well  received.    In  Boston  a  mob  seized  the  tea  and  threw  it  into  the 
water ;  in  Charlestown  it  was  locked  up  in  a  warehouse,  where  much  of 
it  spoiled,  at  least  none  was  sold  until  after  the  War  had  broken  out. 
As  North  Carolina  had  no  good  harbor  nor  commercially  important 
city  on  the  sea,  no  such  tea  came  here,  and  most  of  the  people  con- 
sidered the  acts  of  the  other  Colonies  as  madness,  though  there  were 
some  who  approved  of  what  had  been  done.    These  belonged  to  the 
Presbyterian  Party,  which  undermined  the  influence  of  Governor  Martin 
from  time  to  time.    The  Governor,  no  doubt  in  obedience  to  orders 
from  his  superiors,  refused  to  sanction  laws  which  the  Assemblies  of 
1773  and  1774  wished  to  make,  looking  toward  the  holding  of  Superior 
Courts  in  the  several  Districts  as  usual,  this  being  because  the  Assembly 
insisted  that  the  property  of  an  Englishman,  lying  in  North  Carolina, 
might  be  seized  and  sold  at  public  auction  to  pay  his  debts  owed  to 
Colonists  here,  just  as  the  property  of  a  Colonist,  when  it  was  in  Eng- 
land, might  be  taken  and  sold  to  satisfy  debts  owed  by  the  Colonist 
there.    This  refusal  to  allow  the  holding  of  Superior  Courts  created 
much  confusion,  and  caused  many  murmurs  among  the  people,  which 
the  aforesaid  Party  tried  constantly  to  increase.,    Meanwhile,  accord- 
ing to  an  Act  of  1774,  a  Court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer  was  held  in  each 
County,  for  the  trial  of  greater  and  smaller  offenses.    Such  a  Court 
was  held  in  Surry  County  also,  the  Judge  being  Eichard  Caswell,  later 
Governor  of  this  State,  who  stopped  in  Salem  on  his  way.    It  is  said 
that  Governor  Martin  did  much  harm  in  North  Carolina  by  insisting 
so  strongly  upon  the  prerogatives  of  his  King,  and  by  talking  of  it 
so  constantly  that  it  gave  great  offense.    It  was  also  said  that  when 
many  members  of  the  Assembly  saw  how  insistent  the  Governor  was 
concerning  such  prerogatives  they  dissembled  before  him,  and  so  brought 
it  to  pass  that  they  secured  offices  and  positions  which  they  later  used 
against  the  King, 


Eecokds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


809 


Wachovia  Memorabilia,  1774. 

[There  are  two  copies  of  the  Wachovia  Memorabilia  filed,  one  some- 
what shortened  in  form.  As  there  is  necessarily  much  repetition  in  the 
Memorabilia  from  year  to  year  the  shorter  form  is  here  used,  except 
where  some  item  was  omitted  that  needs  to  be  given —the  paragraphs 
taken  from  the  longer  copy  are  enclosed  in  brackets  [  ] .  Where  un- 
important paragraphs  are  omitted  *  *  *  are  used,  otherwise  it  is 
a  full  translation.] 

During  the  year  that  has  passed  we  have  received  many  general  and 
special  tokens  of  the  presence  of  the  Saviour  in  our  midst.  He  has 
given  spirit  and  power  to  the  reading  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament, 
to  public  testimony,  and  to  the  reading,  from  the  Wochen  and  other 
Gemein  Nachrichten,  of  sermons,  and  reports  concerning  the  blessed 
work  of  God  throughout  the  entire  world.  He  has  graciously  watched 
over  the  deliberations  in  the  Conferences,  and  often,  in  difficult  circum- 
stances, has  given  advice  and  help.  The  Festivals  and  Days  of  Remem- 
brance for  the  whole  Christian  Church,  and  for  the  Unity  of  Brethren 
in  particular,  have  been  days  of  happy  thanksgiving,  on  which  we  have 
renewed  our  determination  to  abide  by  the  Cross  of  Jesus,  until  we 
shall  see  Him  face  to  face.  Especially  was  that  the  case  with  each 
celebration  of  the  Holy  Communion,  as  we  agreed  to  keep  the  unity 
of  the  spirit  in  the  bond  of  peace— see  the  Text  for  Oct.  5th,— and  the 
keeping  of  the  Congregation  and  Choir  Rules  was  earnestly  recom- 
mended to  Boards  and  Congregations  with  blessed  results.,  We  have 
taken  it  as  a  special  proof  of  the  Saviour's  interest  in  us,  and  have 
thanked  Him  for  it  with  tears,  that  He  has  made  our  Brethren  and 
Sisters  willing  and  able  to  take  their  part  in  paying  the  debts  that  were 
pressing  so  heavily  on  the  Unity,  and  at  the  same  time  to  cover  the 
expenses  of  the  respective  Congregations,  in  spite  of  the  hard,  difficult 
times,  caused  especially  by  an  unusually  heavy  frost  early  in  May, 
which  threatened  a  total  failure  of  crops  and  consequent  high  prices. 
This  was  averted  by  our  Heavenly  Father  through  subsequent  favor- 
able weather,  and  a  good  yield  of  corn,  so  that  we  have  good  cause  to 
thank  and  praise  Him  for  His  care.  No  less  are  we  grateful  for  the 
safe  arrival  of  Br.  and  Sr.  Johann  George  Wallis,  and  three  Single 
Brethren,  Schreyer,  Tanz  and  Krause,  from  Europe;  Br.  Wallis  hav- 
ing been  selected  by  the  Saviour  to  be  Yorsteher  of  Salem. 

[This  year  the  settlement  of  Wachovia  has  been  increased  by  the 
arrival  of  nine  families,  about  seventy  persons.  At  a  minimum  estimate 


810  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


there  are  in  Wachovia,  outside  of  the  three  Gemein  Orten  260  persons. 

9Q4-  " 

In  our  three  towns  

There  have  died  since  the  beginning  of  Wachovia   82 

Keturning  to  Pennsylvania  or  going  elsewhere   •  71 

Total   707 

For  various  reasons,  our  trade  has  been  unusually  difficult,  especially 
with  the  commercial  towns  at  some  distance,  and  there  has  been  some 
loss,  although  we  have  been  able  to  maintain  the  business.] 

Br.  Marshall  has  been  called  by  the  Unity's  Elders  Conference  to 
attend  the  Synod  of  the  Unity  of  Brethren,  to  be  held  next  year,  1775, 
in  Barby.  In  anticipation  of  his  trip  to  Europe  he  has  notified  His 
Excellency,  our  Governor  Josia  Martin,  and  has  assured  him  of  the 
true  and  loyal  spirit  of  the  Brethren  in  this  land  toward  our  most 
gracious  King,  George  III,  and  his  Province  here,  which  will  answer 
as  well  as  a  formal  Address.  We  thank  the  Lord  that  so  far  we  have 
lived  undisturbed  under  our  beloved  rulers,  and  pray  that  He  will 
graciously  permit  this  to  continue. 

We  have  also  had  the  pleasure  of  a  visit  in  Salem  from  Herr  Rebs- 
dorf,  formerly  Governor  General  of  the  three  Danish  West  India 
Islands,  and  his  companion,  Capt.  Bange.  They  stayed  several  days, 
and  we  assisted  them  on  their  further  journey.  Both  these  gentlemen, 
and  especially  the  Governor  General,  proved  themselves  good  friends 
to  the  Brethren  in  those  Islands,  and  to  the  Missions  of  the  Brethren 
among  the  heathen. 

In  addition  to  his  duties  as  Congregation  Vorsteher  in  Salem,  Br. 
Utley  has  continued  to  visit  and  to  preach  in  German  and  English  on 
the  Yadkin  and  Deep  Creek.  [Two  years  ago  several  families  moved 
to  Wachovia  from  Maryland,  this  year  three  more  families  have  come 
from  there,  and  others  will  follow  next  year.  They,  and  other  persons 
living  this  side  of  and  beyond  Muddy  Creek,  have  written  to  the  Breth- 
ren, offering  to  build  a  School-House  in  that  neighborhood,  and  ask- 
ing that  a  Married  Couple  be  sent  to  take  charge  of  them  and  their 
children.  With  this  in  view  a  bridge  is  being  built  across  said  Creek, 
and  is  nearly  finished,  and  in  future  Br.  Utley  will  serve  these  families 
with  visits  and  with  meetings.  Br.  Eritz  has  preached  in  English  sev- 
eral times  on  the  Town  Eork,  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  Bethabara. 

The  Court  of  Surry  County  appointed  Br.,  Reuter  as  Road  Master 
for  Dobbs  Parish,  and  in  obedience  to  a  law  he  has  measured  the  main 
roads  from  Salem  to  the  nearest  town  or  settlement,  and  marked  the 
miles  on  trees  or  posts,  and  he  has  also  placed  sign-posts  at  the  cross 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  811 


roads  on  the  three  main  roads  leading  out  of  Salem,  to  the  great  satis- 
faction of  travelers.] 

Salem.  The  Congregation  of  Salem  has  especial  reason  to  thank  the 
Lord  for  His  faithfulness,  in  that  the  hidden  evil  has  been  brought  to 
light  and  removed.  He  has  also  given  grace  that  the  Congregation 
and  its  ministers  have  again  agreed  and  covenanted  together  to  abide 
by  the  Rules  of  the  Congregation  and  of  the  Choirs,  and  that  if  any 
cannot  willingly  live  by  these  rules  to  give  them  permission  to  seek  a 
home  elsewhere,  which  happened  in  the  case  of  several  persons;  and 
the  Lord  has  graciously  manifested  His  desire  to  be  and  to  move  among 
us,  and  to  comfort  us  in  our  sorrow.  *  *  *  On  Nov.  13th  the  Con- 
gregation blessedly  celebrated  its  anniversary  with  Lovefeast  and  the 
Communion,  in  which  the  faithful  Chief  Elder  poured  out  His  grace 
upon  them. 

The  Congregation  has  suffered  a  heavy  loss  through  the  home-going 
of  its  first  Preacher,  Br.  Tiersch,— may  the  Saviour  show  us  how  to 
fill  his  place.  Br.  Meinung  has  cheerfully  taken  charge  of  the  school  for 
little  boys,  which  Br.  Tiersch  had  been  conducting.  Through  the  bless- 
ing of  God  a  new  building  for  the  Store  has  been  erected  and  nearly 
finished.  [Br.  Triebel  has  gotten  under  roof  a  house  and  work-shop 
for  himself,  opposite  the  Brothers  House.]  Br.,  Zillman  has  been  ap- 
pointed night-watchman.  *  *  *  Br.  and  Sr.  Peter  Rose  have 
taken  charge  of  the  plantation  near  Salem,  from  which  Br.  and  Sr. 
George  Holder  have  moved  away,  [and  have  gone,  with  their  two  chil- 
dren, to  their  farm  near  Bethabara].  [On  August  27th  the  Hourly 
Intercession,  for  which  we  have  so  greatly  longed,  was  re-organized, 
most  of  the  communicants  taking  part  in  it,  and  its  meetings  have 
been  signally  blessed.] 

[Pour  couples  have  been  married,— Peter  and  Anna  Rosina  Rose, 
Johann  Christian  and  Christine  Fritz,  Heinrich  and  Anna  Dorothea 
Stohr,  Johann  and  Magdalene  Miicke,  the  last  pair  being  from  Betha- 
bara, where  they  are  living],  and  the  Stohrs  having  moved  thither. 

Additional  members  who  have  come  here  to  live  are:— the  Single 
Brother  Matthias  Weis,  from  Bethlehem;  John  Hein,  from  Priedland; 
the  boy,  Christian  Stauber,  and  the  little  girl,  Johanna  Fockel,  from 
Bethabara;  the  little  boy,  Christoph  Pogler  [Vogler],  from  Priedland; 
the  little  girl,  Elisabeth  Hartman,  from  Priedberg;  and  Br.  and  Sr 
George  Waffle,  and  the  Single  Brethren  Schryer,  Tanz,  and  Krause, 
from  Europe.  [Br.  Wallis  was  sent  by  the  Lord  to  be  our  Congrega- 
tion Vorsteher,  a  position  which  has  been  held  by  Br.  Utley  ad  interim.] 


812  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


The  Congregation  in  Salem  consists  of  125  persons. 

Bethabara.  The  little  Congregation  of  Bethabara  is  particularly 
grateful  for  the  blessed  quiet  and  peace  which  it  has  this  year  enjoyed; 
giving  it  opportunity  to  meditate  upon  the  Atonement  of  Jesus,  and  to 
read  with  interest  the  accounts  in  the  Gemein  Nachrichten,  telling  of 
the  great  work  which  the  Saviour  is  doing  among  the  members  of  the 
Brethren's  Church. 

[The  unusual  frost  early  in  May  did  considerable  damage  on  the 
Unity's  farm.]  New  houses  have  been  built  for  the  Tavern  and  for 
the  miller,  and  partly  finished.  It  should  be  noted  that  in  November 
three  Cherokee  Indians— a  Chief,  another  man,  and  a  woman- 
spent  the  night  in  Bethabara,  attended  the  evening  meeting,  and  seemed 
to  desire  our  friendship.  They  were  under  the  guidance  of  several 
white  gentlemen.  The  most  pleasant  part  of  it  was  that  it  again  looks 
as  though  there  would  be  peace  with  the  Indians. 

Anton  Kastner  was  married,  and  later  he  was  Eeceived  and  his  wife 
was  Baptised.  The  widower,  David  Eominger,  has  moved  hither  from 
Friedland.    *    *  * 

Bethabara  Congregation  consists  of  64  souls. 

Bethania.  During  the  past  year  many  circumstances  have  made 
manifest  that  the  Saviour  desires  a  people  obedient  and  devoted  to 
Him;  *  *  *  and  He  has  overcome  the  evil  that  seemed  to  be 
spreading  especially  among  the  younger  people. 

The  school  for  children  has  been  continued  with  blessing.  The 
Guardian  of  Israel  has  watched  over  us  and  shielded  us  in  danger,  as, 
for  example,  when  a  Brother  was  cutting  a  tree  in  which  another  had 
lodged.  Both  fell  at  once,  and  [his  leg  being  between  them]  he  would 
have  been  crushed  or  killed,  had  not  the  angels  protected  him.  A  girl 
was  drawing  water  behind  her  house,  when  a  snake  coiled  itself  around 
her  bare  leg,  but  she  escaped  from  it  unharmed. 

One  couple,  Heinrich  and  Elisabeth  Spoenhauer,  have  been  married. 
A  married  Sister,  living  outside  the  town,  was  Eeceived  into  the  Con- 
gregation, became  a  Candidate  for  the  Holy  Communion,  and  being 
very  ill  she  was  allowed  to  become  a  partaker  of  the  Sacrament.  The 
little  girl,  Margaretha  Fogler,  from  Friedland,  has  come  into  the  care 
of  Br.  and  Sr.  Grabs.  *  *  *  Br.  Bulitschek,  his  wife  and  five  chil- 
dren, have  moved  from  Bethania  to  their  farm.    *    *  * 

The  Congregation  numbers  101,  with  the  addition  of  ten  married 
couples  living  outside  the  town,  of  whom  all  except  three  men  are  Com- 
municants. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  813 


Friedberg.  [The  little  Congregation  and  the  Society  in  Friedberg 
acknowledge  with  thankful  hearts  that  their  Creator  and  Saviour  has 
revealed  Himself  to  them  as  the  work  of  His  hands.,  *  *  *  The 
public  preaching  of  the  Gospel,  and  the  reading  of  printed  and  manu- 
script sermons  and  Gemein  Nachrichten,  and  the  visits  from  members 
of  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz  of  Salem,  were  a  blessing  to  them. 

This  year  the  Congregation  has  been  increased  by  the  coming  of  five 
families  from  Yorktown,  Pa.  namely  Marcus  Hoens,  Martin  Ebert, 
Friedrich  Miiller,  Peter  Schneider,  Melchoir  Fischer,  and  their  fami- 
lies,— a  total  of  forty,  including  the  children.  The  first  four  couples 
and  one  Single  Sister  are  Communicants.  A  Congregation  Council  has 
been  organized  [Aug.  14th],  consisting  of  the  Communicants  of  the 
Congregation,  and  among  other  things  they  have  planned,  according 
to  their  means,  to  contribute  to  the  needs  of  the  Unity  as  a  whole. 
During  the  Passion  Week,  before  the  Communion,  the  Pedilavium  was 
celebrated  for  the  first  time. 

Wilhelm  Booner  and  his  wife  and  the  widow  Goslin  joined  the  So- 
ciety; later  Booner  joined  the  Congregation  by  Adult  Baptism,  receiv- 
ing the  name  Joseph  Wilhelm,  and  the  married  man,  Peter  Frey,  and 
the  married  woman,  Catharine  Frey,  were  Eeceived.  *  *  *  George 
Hahns  and  his  family  have  moved  to  Friedland.  *  *  *  The  Con- 
gregation consists  of  32  Communicants  and  12  Received,  and  there  are 
23  in  the  Society.] 

Friedland.  The  Society  in  Friedland  has  been  visited  every  four- 
teen days  by  Brethren  from  Salem,  especially  Br.  Valentine  Beck,  and 
these  Brethren  have  held  services  for  them.  Two  families  from  (York- 
town)  Pennsylvania,  and  one  from  Friedberg,  have  moved  here  this 
year. 

The  Society  members  sent  a  letter  to  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz  in 
Salem,  signed  by  fifteen  house-fathers,  asking  that  a  Brother  and  his 
wife  might  come  to  them  and  their  children;  which  will  be  granted 
so  soon  as  their  School-House  is  finished.  *  *  *  Fifteen  families 
have  signed  the  Society  Rules  and  Regulations;  of  these  two  couples 
go  to  Friedberg  once  in  two  months  for  the  Communion. 

Salem  Diary,  177  Jf. 
[Extracts  translated.] 

[The  troubles  in  Salem  and  Bethania,  referred  to  in  the  Memora- 
bilia, were  largely  matrimonial.  Early  in  the  year  a  Single  Brother 
in  Salem  engaged  himself  to  marry  the  daughter  of  a  Society  Member 


814  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


in  Bethania,  without  consulting  the  officers  of  his  Choir  or  the  Con- 
gregation. As  secret  engagements  were  contrary  to  the  Eules  and 
Eegulations  to  which  he  had  pledged  his  obedience,  and  as  he  persisted 
in  his  self-will,  he  was  given  the  consilium  dbeundi,  but  his  marriage 
made  trouble  for  a  while  in  Bethania,  while  in  the  Salem  Single  Broth- 
ers House  several  of  his  comrades  were  insubordinate  and  annoying. 
Two  of  them  finally  received  the  formal  notice  to  leave  town;  one  of 
these  soon  returned,  asked  pardon,  and  was  allowed  to  remain,  while 
other  Brethren  who  had  been  drawn  into  the  trouble  recovered  their 
tempers,  and  returned  to  normal.  Toward  the  end  of  the  year  it  was 
learned  that  a  Single  Sister  of  Salem  was  secretly  engaged  to  a  widower 
from  the  southern  part  of  Wachovia;  and  she  too  was  dismissed.  It 
should,  however,  be  noted  that  while  the  young  woman  was  dismissed 
from  her  Choir  House  and  the  Community  she  was  not  turned  adrift, 
but  was  taken  to  the  mill  south  of  Salem,  where  a  few  days  later  she 
was  married  by  Br.,  Bonn,  Justice  of  the  Peace,  under  the  chaperonage 
of  Br.  and  Sr.  Steiner.  Moravian  Church  discipline  in  the  Eighteenth 
Century  was  strict,  but  the  records  prove  that  the  leaders  of  the  Con- 
gregation never  acted  hastily,  that  they  sought  by  every  means  in  their 
power  to  restore  the  erring  one,  and  when  they  failed,  and  the  limit  of 
tolerance  was  reached,  they  acted  with  due  regard  to  the  best  interests 
of  every  one,  including  the  offender.  Details  concerning  these  troubles 
are  given  in  the  Diaries  and  Minute  Books,  but  need  take  no  further 
space  here.  In  reviewing  the  Minute  Books,  however,  certain  other 
marriage  negotiations  will  be  translated,  throwing  light  upon  the  meth^ 
ods  of  that  day. 

The  Salem  Diary  for  this  year  records  little  that  is  of  general  inter- 
est. Services  were  continued  as  usual,  the  Congregation,  Choir,  and 
Unity  anniversaries  were  observed  in  the  manner  already  presented  in 
the  translation  of  earlier  years.  More  items  apart  from  the  Church 
routine  are  included  after  the  death  of  Br.  Tiersch,  when  Br.  Graff 
became  Diarist,  showing  the  wider  interest  that  Bishop  Graff  took  in 
many  subjects,  including  Colonial  affairs.  The  inserted  items  are  from 
Marshall's  reports  to  U.  E.  C.  The  weather  for  the  year  was  normal, 
except  for  the  heavy  frost  in  May.] 

[When  the  Mission  Collection  box  was  being  taken  around  on  Jan. 
6th  a  negress  who  is  working  in  the  Tavern  heard  of  it,  told  two  others, 
and  all  three  asked  that  their  little  gifts  might  also  be  accepted.  That 
evening  she  came  into  the  Saal,  dressed  in  white;  and  since  then  it 
appears  that  the  Holy  Spirit  is  working  in  her  heart.  One  of  the 
others  was  a  negro  who  had  been  hired  for  a  while,  and  soon  after  had 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


815 


to  return  to  his  master,  leaving  with  many  tears.  Since  then  another 
negro  has  been  bought;  he  worked  two  or  three  winters  in  Bethabara, 
and  has  been  here  several  times,  begging  earnestly  that  we  would  buy 
him,  for  he  wanted  to  find  salvation,  and  feared  to  be  lost.] 

Jan.  10.  Friedrich  Miiller,  from  Yorktown,  rejoiced  us  with  a  pack- 
age of  letters  and  Gemein  Nachrichten. 

Jan.  11.  Br.  Marshall  read  the  news  from  these  to  the  Communi- 
cants, who  were  greatly  interested.,  We  were  particularly  glad  to  hear 
of  the  baptism  of  the  first  Cherokee  Indians,  JSToah,  and  his  wife  Wil- 
helmine;  and  we  wish  for  our  neighboring  Indian  nation  that  the  light 
of  the  Gospel  may  soon  shine  upon  it. 

Feb.  27.  The  Brn.  Marshall  and  Graff  went  to  Friedland,  where 
there  was  public  preaching,  and  a  Society  meeting  of  the  house-fathers. 
In  this  meeting  Michael  Seitz  was  elected  Steward  to  assist  Grohn. 

March  13.  The  Friedlanders  have  asked  that  a  Brother  come  to 
them  every  other  week,  so  today  Br.  Valentine  Beck  held  the  services 
and  read  to  them  from  Nachrichten  No.  6. 

March  17.  Herr  Rebsdorf,  Governor  General  of  the  Danish  West 
India  Islands,  reached  here,  accompanied  by  a  Captain  Bang.  They 
are  journeying  through  the  English  Colonies. 

[He  was  very  friendly,  and  we  did  all  in  our  power  to  make  his  stay 
here  pleasant.  He  had  fully  counted  on  hiring  from  us  horses  and  a 
guide  as  far  as  Maryland,  which  was  very  inconvenient,  but  we  did 
our  best  for  him,  and  sent  a  Brother  and  three  horses  to  take  him  on 
until  they  could  make  further  arrangements.] 

March  21.  The  Governor  took  his  departure,  accompanied  by  Br. 
Heinrich  Stohr. 

March  22.  There  was  Congregation  Council  in  the  evening,  and  Br. 
Zillman  accepted  the  office  of  Nightwatchman.  He  will  receive  £22; 
Proc.  per  year,  toward  which  each  Taxable  will  pay  Id  a  week. 

[A  short  time  ago  Br.  Bagge  was  in  Cross  Creek,  where  he  bought 
several  wagon-loads  of  goods.  It  has  been  agreed  that  the  loss  by  the 
recent  robbery  shall  be  shared  equally  by  the  two  parties,  (i.e.  by  the 
Salem  Store  and  the  Cross  Creek  merchant).  Since  then  a  still  greater 
robbery  has  taken  place  there,  and  a  store-keeper  was  murdered,  and 
the  residents  of  Cross  Creek  have  offered  a  reward  of  £500:  for  the 
discovery  of  the  thief.  Here  in  Salem  there  have  been  several  attempts 
at  stealing,— some  one  tried  to  pull  out  of  the  frame-work  of  the  pot- 
tery the  bricks  which  were  walled  in,  but  a  movement  in  the  house 


816  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


frightened  him  away.  It  was  therefore  decided  to  have  a  night-watch- 
man, who  began,  his  work  on  March  27th. 

On  March  21st,  in  bright  sunshine,  there  was  an  earth-quake,  which 
lasted  about  one  minute,  but  did  no  harm. 

At  the  last  session,  the  Assembly  and  the  Government  agreed  long 
enough  to  re-establish  the  County  Courts,  which  are  also  to  try  civil 
cases  where  the  amounts  involved  do  not  exceed  £20:,  but  there  is  a 
Supreme  Court  for  criminal  cases  only,  not  for  civil  cases. 

The  present  residents  of  Salem  are  comfortably  enough  located,  but 
not  even  one  more  family  could  be  housed  while  building  for  itself,  and 
the  inhabitants  are  not  in  position  to  build  more  houses.  Therefore  a  year 
ago  already  the  Unity  Diaconie  decided  to  build  a  new  store,  as  the 
house  now  occupied  is  not  convenient  for  this  purpose;  and  the  corner- 
stone was  laid  on  April  5th.] 

April  12.  Br.  Stohr  returned  from  Louisburg,  bringing  a  letter  from 
Governor  Eebsdorf,  in  which  he  expressed  his  satisfaction  with  the 
way  he  had  been  conducted  thither. 

[Andreas  Schapiz,  who  came  recently,  has  left  of  his  own  accord, 
and  has  gone  to  Salisbury,  where  he  thinks  he  can  do  better  for  himself. 

Matthias  Weiss,  of  Bethlehem,  has  come  in  a  wagon  from  Yorktown, 
and  will  establish  a  dyehouse. 

On  his  last  visit  to  the  Atkin  Br.,  Xltley  found  that  the  Baptists  have 
openly  announced  their  opposition  to  his  visits  in  that  neighborhood.] 

May  5.  Last  night  it  was  unusually  cold;  fields,  garden  vegetables, 
and  even  the  leaves  on  the  trees,  were  frozen. 

[On  account  of  the  long,  mild,  spring  the  fields  and  gardens  were 
two  weeks  in  advance  of  their  usual  condition  at  this  time.  On  the 
night  between  the  4th  and  the  5th  of  May,  and  again  on  the  following 
night,  there  was  the  hardest  frost  that  any  one  remembers  to  have  had 
at  this  season  of  the  year.  Wheat,  rye,  and  grass  were  frozen,  so  that 
many  people  mowed  their  fields.  We  let  ours  stand,  to  see  whether 
they  would  recover,  for  though  the  wheat  was  heading,  the  rye  was  in 
bloom,  and  the  barley  would  have  been  ripe  in  two  to  four  weeks,  so 
that  in  ordinary  cases  no  crop  could  have  been  expected,  yet  in  this 
land  vegetation  makes  such  extraordinary  growth  that  new  sprouts 
came  up,  and  the  roots  of  the  wheat,  and  such  stalks  as  were  not  com- 
pletely killed,  revived.  If  we  get  half  a  crop,  or  even  a  quarter,  we 
will  be  thankful.  Most  of  the  corn  is  sprouting  again,  and  the  season 
is  still  early  enough  for  more  to  be  planted,  so  this  is  the  only  sure 
hope  for  a  grain  harvest.  Fruit  of  every  kind  is  killed,  so  are  the 
acorns  and  all  other  nuts  in  the  forest.    Leaves,  young  fruit  trees,  and 


Eecoeds  of  the  Moravians  in  JSTorth  Carolina 


817 


many  limbs  of  other  trees  are  frozen,  and  the  forest  looks  worse  than 
in  winter,  while  the  unpleasant  odor  of  the  frosted  leaves  persisted  for 
several  days,  until  the  rain  washed  it  away. 

The  potter  from  Pinetree  made  a  burning  of  Queensware,  and  one 
of  stoneware,  so  that  process  is  now  fairly  understood  here.  As  all  the 
vessels  had  to  be  made  by  hand  on  the  potter's  bench,  instead  of  with 
instruments  on  a  potter's  wheel,  they  were  not  delicate  enough  for  por- 
celain, but  they  will  serve  as  a  side-line  for  our  pottery,  and  can  be 
further  developed.  The  good  man  found  our  town  too  narrow  for  him, 
so  for  the  present  has  bid  us  a  friendly  farewell. 

The  Governor  has  recently  sent  out  a  list  of  the  Justices  of  the 
Peace,  in  which  some  of  the  former  Justices  were  replaced  by  others. 
Br.  Bonn  remains  Chairman,  Michael  Hauser,  of  Bethania,  takes 
Charles  Holder's  place,  so  we  have  lost  nothing. 

Another  family  has  come  from  Carol's  Manor,  and  on  the  14th  of 
May  settled  on  168  acres,  near  the  other  Maryland  families.] 

[Letter,  Bishop  Graff  to  Nathaniel  Seidel,  May  16th.  Through  Mat- 
thias Weiss  we  have  received  the  box  of  madder  plants,  for  which  I 
send  hearty  thanks ;  they  were  still  fresh,  and  were  set  out  at  once  ac- 
cording to  instructions.] 

May  27.  The  Hohns  and  Ebert  families,  who  came  yesterday,  left 
today  for  Friedberg,  and  will  lodge  with  Br.  Pfaff  until  they  can 
build  on  their  land.    Each  of  these  couples  has  seven  children. 

June  1.  In  a  meeting  of  Communicants  Br.  Graff  preached;  then 
the  Marriage  Doxology  was  sung,  and  Heinrich  Stohr  and  Anna  Doro- 
thea Schutz  were  married  by  Br.  Tiersch,  and  Johannes  Micke  and 
Magdalena  Hirt  by  Br.  TJtley. 

July  1.  The  Brn.  Marshall  and  Tiersch  visited  the  mill  below  Salem, 
where  they  heard  that  the  flood  last  Wednesday  ruined  and  washed 
away  many  mills  to  the  south-west.  Indeed,  there  was  such  a  storm 
for  several  hours,  with  thunder  and  lightning  and  heavy  rain,  that 
people  thought  the  Last  Day  had  come. 

July  5.  After  singing  the  Marriage  Doxology  Br.,  Johann  Christian 
Fritz  was  married  to  the  widowed  Sister,  Christine  Merk  [m.n.  Loesch] 
m  the  name  of  our  Lord  and  of  His  congregation,  and  the  blessing  of 
the  Lord  was  laid  upon  them. 

July  25.  Last  night  a  pocket-book,  containing  10  sh.,  and  some  other 
things  were  stolen  from  a  room  in  the  Single  Sister's  part  of  the  Gemein 
Haus. 

20 


818  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


July  28.  It  was  agreed  in  Congregation  Council  that  any  one  who 
does  not  work  his  allotted  number  of  days  on  the  roads  shall  pay  3  sh. 
per  day  in  lieu  thereof. 

Aug.  29.  In  the  afternoon  at  2  o'clock  was  the  Lovefeast  of  the 
Single  Brethren,  when  the  Festal  Psalm  of  1771  in  Bethlehem  was 
sung.  Looking  over  the  catalog  of  the  Choir,  Br.  Tiersch  announced 
that  of  the  42  Single  Brethren  living  in  Salem  and  Bethabara  19  were 
born  in  Germany,  1  in  Switzerland,  4  in  Denmark,  1  in  Liefland,  3  in 
England,  17  in  Pennsylvania,  1  in  New  England,  1  in  Virginia,  and  1  in 
Carolina. 

[Sept.  1.  Our  grain-fields  recovered  from  the  frost  beyond  the  ex- 
pectation of  anybody,  through  new  shoots  sent  up,  but  the  delay  in  the 
time  of  ripening  brought  it  to  the  season  for  mildew,  so  the  wheat  was 
scant  and  poor.  The  rye  was  nearly  all  straw.  The  barley  was  scant 
and  small,  and  will  not  grind  well.  Oats  and  flax  are  about  as  usual. 
There  is  no  fruit,  and  only  half  a  crop  of  hay,  but  prospects  are 
good  for  the  second  hay  crop.  As  most  people  will  have  to  live  on 
corn  we  have  been  obliged  to  add  a  second  pair  of  stones  at  the  Betha- 
bara mill,  especially  for  corn,  and  have  built  a  bolter  for  cornmeal,  an 
invention  which  has  brought  to  the  Salem  mill  many  persons  who  wish 
to  use  the  meal  for  bread. 

This  summer  there  have  been  several  cloud-bursts  in  our  neighbor- 
hood, which  swept  away  houses  and  mills,  but  did  us  no  serious  damage. 

Owing  to  the  spring  frost  there  is  neither  mast  nor  forage  in  the 
woods,  so  the  larger  and  smaller  wild  creatures, — field  mice,  squirrels, 
raccoons,  possums,  bears, — and  the  feathered  tribe,  were  driven  into 
the  fields,  and  did  much  damage,  especially  to  the  corn.  Panthers  have 
been  seen  several  times, — they  have  not  injured  any  persons,  though 
they  have  followed  some.  It  is  no  wonder  that  when  the  store  secured 
two  or  three  wagon-loads  of  fresh  goods  from  Cross  Creek,  the  entire 
amount  of  powder,  100  lbs,  was  sold  in  a  few  days. 

Even  as  the  fields  team  with  thieving  creatures  so  it  goes  among 
men,  for  there  is  robbery,  murder,  stealing  of  horses  and  swine,  and 
the  counterfeiting  of  both  paper  and  hard  money,  so  that  there  is  no 
kind  which  has  not  been  counterfeited.  The  present  unrest  permits 
the  turbulent  spirit  to  increase  greatly,  but,  thank  God,  we  have  re- 
mained undisturbed,  except  for  a  few  minor  incidents.. 

At  the  last  County  Court  the  new  Court-House  was  used  for  the  first 
time.] 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


819 


Sept.  21.  The  Aeltesten  Conferenz  prepared  the  Credentials  for  Br. 
Marshall,  who  has  been  called  to  attend  the  General  Synod,  as  repre- 
sentative of  the  Unity  in  Wachovia. 

Oct.  9.  The  two  friends  from  Carols  Manor  Settlement  in  Mary- 
land,— Padged  and  Schau, — who  came  last  week,  and  have  selected  land 
in  Wachovia  in  the  neighborhood  of  their  acquaintances,  had  an  inter- 
view with  Br.  Marshall  concerning  the  purchase  of  this  land,  and  then 
left  for  home.  They  expect  to  move  their  families  here  next  spring  or 
fall. 

Oct.  10.  The  Jury,  appointed  by  the  last  County  Court  from  Breth- 
ren of  our  three  towns,  today  laid  out  a  somewhat  more  direct  road 
from  our  neighbor,  Mr..  Walker,  to  the  Iron  Furnace. 

Oct.  13.  Br.  Bonn,  as  Justice,  today  performed  the  marriage  cere- 
mony for  J ames,  son  of  our  neighbor  John  Doughted  on  Muddy  Creek, 
and  the  daughter  of  Matthew  Markland. 

In  Congregation  Council  the  Credentials  of  Br.  Marshall  were  read ; 
and  Br.  Marshall  announced  that  during  his  absence  his  duties  would 
be  performed  by  Br.  Graff. 

Oct.  11+.  At  6  o'clock  there  was  Communion  Lovefeast,  in  which  we 
particularly  thought  of  the  approaching  departure  of  Br.  and  Sr. 
Marshall1  and  Sr.  Bishoff  for  Bethlehem. 

Oct.  16.  Last  night  our  dear  Br.  Tiersch  had  a  hard  chill,  with  pro- 
fuse sweating,  and  as  it  was  the  ninth  night  it  seemed  to  be  a  crisis. 
[He  suffered  from  a  "hemorrhoidal  diarrhoea"  which  has  attacked 
many  this  year.]  He  expressed  the  hope  that  he  would  now  improve, 
but  it  soon  became  evident  that  his  departure  was  to  be  expected.  Soon 
after  mid-day  the  last  blessing  was  given,  and  our  dear  Lord  permitted 
His  servant  to  rest  from  all  his  pain.  This  unexpected,  and  to  us 
sorrowful,  departure  was  at  once  announced  by  the  trombones,  with  the 
accustomed  melodies;  and  also  in  the  meeting  which  soon  followed. 

Oct.  17.  Toward  evening  the  body  of  our  dear  Br.  Tiersch  was 
placed  in  the  coffin.  All  day  many  had  called,  and  soft  music  and 
sweet  liturgies  had  been  rendered  from  time  to  time.. 

Oct.  18.  Morning  and  early  afternoon  a  large  number  gathered  from 
all  our  towns  and  from  the  neighborhood  to  attend  the  funeral  of  our 
Br.  Paul  Tiersch.  At  2  o'clock  Br.  Graff  made  a  short  address  in  the 
Saal.  The  funeral  procession  reached  almost  from  the  Gemein  Haus 
to  God's  Acre.  After  the  casket  had  been  lowered  the  usual  prayers 
from  the  Church  litany  were  read. 


death  of  Br.  Tiersch  delayed  their  departure  some  months. 


820  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


[A  number  of  persons,  who  had  almost  paid  for  their  land,  and  who 
could  not  get  Deeds  in  Br.  Marshall's  absence,  made  every  effort  to 
complete  their  payments,  and  have  received  their  Deeds,  so  that 
Wachovia  now  has  almost  as  many  Freeholders  as  all  the  rest  of  the 
County  put  together.  Since  our  last  report  Br.  Traugott  Bagge  has 
had  the  Diirninger  lot  surveyed  for  himself,  and  three  persons  who 
have  moved  hither  from  Maryland  have  together  taken  706  acres.  We 
expect  still  others  from  that  Colony,  and  the  prospect  is  good  for  an 
English  School-House  in  Wachovia.,  Other  families  across  the  Doro- 
thea, or  Muddy  Creek,  are  considering  the  building  of  a  School-House, 
but  this  will  not  be  possible  until  a  bridge  is  built.] 

Oct  19.  The  Brn.  Marshall  and  Utley  rode  to  the  settlement  of 
Carols  Manor  people,  to  see  the  place  where  a  bridge  is  to  be  built 
across  Muddy  Creek,  and  also  a  fine  place,  this  side  of  the  Creek,  where 
the  neighbors  and  friends  plan  to  build  a  School  House.2  It  lies  on 
a  pretty  hill,  with  a  good  spring  near  by. 

Oct.  25.  In  accordance  with  a  resolution  recently  passed  by  the 
Grosse  Heifer  Conferenz,  in  reference  to  the  large  quantity  of  counter- 
feit money  now  in  circulation,  both  paper  and  hard  money,  an  adver- 
tisement has  been  posted  stating  that  if  any  one  offers  counterfeit  money 
it  shall  be  condemned  by  a  Justice  or  other  responsible  man,  and  the 
word  counterfeit  shall  be  written  on  the  bill,  so  it  can  no  longer  pass. 
This  was  carried  into  effect  today  by  Br.  Bagge,  and  the  stranger  who 
tendered  the  false  money  submitted  without  protest. 

Today  the  upper  spring,  north-west  of  here,  was  inclosed  in  a  large 
box,  this  was  covered  with  clay,  and  then  walled  in.  In  this  the  water 
from  both  springs  will  be  collected,  and  then  led  from  there  in  pipes 
to  the  town. 

[Oct.  26.   We  began  to  read  Keichel's  work  on  the  Old  Testament.3] 

Oct.  27.  The  Aufseher  Collegium  has  ordered  that  the  Corpse  House 
shall  now  be  built  at  once, — the  stone  has  been  lying  ready  for  a  long 
time. 

Oct.  28.  During  the  night  Br.  Heckewalder  returned  from  New 
Bern.  He  tried  to  sell  in  Cross  Creek  the  load  of  butter  which  he  took 
from  the  Store  here,  but  the  price  was  so  low  that  he  had  to  take  it  on 
to  New  Bern,  where  it  was  no  better.  There  are  prospects  there  for 
a  good  trade  in  leather  breeches,  if  Br.  Fritz  could  make  them  in  quan- 
tity; those  he  sent  paid  well. 

2  Later  called  Hope. 

3  Die  Biicher  der  heUigen  Schrift  Alten  Testaments  in  eine  harmonische  Zeitordnung  gebraeht, 

etc.  By  Carl  Rudolph  Reichel.  Published  at  Frankfurt  and  Leipzig.  Part  I  is 
dated  1773;  Part  XII,  1778. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  821 

Oct.  30.  It  was  our  Gemein  Tag.  The  reading  of  the  Memoir  of 
our  departed  Br.  Tiersch  stirred  tender,  loving  recollections  concern- 
ing this  faithful  servant  of  the  Lord. 

Nov.  3.  Br.  Meinung  was  asked  to  keep  the  school  for  little  boys, 
having  received  the  vote  of  their  fathers  in  the  last  Grosse  Heifer 
Conferenz,  and  he  accepted  the  position  willingly. 

Nov.  8.  The  Brn.  Bonn,  Bagge  and  Herbst  went  to  Richmanstown 
to  Court.  Br.  Reuter  went  to  the  Carols  Manor  settlement  to  lay  out 
the  ground  for  the  new  School-House,  and  the  road  from  it  to  the  new 
bridge  across  Muddy  Creek. 

Nov.  9.  Philip  Fogler  [Vogler],  of  Friedland,  returned  from  Court 
at  Richmanstown  where  he  had  been  to  see  about  the  claim  made  by 
James  Hunter  to  certain  head  of  cattle  bought  from  Gov.  Tryon  dur- 
ing the  Regulator  time.  Hunter  did  not  wait  for  the  decision  of  the 
Court,  and  his  claim  was  not  allowed,  as  he  is  still  an  outlaw.  Before 
two  Justices,  who  were  party  to  his  plans,  he  took  an  oath  that  he  was 
formerly  the  owner  of  the  cattle,  and  had  them  present  his  oath  in 
writing;  whether  he  has  found  and  driven  off  the  cattle  while  Fogler 
was  at  Court  remains  to  be  seen. 

Nov.  10.  The  Brn..  Bonn,  Bagge  and  Herbst  returned  today  from 
Court.  Not  a  single  word  was  said  there  about  the  present  unrest  in 
the  land. 

This  evening  Mr.  Sam  Berry,  his  step-son,  and  two  other  men, 
[David]  Jones  and  Richardson,  arrived  from  the  neighborhood  of 
Carols  Manor  [Md.]  bringing  a  letter  of  recommendation  from  Br. 
Heppner  to  Br.  Graff,  which  stated  that  the  aforesaid  gentlemen  would 
like  to  buy  land  near  those  now  living  in  Wachovia  who  were  their 
neighbors  in  Maryland.  Br.  Marshall  talked  over  the  matter  with 
them,  and  sent  them  to  Dan  Schmidt  to  see  the  land  in  that  section. 
Mr.  Berry  seems  to  be  a  good  man,  and  to  act  according  to  the  dictates 
of  his  heart..  [These  men  have  been  among  the  hearers  of  the  de- 
parted Br.  Powell.] 

Nov.  12.  Today  and  yesterday  there  were  many  people  here;  among 
others  a  Mr.  Boyd  from  Wilmingtown,  who  has  charge  of  the  printing 
office  there. 

Nov.  13.  Our  Negro,  Johann  Samuel,  whose  baptism  was  the  first 
sacramental  act  in  the  consecration  of  our  Saal  three  years  ago  was 
today  present  as  a  candidate  for  the  Communion. 

Nov.  lb.  Philip  Fogler,  of  Friedland,  reported  that  the  cattle  he 
bought  four  years  ago  in  Bethabara,  and  one  more,  had  been  driven 


822  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


off  after  lie  let  them  through  the  fence.  Probably  James  Hunter  car- 
ried out  the  plan  prepared  for  by  his  underhand  oath. 

Nov.  15.  Br.  Fockel,  with  his  young  companion  Samuel  Strub,  left 
today  for  Charlestown,  followed  toward  evening  by  three  wagons  loaded 
with  deer  skins  and  butter  [from  the  Store]. 

The  boy,  Joseph  Dixon,  was  bound  to  Br.  Bonn  by  Br.  Michael 
Hauser,  of  Bethania,  Justice  of  the  Peace. 

Nov.  16.  The  widow  Pettycoart,  her  three  grown  children,  and  a 
negro  woman,  arrived  today  from  Maryland,  and  went  to  her  acquaint- 
ance, Daniel  Schmidt. 

Nov.  17.  Mr.  Berry  and  Dan  Schmidt  came  to  see  Br.  Marshall; 
Berry  has  bought  Schmidt's  land,  and  wants  an  additional  piece  below 
it;  Schmidt  will  take  a  piece  half  a  mile  nearer  the  Friedberg  School- 
House. 

Br.  Heinzman  and  Samuel  Stotz  went  to  the  neighborhood  of  New 
Garden  Settlement  to  buy  wheat.. 

Nov.  20.  John  Holder,  who  has  been  looking  at  land  on  the  west 
line  of  Wachovia  for  his  father,  returns  today  to  Pennsylvania,  and 
will  take  with  him  the  copy  of  our  Diary  for  the  four  months  July  to 
October,  and  the  Memoir  of  Br.  Tiersch. 

Nov.  28.  Young  Pettycoart,  who  is  a  hat-maker,  came  to  our  Tavern 
and  will  work  over  hats. 

Dec.  1.  Mr.  Berry,  his  step-son,  Jones  and  Richardson,  came  by  on 
their  return  to  Maryland,  and  finished  arrangements  for  the  purchase 
of  their  land.  [They  took  more  than  a  thousand  acres,  in  several 
pieces.] 

Dec.  5.  Br.  Triebel's  house,  on  the  corner  between  the  Single  Broth- 
ers House  and  Miksch,  was  successfully  raised  to  the  roof. 

In  the  Grosse  Heifer  Conferenz  a  letter  from  Br.  Priis  was  read. 
Among  other  things  it  contained  the  Resolutions  of  the  Congress  re- 
cently held  in  Philadelphia. 

Dec.  8.  Br.  Fockel  returned  from  Charlestown.  He  brought  the 
pleasant  news  that  Br.  and  Sr.  Wallis,  and  the  three  Single  Brethren, 
Schreyer,  Tanz,  and  Kraus,  landed  on  Nov.  26th,  and  will  arrive  here 
with  the  wagons  next  week.  Coming  with  them  from  Europe  were  the 
Brethren  Wagner  and  Muller,  destined  for  service  among  the  negroes 
of  Georgia.. 

Dec.  10.  In  a  newspaper  we  see  the  noteworthy  news  that  peace  has 
been  made  between  Russia  and  the  Ottoman  Porte,  much  to  the  advantage 
of  the  former. 

Dec.  12.  The  Brethren  appointed  as  fire  inspectors  made  the  rounds 
of  the  town,  examining  all  the  fire-places,  and  noting  anything  that 
seemed  dangerous. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


823 


[XXV  Woche,  1775.    Extract  from  a  letter  from  Br.  Wallis. 

After  waiting  only  three  days  in  Charlestown  we  set  out,  with  three 
wagons,  on  our  further  journey  to  Salem.  At  once  we  found  ourselves 
in  the  forest,  through  which  our  way  lay  for  fifty  miles.  The  first 
night  it  rained  so  heavily  that  we  all  became  rather  wet.  It  was  for- 
tunate for  us  that  the  wagon  had  a  cover.  At  noon  we  made  a  fire  and 
cooked  our  food,  and  before  evening  we  gathered  wood  enough  to  keep 
the  fire  burning  all  night.  My  wife  and  I  slept  in  the  wagon  and  the 
three  Single  Brethren  slept  by  the  fire.  From  two  negroes  we  bought 
two  turkeys,  which  weighed  over  twelve  pounds;  we  roasted  these  on 
wooden  spits,  and  ate  of  them  for  four  days.  Our  teamsters  also  shot  a 
deer.  Until  Dec.  6th  the  days  were  so  warm  that  all  clothing  was  too 
heavy;  but  on  that  day  it  turned  so  cold,  and  the  north  wind  blew  so 
sharply,  that  I  do  not  remember  ever  having  been  so  thoroughly  chilled. 
The  following  night  was  just  as  cold,  and  as  we  were  not  far  from 
Salisbury  we  decided  to  go  into  town  on  foot,  not  to  inconvenience  our 
teamsters,  who  preferred  to  remain  in  the  woods.  In  Salisbury  we 
warmed  ourselves  by  the  tavern  fire.  Next  morning  the  teamsters  came 
in,  quite  frozen,  and  there  was  ice  on  the  horses.  After  they  were 
somewhat  warmed  we  set  out  again.  After  traveling  six  miles  we 
came  to  the  River  Atkin,  where  a  short  time  before  two  of  our  Breth- 
ren had  been  in  danger  of  drowning,  and  the  son  of  the  teamster,  and 
three  of  the  horses,  really  did  lose  their  lives.  Our  teamsters  drove  in, 
though  not  without  fear,  and  passed  through  safely.  We  crossed  on 
the  ferry.  This  river  is  dangerous,  because  it  has  many  hidden  rocks. 
"We  were  much  worried  over  our  further  journey,  as  it  was  so  cold  to 
spend  the  night  in  the  woods,  but  to  our  great  joy  a  negro  met  us  with 
a  wagon  sent  from  Salem.  We  were  very  thankful  to  our  Brethren  for 
this  assistance,  and  made  sixteen  miles  that  afternoon  to  Friedberg, 
where  we  found  a  warm  room  for  our  refreshment.  Next  morning, 
Dec.  13th,  we  went  on,  and  at  the  border  of  Wachovia  were  met  by  the 
Brn.  Marshall  and  Petersen.  We  rejoiced  like  children,  and  had  a 
Lovefeast  with  each  other.  As  we  drove  into  Salem  the  sound  of  trom- 
bones welcomed  us,  and  all  Brethren  and  Sisters  received  us  very  ten- 
derly. We  thanked  the  Saviour  that  He  had  so  graciously  protected 
us  throughout  our  long  and  difficult  journey,  which  had  lasted  from 
July  1st  to  Dec.  13th,  as  we  had  to  wait  for  passage  fourteen  days  in 
Altona  and  seven  weeks  in  London.] 

Dec.  17.  The  Aufseher  Collegium  met.  Br.  Wallis  was  present  for 
the  first  time,  and  was  introduced  as  Congregation  Yorsteher. 


824  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Dec.  19.  Mr.  James  Doughed,  one  of  the  Managers  of  the  new  bridge 
across  Muddy  Creek,  came  for  the  £12 :  promised  toward  the  bridge 
from  this  Diaconie,  as  the  bridge  is  almost  completed. 

Dec.  21.  The  Brn.  Reuter  and  Miksch  returned  from  surveying  land 
for  Henry  Schloter  and  the  widow  Peddycoard. 

Tonight  the  watchman  drove  off  a  robber,  who  was  hanging  around 
the  store.,  At  his  shout  the  man  ran  down  the  lane  and  between  the 
gardens ;  the  watchman  shot  at  him,  but  heard  nothing  more  from  him. 

Dec.  21/-.  There  were  many  strangers  here  today,  among  them  a  man 
and  his  wife  from  the  Saluda,  in  north-west  Georgia.  From  him  we 
heard  that  all  was  still  quiet  in  that  section. 

Dec.  27.  A  man  from  the  Congaree  brought  a  petition  for  a  contri- 
bution for  the  building  of  a  church  in  that  section.  We  declined,  ex- 
plaining that  the  earlier  settlers  there  were  more  able  to  contribute  than 
we,  who  at  our  own  cost  had  built  a  church  here.  He  laughed  and  said 
that  was  true,  but  as  he  was  to  travel  through  here  he  had  thought  he 
might  as  well  bring  the  petition  with  him. 

Minutes  of  the  Salem  Boards,  177  Jf. 
[Extracts  translated.] 

Jan.  5.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  With  the  consent  of  the  officials,  and  with 
the  consent  of  and  in  the  presence  of  her  parents,  Kastner  has  been 
betrothed  to  Maria  Spach.  After  it  has  been  published  by  Br.  Bachhof 
at  Friedberg,  and  also  at  Bethabara,  they  will  be  married  by  Br.  Bonn, 
Justice  of  the  Peace. 

Jan.  12.  (Prov.  Helf.  Conf.)  Br.  Heinzmann  reported  that  he  had 
advised  Br.  Peter  Yarrel  to  continue  the  dressing  of  deer  skins  under 
his  supervision  for  another  year. 

Jan.  14.  (Aelt,  Conf.)  Some  time  ago  it  was  suggested  to  propose 
to  Br.  Koffler  that  he  should  marry  Sr.  Merk.  This  was  again  con- 
sidered, and  it  was  agreed  that  Sr.  Graff  should  first  speak  with  Sr. 
Merk,  and  if  she  declined  the  matter  need  not  go  to  Br.  Koffler,  but 
when  the  lot  was  tried  the  negative  was  drawn:  "We  shall  not  pro- 
pose the  marriage  of  Br.  Koffler  to  Sr.  Merk." 

Jan.  27.  (Auf.  Col.)  It  was  agreed  that  Br.  Aust  should  pay  the 
Single  Sisters  lOd  for  each  load  of  clay  dug  in  their  meadow. 

Feb.  1.  (Auf.  Col.)  It  was  agreed  that  it  was  now  time  to  fell 
the  timber  for  the  new  Store  building. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  825 

(Prov.  Helf.  Conf.)  Care  shall  be  used  that  no  man  is  allowed  to 
make  debts  beyond  bis  credit. 

As  there  is  now  no  mid-wife  in  Salem,  and  Sr.  S  will  soon  be 

confined,  it  was  determined  that  Sr.  Bonn  shall  make  her  first  trial 
with  this  case,  and  if  she  is  successful  she  shall  be  the  appointed  mid- 
wife, and  in  addition  her  husband  shall  teach  her  to  do  other  minor 
surgical  work  among  the  Sisters, — to  bind  slight  wounds,  and  the  like. 

Feb.  2.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  Br.  and  Sr.  Reuter  wish  to  take  little  Elisa- 
beth Hartmann,  eleven  years  old.  Her  parents,  the  George  Hartmanns, 
are  willing,  and  as  she  will  not  be  bound,  and  is  only  a  child,  and 
there  is  hope  that  she  may  be  won  for  the  Saviour,  the  matter  will  be 
referred  to  the  Aufseher  Collegium,  and  if  they  have  no  objection  it 
can  be  done. 

Feb.  17.  (Auf.  Col.)  The  rules  concerning  the  woodlands  shall  be 
strictly  enforced;  Br.  Reuter  shall  be  given  more  support  in  his  office, 
and  no  one  shall  cut  trees  in  the  woods  without  his  consent. 

Feb.  23.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  Br.  Marshall  shall  translate  into  English 
Br.  Johannes  [von  Watteville's]  sermon  on  preparation  for  the  Holy 
Communion,  and  then  it  shall  be  read  to  the  Ellroths. 

On  March  12th  and  on  Easter  Sunday  there  shall  be  preaching  in 
English. 

March  16.  (Auf.  Col.)  Br.  Bagge  reports  that  he  bought  about 
500  lbs.  of  sole  leather  in  Cross  Creek;  including  transportation  it  cost 
about  18d  per  lb.  Br.  Heinzmann  takes  some  for  the  shoe-shop,  and 
Br.  Herbst  takes  the  rest  for  customers  at  the  tanyard. 

(Aelt.  Conf.)  Heinrich  Spoenhauer,  Jr.  has  told  Br.  Petersen  that 
his  circumstances  require  him  to  marry.  His  parents  think  the  same 
and  would  be  glad  to  see  him  do  it.  He  and  they  have  thought  of 
Michael  Hauser's  daughter,  Elisabeth,  but  do  not  wish  to  do  anything 
without  hearing  from  the  Conferenz,  as  they  do  not  wish  to  undertake 
it  without  the  blessing  of  the  Saviour  and  of  the  Brethren.  The  Aeltes- 
ten  Conferenz  sees  no  objection,  and  heartily  wishes  them  the  grace  and 
blessing  of  the  Saviour.  On  their  next  visit  to  Bethania  Br.,  and  Sr. 
Graff  will  speak  with  Br.  and  Sr.  Spoenhauer  about  it,  and  if  they  both 
wish  it  Br.  and  Sr.  Graff  will  take  the  proposal  of  marriage  to  the 
Michael  Hausers,  and  if  they  approve  they  shall  lay  the  matter  before 
their  daughter.  If  she  accepts  she  and  Heinrich  Spoenhauer  shall  be 
betrothed  by  Br.  and  Sr.  Ernst  in  the  presence  of  their  parents;  and 
then  Br.  Ernst  shall  commend  them  to  the  Communicant  members  for 
their  thoughts  and  prayers.    [All  this  was  done  on  March  27th.] 


826  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


March  21^.    (Auf..  Col.)    The  expense  of  the  Nightwatchman  has 
heen  discussed  in  Congregation  Council,  and  some  changes  made.  Br. 
Zillman  wishes  £22 :  per  year,  out  of  which  he  will  pay  all  expenses 
except  the  great-coat  for  which  he  has  asked.    Contributions  shall  be, — 
from  13  Married  Brethren,  @  4d  per  four  weeks,  and 

40  Single  Brethren  @  4d  per  four  weeks, — for  the  year  11 :  9  :  8 


from  George  Schmidt  for  his  business  [blacksmith]  lOd 

per  four  weeks   10:10 

from  Jacob  Bonn  for  his  business  [apothecary]  lOd  per 

four  weeks    10:10 

pottery,  lsh.  per  four  weeks   13  : — 

tavern,  2  sh.  per  four  weeks   1 :  6 : — • 

tan-yard,  lsh,  9d  per  four  weeks   1:2:9 

store,  7sh.  per  four  weeks   4:11 : — 

Single  Brothers  Diaconie,  5sh.  per  four  weeks   3:5: — 

Congregation  Diaconie,  2sh.  per  four  weeks   1:6  : — 


£24:15:  1 

March  28.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  When  the  children  of  outside  persons  are 
baptised  we  cannot  refuse  to  let  their  friends  and  neighbors  act  as 
sponsors,  if  they  are  decent  people.  But  in  the  Congregation  no  one 
can  be  accepted  as  a  sponsor  who  at  the  time  is  in  bad  standing,  and 
shut  out  from  the  Communion. 

April  6.  It  shall  be  recommended  to  Peter  Kose  that  he  marry 
Rosina  Bockel. 

April  7.  Peter  Rose  has  not  accepted  the  proposal  concerning  Rosina 
Bockel,  but  suggests  Sr.  Christine  Merk.  The  Aeltesten  Conferenz  con- 
siders it  necessary  to  send  on  the  proposal  to  her,  through  Sr.  Graff. 

On  the  8th  Sr.  Merk  positively  declined,  as  she  is  not  fitted  for  the 
work  on  a  plantation. 

Br.  Peter  Rose  thereupon  accepted  the  first  suggestion,  and  Sr.  Rosina 
Bockel  accepted  it  also;  and  on  April  10th  they  were  betrothed  by  Br. 
and  Sr.  Graff. 

April  13.  Heinrich  Stohr  having  returned  from  his  journey  Br. 
Graff  will  speak  with  him,  and  tell  him  that  nothing  can  be  done  about 
his  marriage  until  he  has  paid  his  debts  in  his  Choir  House,  for  we 
will  not  permit  any  Sister  to  be  so  unfortunate  as  to  give  herself  into 
poverty  through  his  debts. 

April  21.  (Auf.  Col.)  The  Single  Brethren  present  a  plan  for  a 
wagon  shed  and  a  room  for  the  teamsters;  it  has  the  approbation  of 
the  Collegium. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  827 


April  29.  As  the  dyer,  Matthias  Weiss,  has  arrived  from  Bethlehem 
it  was  considered  how  that  business  might  be  begun.  We  have  no  dye- 
stuffs,  but  will  see  whether  any  can  be  secured  in  Salzburg  [Salisbury]. 

May  5.  There  are  no  dye-stuffs  in  Salzburg,  and  it  will  take  time 
to  get  them  from  Pennsylvania;  meanwhile  Br.  Weiss  can  earn  his 
bread  by  helping  with  the  weaving. 

May  12.  On  account  of  the  freezing  of  the  winter  grains  there  is 
little  prospect  for  selling  sickles. 

May  17.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  Concerning  Heinrich  Stohr's  marriage  it 
was  remarked  that  debts  no  longer  stand  in  the  way,  so  it  will  be 
taken  up  with  him  and  Anna  Dorothea  Schutz. 

May  21/..  Heinrich  Stohr  and  A.  Dor.  Schutz  both  accepted  the  pro- 
posal, and  on  May  21st  they  were  betrothed  by  Br.  and  Sr..  Graff,  and 
it  was  announced  to  the  Congregation  in  Salem.  It  will  be  announced 
in  Bethabara  and  Bethania  next  Sunday. 

Bethabara,  Bethania,  and  Friedberg  shall  now  keep  their  own  Church 
Books,  that  is  the  Registers  of  those  Baptised  or  Buried. 

June  9.  Fockels  will  send  their  daughter,  Hannel,  to  Salem.  She 
will  live  with  Br.  and  Sr.  Miksch,  and  attend  the  day  school  taught  by 
Sr.  Oesterlein. 

(Auf.  Col.)  The  plan  of  Br.  Triebel's  house,  which  will  contain  a 
room  for  the  Night-watchman,  was  presented  and  approved..  Br. 
Triebel  is  building  the  house  at  his  own  expense,  and  the  Congregation 
Diaconie  will  pay  a  small  annual  rent  for  the  Watchman's  room. 

July  6.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  John  Hein  has  positively  declared  to  the 
Aufseher  Collegium  that  it  is  the  true  wish  of  his  heart  to  be  the  prop- 
erty of  the  Saviour  and  to  live  among  and  to  approve  himself  to  His 
people,  therefore  it  was  asked  concerning  him  with  two  lots,  and  the 
affirmative  was  drawn:  "We  are  to  receive  John  Hein  as  a  resident 
of  the  town  and  into  the  Choir  House  of  the  Single  Brethren."  This 
answer  was  made  known  to  him  by  the  Aufseher  Collegium,  and  re- 
ported to  Congregation  Council  in  the  evening. 

July  13.  For  Elisabeth  Bagge,  Meyer,  and  H.  Eockel  1  sh.  [per 
week]  shall  be  paid  to  Sr.,  Oesterlein,  teacher  of  the  Girls'  School;  for 
Schmid  and  Miksch,  6d;  for  Cathy  and  Elisabeth  Hartmann,  4d. 

Br.  Reuter  will  begin  a  class  in  ["geometrical"]  drawing  for  several 
of  the  younger  Brethren. 

July  11/.  (Auf.  Col.)  As  it  seems  probable  that  the  crop  of  wheat 
this  year  will  not  be  large,  it  is  likely  that  we  will  have  to  pay  5sh.  for 


828  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


it  per  bushel.  It  was  positively  ordered  that  none  should  be  sold  to 
outsiders  from  our  mills. 

Br.  Petersen  reports  that  in  connection  with  the  buying  of  cattle  it 
happens  that  if  one  will  not  buy  at  the  price  asked  the  owner  will 
say  that  he  will  then  kill  the  cattle  and  sell  the  meat  in  town.  This 
may  mean  that  the  meat  from  sick  cattle  is  sold  in  town, — at  least  it 
should  be  discussed  in  the  Grosse  Heifer  Conferenz. 

It  was  mentioned  that  there  are  one  or  two  painters  [panthers]  in 
the  neighborhood.  It  would  be  well  to  hunt  them;  the  law  promises 
10sh..  bounty,  the  man  who  sells  the  skin  receives  5sh.,  and  there  is  a 
premium  from  Salem,  Bethabara  and  Bethania  of  lOsh,  total  £1 :  5  : — . 

July  19.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  Christoph  Ellroth  plans,  in  company  with 
his  neighbors  and  the  Carols  Manor  people,  to  build  a  School-House 
in  Blanket  Bottom,1  where  their  children  can  be  taught,  and  services 
can  be  held. 

Among  the  English  in  Briand's  Settlement,  near  Ellroth's  across 
Muddy  Creek,  near  the  Carols  Manor  settlement,  that  is  in  three  sep- 
arate places,  there  are  prospects  for  the  building  of  School-Houses. 

July  28.  (Auf.  Col.)  It  is  calculated  that  1000  ordinary  brick  cost 
30  sh. ;  the  large  ones  40sh.  per  1000. 

Aug.  2.  (Prov.  Helf.  Conf.)  In  the  Salem  and  Bethabara  Stores 
the  butter  that  is  bought  shall  be  washed,  so  that  it  does  not  spoil,  for 
as  the  trade  in  skins  falls  off  butter  becomes  one  of  the  chief  products 
of  the  land. 

Sept.  20.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  Br.  Marshall  read  the  farewell  letter  he 
has  written  to  Gov.  Josia  Martin,  in  which  he  recommends  Br.  Graff, 
who  will  fill  his  place  until  his  return. 

Br.  Bagge  will  build  a  house  for  himself  on  the  corner  opposite  the 
Store. 

The  Catalogs  of  all  our  towns  shall  be  revised  from  time  to  time. 

Sept.  29.  (Auf.  Col.)  The  Single  Brethren  will  take  charge  of  the 
butchering,  with  the  approval  of  Br.  Meyer  [for  the  Tavern]  and  the 
Brethren  and  Sisters  [in  the  town]. 

Oct.  11.  As  there  is  much  illicit  buying  and  selling  being  done  by 
negroes,  to  the  disturbance  of  the  Congregation,  it  was  announced  in 
Congregation  Council  that  no  one  should  buy  from  such  a  person  un- 
less he  could  show  a  permit  from  his  master.  In  general  there  should 
be  less  conversation  with  the  negroes,  as  that  naturally  has  no  good 
result. 

The  Leases  for  the  three  Brethren,  Bagge,  Schmidt  and  Triebel,  have 
been  completed. 


1  The  Blanket  Bottom  Tract  was  near  the  present  site  of  Clemmons,  N.  C. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  829 

Oct.  2Jf.  (Prov.  Helf.  Conf.)  Considering  how  the  offices  of  the 
departed  Br.  Tiersch  should  be  filled  temporarily,  it  was  decided, 

a)  Br.  Heinzmann  shall  take  the  Minutes  of  the  Grosse  Heifer  Con- 
ferenz  and  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz ;  the  Brethren  in  the  Gemein  Haus 
shall  copy  them  in  the  Minute  Books. 

b)  The  holding  of  services  for  the  Congregation  shall  be  divided  among 
the  Brethren,  Br.  Utley  taking  part  of  them;  Br.  Praezel  will  help 
with  the  children's  hours  and  the  Liturgies. 

c)  The  matter  of  a  school-teacher  shall  be  considered  further  in  the 
Aeltesten  Conferenz. 

d)  Br.  Graff  will  take  charge  of  the  Congregation  music. 

e)  The  book  matters,  which  Br.  Tiersch  has  had  in  hand,  and  the  ac- 
count of  book  sales,  shall  be  cared  for  by  the  Congregation  Vorsteher. 

A  lodging  must  be  found  for  Sr.  Tiersch,  as  it  will  be  necessary  for 
Br.  Graff  to  move  into  Br.  Tiersch's  rooms,  both  on  account  of  the 
Congregation  Archives,  and  because  of  the  services  he  will  hold  for  the 
Congregation. 

Nov.  lJf..  Last  week  Br..  Reuter  surveyed  a  piece  of  land  in  the 
Maryland  Settlement,  beginning  at  Markland's  corner,  which  is  a  good 
place  for  the  School-House  which  is  to  be  built  in  that  neighborhood. 
It  contains  36  acres,  and  will  be  given  by  the  Unity  for  that  purpose. 

When  Sr.  Tiersch  moves  into  the  room  at  Meinung's  house,  and  Br. 
and  Sr.  Graff  into  her  former  quarters,  Br.  Utley  shall  take  an  inven- 
tory of  the  furniture  in  the  rooms  vacated  by  the  Graffs  and  shall  pre- 
sent it  to  the  Aufseher  Collegium  so  that  it  may  be  seen  what  more  will 
be  needed  for  Br.  and  Sr.  Wallis; — their  house  will  need  some  repairs 
also. 

Nov.  16.  (Auf.  Col.)  Br.,  Meyer  has  attended  the  sessions  of  this 
Board  as  Curator  of  the  Single  Sisters,  and  as  he  no  longer  holds  that 
office  he  will  no  longer  be  a  member. 

Br.  Utley  will  see  to  it  that  the  Graveyard  for  Strangers  is  laid  out. 

Nov.  23.  It  was  agreed  that  there  ought  to  be  classes  for  the  boys 
in  the  Brothers  House,  in  which  English,  writing  and  arithmetic  should 
be  taught.   Br.  Heckewalder  will  hold  the  school  twice  a  week. 

Dec.  17.  As  Br.  Brossing  will  soon  leave  for  Georgia  there  was  con- 
sideration of  how  to  fill  his  place  as  master  joiner. 

Dec.  20.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  A  letter  was  read  from  Friedrich  Daniel 
Miiller,  who  recently  came  from  Maryland.  He  asks  that  he,  his  wife 
and  children,  may  come  into  close  fellowship  with  the  Brethren  here; 
they  were  formerly  communicants  in  Yorktown.  As  they  have  brought 
no  written  testimony  from  their  last  place  of  residence  Br.,  Graff  will 
write  to  Br.  Mattheus  about  them. 


830  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


[Editorial.] 

[The  Diaries  and  Minutes  of  1774  contain  many  references  to  the 
trades  and  professions  in  Salem.  It  would  overload  the  translation 
to  insert  all  such  incidental  references,  but  a  summary  may  be  given 
to  afford  a  general  view  of  the  activities  of  the  community.  It  is  quite 
probable  that  there  were  some  which  did  not  happen  to  require  com- 
ment during  this  particular  twelve-month,  but  those  which  do  appear 
show  a  rather  remarkable  variety,  considering  that  the  town  of  Salem 
was  only  eight  years  old. 

In  Church  affairs  the  following  positions  were  filled  by  men, — Bishop, 
Presbyters,  members  of  the  Aufseher  Collegium..  Both  men  and  women 
were  Deacons,  Akoluthie,  Pfleger,  Vorsteher,  Saal  Diener,  members  of 
the  Provincial  Heifer  Conferenz,  Grosse  Heifer  Conferenz,  Aeltesten 
Conferenz,  and  Congregation  Council. 

The  daily  life  of  the  women  included  the  usual  duties  of  housekeep- 
ing, cooking,  sewing,  spinning,  knitting,  gardening,  also  teaching,  nurs- 
ing, and  midwifery. 

Businesses  conducted  for  the  benefit  of  the  community  were,' — 
store,  tavern,  pottery,  tanyard,  brickyard,  two  farms,  and  mill;  and  a 
small  stock  of  religious  books  was  kept  on  hand,  and  sold  practically  at 
cost.  In  connection  with  the  Single  Brothers  House  there  was  a  farm, 
brewery,  bakery,  and  butchery;  and  certain  of  the  trades  later  carried 
on  by  individuals  were  financed  \f or  a  time  by  the  House  funds. 

Among  the  men,  married  and  single,  living  in  the  Brothers  House 
or  outside,  were  the  Church  officers  mentioned  above,  and  the  men 
who  worked  in  the  community  and  Brothers  House  businesses;  there 
were  also  professional  men, — doctor,  apothecary,  surveyor,  forester, 
roadmaster;  and  in  addition  many  handicraftsmen, — masons,  carpen- 
ters, sawyers,  cabinet-maker,  wagon-maker,  weaver,  dyer,  tailor,  black- 
smith, gunsmith,  locksmith,  sicklesmith,  nailsmith,  saddler,  dresser  of 
deer-skins,  maker  of  leather  breeches,  shoemaker,  nurse,  school-teacher, 
book-keeper,  tobacco  manufacturer,  seedsman,  night-watchman.  When 
two  or  more  men  had  the  same  trade  one  was  recognized  as  the  master- 
workman,  and  the  others  as  his  journeymen;  many  of  the  master- 
workmen  also  had  apprentices.  There  were  only  a  few  slaves  in  the 
town,  and  they  were  either  house-servants  or  employed  for  heavy 
work, — they  were  not  taught  trades. 

There  were  a  number  of  musicians  among  the  men  and  women, 
though  the  former  were  more  in  evidence  as  organists,  and  performers 
on  trombones,  French  horns,  violins,  etc.    All  shared  in  the  congrega- 


Eecoeds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  831 


tional  singing,  and  those  with  good  voices  sang  solo  or  in  the  choir,  and 
several  of  the  ministers  could  play  the  organ  or  lead  a  liturgical  service 
or  singstunde  with  equal  ease.  There  were  also  those  who  had  the 
gift  of  rhyme,  and  if  they  were  not  great  poets  they  could  and  did 
write  many  a  birthday  greeting,  or  hymn  for  some  special  occasion. 
They  had  a  large  collection  of  hymns  and  tunes  brought  over  from  the 
old  country,  but  they  supplemented  this  at  will,  giving  their  verses 
the  distinctly  local,  personal,  touch. 

While  most  of  the  trades  and  professions  had  moved  to  Salem,  Betha- 
bara  still  had  a  tavern,  store,  distillery,  and  farm,  with  a  shoe-maker 
and  a  few  other  craftsmen.  The  Bethania  Diary  gives  little  clew  to 
the  activities  there,  as  Br.  Ernst  records  chiefly  the  church  services, 
but  this  village  and  the  other  centers  were  largely  agricultural,  though 
a  basket-maker  is  mentioned  at  Eriedberg. 

In  turning  to  the  Diaries  of  these  other  places  it  should  be  stated 
that  all  references  to  marriages  before  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  are  trans- 
lated, as  in  most  cases  it  is  the  only  record  thereof  that  exists,  as  the 
files  of  Marriage  Bonds  in  the  present-day  Court-Houses  are  only 
partially  complete,  and  no  Bonds  were  required  when  the  Banns  were 
published.  ] 

Bethabara  Diary,  177 k. 
[Extracts  translated.] 

Jan.  IS.  Br.  Lorenz1  visited  Steinman  in  the  morning,  and  in  the 
afternoon  went  to  George  Holder's.  Holder  has  built  a  house,  which 
will  later  serve  as  a  stable,  but  for  the  present  shelters  the  workmen 
who  are  cutting  logs  for  his  dwelling  house.  He  has  to  pay  the  work- 
men half  a  crown  a  day,  and  board  them. 

Jan.  24.  I  went  to  Schaub's  farm  to  baptise  Johnannes  Schneider's 
child,  as  he  had  requested.  His  neighbors  were  nearly  all  there, — 
Joseph  Holder,  Andreas  Volz,  Christel  Conrad,  Schulz,  Sr.  and  their 
wives,  and  Johannes  Krause's  wife. 

Jan.  25.  After  the  English  Liturgy,  Anton  Kastner  and  Maria 
Spach  were  married  by  Br.  Bonn.  Anton  Kastner  had  invited  some 
of  the  Brethren  and  Sisters  to  attend  the  ceremony,  which  took  place 
in  Br.  Kuhnast's  room,  and  I  must  say  that  I  enjoyed  the  affair;  after 
the  wedding  each  of  those  present  was  served  with  cake  and  a  glass  of 
wine,  and  hearty  congratulations  were  extended  to  the  pair. 

Feb.  Jf.  Michael  Erey  came  to  ask  for  the  baptism  of  his  child. 
I  inquired  about  preachings  in  his  neighborhood;  he  said  that  they 

1  The  Bagge  brothers  were  distinguished  by  calling  the  Merchant  "Br.  Bagge,"  while  the 
Minister  was  always  "Br.  Lorenz."  As  pastor  and  diarist  of  Bethabara  Br.  Lorenz 
gives  interesting  details,  though  his  spelling  leaves  something  to  be  desired! 


832 


North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


all  went  to  the  Baptist  preachings,  said  further  that  the  people  had 
liked  Br.  Soelle,  but  did  not  care  for  Br.  Utley,  especially  Mr.  Mac- 
Nally;  that  it  was  a  settlement  nearly  all  English,  and  it  would  be  bet- 
ter to  send  an  English  Brother  to  preach  for  them,  he  thought. 

Feb.  7.  Br.  Heckewalder  passed  through  on  his  way  to  the  Hollow 
and  Virginia. 

Feb.  lli-.  Br.  Schaub  reported  to  the  Brn.  Kiihnast,  Eockel  and  Blum 
that  late  last  evening  a  man,  quite  bloody,  came  to  the  Tavern.  This 
man's  wife,  and  two  other  men,  arrived  about  daybreak,  said  they  had 
left  this  man  and  his  companion  some  miles  beyond  Walker's ;  all  three 
men  were  held  until  we  could  learn  something  more  of  the  matter. 
Schneider  was  sent  to  Mr.  Walker,  to  report  to  him  and  ask  that  he  take 
charge  of  the  situation;  it  appears  that  the  man  who  came  to  us  had 
badly  abused  his  companion,  who  reached  Mr.  Walker's  very  late  half 
dead;  Mr.  Walker  at  once  sent  a  constable  for  the  man  here,  and  the 
others  went  with  him.  This  is  apparently  the  company  that  has  been 
circulating  counterfeit  money  all  through  this  section;  the  two  drank 
too  much  and  got  into  a  quarrel,  and  it  looks  as  though  they  had  used 
swords;  the  man  who  came  to  us  had  no  weapon,  but  he  may  have 
hidden  things  in  the  woods,  or  lost  them. 

Feb.  16.  The  man  arrested  here  by  the  constable  returned  today  from 
Mr.  Walker's.  They  had  arranged  the  matter,  and  the  man  had  a 
pass,  and  said  he  was  going  to  South  Carolina. 

Feb.  21.  Today  at  three  o'clock  there  was  an  earthquake.  The  bells 
hanging  in  the  store  all  rang  at  the  same  time ;  I  was  in  the  yard  and 
thought  a  large  herd  of  cattle  was  coming.  It  was  felt  in  all  the  houses, 
but  not  severely  enough  for  all  to  notice  it. 

Feb.  23.  The  weather  was  fine  today.  Br.  Stach  held  the  service 
for  the  children.  In  the  twilight  Br.  Eockel  read  from  the  words  of  the 
Saviour.  Br.  Stach  held  a  beautiful  Singstunde.  Yesterday  I  had  a 
Spanish  Ely  plaster  put  on,  and  today  my  neck  was  rather  stiff. 

March  If.  Br.  Stach  was  64  years  old,  and  the  school  children  sang 
several  verses  for  his  birthday.  In  the  afternoon  Br.  Bonn  came,  and 
opened  a  boil  behind  my  ear. 

March  6.  Joseph  Miiller  and  his  wife  visited  us.  He  said  it  was 
reported  that  there  were  Cherokee  Indians  in  the  Hollow;  that  the 
older  Indians  did  not  want  war,  but  the  younger  ones  did,  so  the  older 
ones  were  seeking  the  protection  of  the  white  people.  Time  will  show 
what  truth  there  is  in  this. 

March  16.  George  Holder  and  his  family  moved  today  from  Salem 
to  their  land  on  the  Grassy  Eork. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  833 

March  18.  Br.  Schaub  has  engaged  the  constable,  Bohannen,  to  work 
for  some  months  at  the  Tavern. 

March  19.  Colonel  Armstrong  passed  on  his  return  from  the  Assem- 
bly. He  told  Br.  Fockel  that  there  was  little  prospect  for  the  enforce- 
ment of  law,  for  the  representatives  from  the  lower  Counties  were  not 
in  agreement  with  each  other. 

March  28.  A  horse  was  stolen  last  night  from  Volk's  stable,  and  a 
poor  one  left  in  its  place. 

April  11/..  There  was  a  heavy  storm,  with  rain  and  hail.  Tor  many 
years  no  one  has  seen  so  much  water  fall  in  so  short  a  time. 

[In  the  middle  of  April  work  was  begun  on  a  new  Tavern;  it  is 
modeled  after  that  of  Salem,  except  that  it  has  only  one  story.] 

April  17.  Sunday.  At  noon  the  alarm  was  given  that  there  was 
fire  near  the  fence  of  the  new  field.  All  ran  to  save  the  fence,  but  the 
wind  was  so  strong  that  it  could  not  be  done,  and  it  will  take  about 
1000  rails  to  rebuild  it.  It  is  probable  that  some  one  set  it  on  fire,  for 
when  some  of  the  Brethren  were  out  before  the  service  no  one  saw  it. 

April  19.  Robert  Denke,  who  has  worked  here  for  some  months, 
left  early  this  morning. 

April  20.    The  elderly  Br.,  and  Sr.  Schaub  moved  today  to  their 
land  some  two  miles  away  in  the  woods. 
Sheep-shearing  began  today. 

April  22.  Mr.  Linier  passed  today  on  his  return  from  the  Assembly. 
He  had  the  Acts ;  also  the  Commissions  for  those  appointed  as  Captains 
and  Lieutenants. 

April  28.  The  Brn.  Bagge  and  Bonn  from  Salem,  and-  the  Brn. 
Blum,  Fockel  and  Kapp  from  here,  went  to  the  election  of  Assembly 
Men  for  Surry  County.  Our  Brethren  could  not  wait  to  learn  the  re- 
sult, but  we  hear  that  Mr.  Linier  and  James  Klen2  were  elected. 

May  5.  Last  night  there  was  so  heavy  a  frost  that  all  the  fruit  was 
killed;  in  the  gardens  the  beans  and  cucumbers  were  killed;  so  were 
also  the  cotton,  potatoes,  flax,  and  corn,  which  will  have  to  be  re- 
planted.   How  much  the  rye  has  suffered  time  will  show. 

May  7.  Br.  Jacob  Steiner  was  here  and  brought  the  distressing 
news  that  on  the  South  Fork,  the  Huwarry,  and  in  all  that  section, 
all  winter  grain  is  frozen.  We  knew  that  was  the  case  here,  but  have 
hoped  that  if  our  loving  Father  would  send  us  a  good  rain  some  of  it 
might  sprout  again.  But  without  question  much  damage  has  been 
done,  and  the  loss  will  be  heavy. 

2  Glen. 
21 


834 


North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


May  9.  Today  there  was  a  fairly  hard  storm,  with  rain  which  was 
good  for  the  fields  and  garden.  At  least  we  hope  that  the  grass  which 
was  frozen  will  now  grow  again,  and  we  are  hoping  that  the  winter 
grains,  rye,  wheat  and  oats,  will  revive. 

May  10.  Br.  Blum  went  to  Court;  Br.  Stauber  also  went,  in  order 
to  collect  some  debts,  and  took  along  some  ginger  cakes  for  sale.  Br. 
Kapp  went  to  Court  on  business  connected  with  the  Will  of  the  elder 
Schor.    We  hear  that  Br.  Bonn  has  again  been  made  Justice. 

May  16.  Br.  Schaub  had  a  letter  from  Br.  Spach  saying  that  the 
mason  need  not  come,  as  he — Spach — was  not  yet  ready  to  build. 

May  29.  The  Committee  met  and  discussed  various  matters,  among 
the  rest  that  a  Brother  had  attended  the  last  Muster  in  order  to  speak 
with  certain  persons  about  work;  this  attracted  so  much  attention  that 
in  the  future  it  will  be  better  for  the  Brethren  to  keep  out  of  the  way 
on  such  occasions. 

June  1.  A  man  came  from  Pittsburg  with  the  news  that  the  Indians 
had  killed  several  traders,  whereupon  the  whites  had  killed  forty  In- 
dians. The  man  who  brought  the  news  lives  near  Salisbury;  it  took 
him  fourteen  days  to  come  from  Pittsburg,  and  this  happened  fourteen 
days  before  he  left. 

June  2.  Today  travelers  passed,  coming  from  New  Kiver  and  Clinch 
River..  From  the  first  place  we  hear  that  the  freeze  was  heavy;  from 
the  latter  that  the  Indians  will  not  tolerate  the  presence  of  the  whites,, 
that  there  has  been  killing  on  both  sides. 

July  5.  When  we  waked  all  the  bottom  was  under  water,  which  was 
higher  than  we  have  ever  seen  it,— the  Brethren  say  higher  than  in 
the  Regulator  freshet.  The  mill  sent  for  help,  *  *  *  young 
Schaub,  Hein  and  Kremser  insisted  on  going  in  a  shabby  canoe,  and 
when  they  reached  the  strong  current  flowing  to  the  mill-dam  the  canoe 
began  to  leak,  and  sank.  Hein  could  swim,  but  Kremser  held  on  to  him, 
and  he  thought  they  would  both  drown.  However  he  succeeded  in 
reaching  land,  and  all  three  were  rescued— we  hope  this  will  be  a 
warning  to  them. 

July  17.  The  Committees  from  our  three  towns  met  on  road  busi- 
ness. The  Court  has  appointed  Br.  Reuter  as  Roadmaster  for  our 
Parish;  Br.  Blum  will  be  his  deputy  in  Bethabara  District,  and  Br. 
Beroth  in  Bethania  District. 

July  21.  Travelers  from  Pennsylvania  report  that  on  the  south 
Potomac  the  Indians  and  whites  are  at  war,  and  the  latter  are  bringing 
in  scalps. 


Eecoeds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


835 


July  26.  George  Holder  has  been  seeking  his  horse  for  nearly  three 
weeks  and  has  not  found  it;  and  last  night  his  mare  also  disappeared, 
and  cannot  be  found.  He  thinks  they  were  stolen. 

Aug.  1.  Bohannen,  ["the  Constable  from  England/']  who  has  been 
hostler  in  the  Tavern,  ran  a  splinter  into  his  foot  fourteen  days  ago. 
Br.  Bonn  took  it  out,  but  he  has  had  a  wound-fever,    *    *  * 

Aug.  6.  At  five  o'clock  the  body  of  James  Bohannen  was  buried  on 
our  Parish  graveyard.    Br.  Fritz  conducted,  the  service  in  English. 

Aug.  8.  Many  people  were  here,  some  on  their  way  to  Court,  some 
to  sell  deer-skins,  some  wishing  to  buy  powder. 

Aug.  9.  Many  more  came  for  powder,  and  as  long  as  it  lasted  each 
got  a  little.  The  poor  people  need  it  badly  to  protect  their  corn  against 
such  vermin  as  raccoons  and  squirrels,  or  it  will  be  ruined. 

Sept.  18.    Br.  Fritz  preached  today  at  Mr.  Benner's. 

Sept.  27.  There  were  many  strangers  here  today,  who  knew  much 
concerning  the  trouble  between  the  whites  and  Indians  on  New  Eiver 
and  Green  Briar.. 

Oct.  7.  A  package  of  Gemein  Nachrichten  was  brought  by  a  man 
who  lives  in  the  Great  Swamp,  not  far  from  Bethlehem;  his  name  is 
David  Ziiber. 

A  wagon  loaded  with  butter  left  for  the  market  at  Newbern.  The 
store  here  has  bought  about  3000  lbs.  of  butter. 

Oct.  20.  During  this  month  and  last  more  than  1000  head  of  cattle 
have  been  driven  by  here  on  the  way  to  Pennsylvania. 

Nov.  6.  Br.  Schaub  has  taken  Hoffmann's  son,  from  Bielus  Creek,3 
as  hostler  in  the  Tavern. 

Nov.  8.  The  Brn.  Bagge  and  Bonn  came  today,  and  will  go  on  to 
Court  tomorrow. 

Nov.  17.  In  the  Singstunde  it  was  remarked  that  today  21  years 
ago  the  Brethren  arrived  in  Wachovia;  we  have  much  reason  to  thank 
our  dear  Lord  for  all  the  goodness  which  He  has  shown  to  His  people 
here. 

Nov.  21.  This  morning  it  rained,  and  froze  to  glaze  ice.  All  the 
chimneys  were  burned  out  today. 

Nov.  28.  Two  Indian  men  and  a  woman  arrived  today,  accompanied 
by  several  white  men.  They  are  going  to  Col.  Henderson,  who,  they 
say,  has  bought  land  from  the  Cherokees,  some  300  miles  square..  The 
Indian  chief,  or  king,  as  they  call  him,  is  on  his  way  [to  Williams- 
burg, in  Virginia,]  to  receive  the  payment  for  the  Cherokee  nation; 
this  nation  is  not  at  war,  but  is  quiet  and  peaceful.    The  Indians  and 

3  Doubtless  Belews  Creek. 


836  Worth  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


gentlemen  were  quiet  and  attentive  in  the  evening  meeting.  The  In- 
dians wondered  much  at  the  organ,  thinking  it  must  be  alive  if  it 
could  make  a  sound  like  that;  [the  organ  case  had  to  be  opened  for 
them,  for  they  had  heard  children  were  inside,  who  sang.] 

Nov.  %k>  The  gentlemen  and  Indians  went  on  their  way  to  Guilford 
County,  where  Col.  Henderson  lives.  They  say  they  are  to  receive 
£4000 :  in  goods, — it  can  hardly  be  believed. 

Dec.  5.  An  advertisement  was  posted  on  the  mill,  offering  2  sh.  cash 
per  bushel  for  corn. 

Bethania  Diary,  177  If. 
[Extracts  translated.] 

Jan.  25.  We  hear  that  Joseph  Muller  and  Sara  Hauser  were  mar- 
ried by  Mr.  Gurry,4  in  Jacob  Miiller's  house. 

April  3.  At  sunrise  our  Easter  Litany  was  held  on  God's  Acre. 
*  *  *  As  no  organist  was  present  Joseph  Muller  was  permitted  to 
play  the  organ  for  the  visitors,  several  Brethren  having  requested  it. 

April  12.  We  hear  from  Sara  Muller  that  the  Banns  for  Friedrich 
Muller  and  Sarah  Toll  have  been  published  in  the  school-house  near 
there. 

May  10.  Br.  Bonn  returned  from  Court  and  brought  word  that 
Br..  Hauser  has  been  made  a  Justice  of  the  Peace. 

May  22.    Wilhelm  Grabs  played  the  organ  for  the  first  time. 

June  23.  Many  people  were  here  on  business  with  Br.  Michael 
Hauser,  Justice  of  the  Peace. 

June  28.  A  rather  large  company  of  men  rode  by,  with  flag  and 
trumpet,  on  their  way  to  Muster.   Their  Captain  was  Heinrich  Schmidt. 

Oct.  20.  Br.  Michael  Hauser,  my  wife  and  I5  visited  Valentine 
Frey's  wife,  who  is  quite  ill.  Br.  Hauser  bled  her.  From  there  we 
went  to  Michael  Frey's;  also  to  Heinrich  Frey's,  who  rejoiced  in  our 
visit,  and  at  their  request  Br.  Hauser  bled  them. 

Nov.  H.  Br.  Grabs  and  I  went  to  the  farm  of  the  younger  Valentine 
Prey,  where  I  held  the  funeral  of  his  wife,  who  died  on  the  12th. 

Friedberg  Diary,  177 If. 
Jan.  1.    Having  opened  the  new  year  with  singing 
Wow  thank  we  all  our  God, 
we  went  to  our  homes,  and  would  have  liked  to  rest,  but  a  crowd  of 
the  young  men  and  older  boys  from  this  section  went  from  farm  to 

4  Curry,  a  Justice  of  the  Peace. 

6  Rev.  Jacob  Ernst,  pastor  of  Bethania. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  837 


farm  "shooting  in"  the  year.  They  did  not  come  to  the  School-House, 
but  we6  heard  the  shooting  until  sunrise,  and  one  might  have  thought 
the  whole  neighborhood  was  full  of  Indians.  All  who  came  to  the 
noon  meeting  had  much  to  say  about  what  a  noisy  night  it  was,  and 
how  they  had  been  disturbed- 
Anton  Kastner  came  to  us,  bringing  a  letter  from  Br.  Lorenz  Bagge, 
and  we  sent  for  Br.  and  Sr.  Spach.  When  they  arrived  Anton  laid 
his  business  before  them,  namely  that  he  desired  to  marry  their  daugh- 
ter, Marie,  and  wished  to  ask  if  they  would  give  her  to  him.  They 
went  home  to  consider  his  request,  and  promised  that  in  the  morning 
they  would  give  him  their  and  their  daughter's  decision. 

Jan.  2.  Br.  and  Sr.  Spach  and  their  daughter  Marie  came  to  us, 
and  having  spoken  with  the  parents  and  with  the  daughter  apart  and 
received  their  consent  the  widower,  Anton  Kastner,  and  Adam  Spach's 
eldest  daughter,  Marie,  were  betrothed,  in  the  presence  of  her  parents, 
my  wife  and  myself,  several  hymns  being  sung. 

Jan.  23.  The  betrothal  of  Anton  Kastner  and  Marie  Spach  was  an- 
nounced today  for  the  third  and  last  time;  and  the  betrothal  of  the 
single  man,  Heinrich  Frey,  Valentine  Frey's  son,  to  the  single  woman, 
Sara  Klein,  daughter  of  Peter  Klein,  was  announced  for  the  first  time. 

Jan.  2Jf..  Anton  Kastner  came  for  a  certificate  of  the  three  public 
announcements  of  his  betrothal,  that  he  might  take  it  to  Br.  Bonn, 
Justice  of  the  Peace. 

March  2.  Daniel  Schmidt,  Heinrich  Schloter,  and  John  Goslin, 
cut  wood  for  the  School-house. 

March  6.  Shortly  before  the  Sunday  services  we  received  the  unex- 
pected tidings  that  young  Ezekial  Goslin  had  died,  after  a  six-day  ill- 
ness with  pleurisy. 

March  20.  The  Stewards  have  made  out  their  account  for  six  months. 
It  amounts  to  £6 :  7 :  9. 

April  17.  Christian  Frey  was  elected  Steward  in  place  of  Johann 
Nicholas  Bockel. 

May  1.  Only  preaching  was  held  today,  not  many  being  present. 
Some  had  gone  to  the  English  service  at  Salem ;  others  out  of  curiosity 
were  at  the  Dunkard  meeting;  still  others  had  gone  to  buy  the  wares 
which  Jacob  and  John  Rothrock  recently  brought  from  Yorktown. 

May  3.  Several  from  here  went  to  Court  at  Salisbury,  in  the  matter 
concerning  Adam  Hartmann's  hogs. 

May  5.  We  hear  from  every  one  lamentations  because  of  the  killing 
of  the  fruit,  grain,  and  garden  vegetables;  even  the  trees,  which  were 


6  Rev.  and  Mrs.  Ludolf  Bachhof. 


838  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


covered  with  beautiful  leaves,  look  black  and  dead.    The  prospect  is 
distressing,  and  the  future  looks  gloomy,  as  everything  will  be  dear. 
May  6.    Sunday.    We  included  in  the  litany  the  petition 
"From  short  crops  and  high  prices,"  etc. 

May  9.  The  dear  Saviour  gave  us  a  good  rain,  by  which  many  of 
the  garden  vegetables,  and  the  young  corn,  were  revived. 

May  10.  "The  Lord  is  my  Shepherd,  I  shall  not  want"  for  strength 
or  food, — with  this  we  comforted  ourselves  and  our  people,  who  are 
in  great  need,  and  very  anxious.  The  flour  and  corn  are  all  used;  no 
one  can  tell  how  the  rye  and  wheat  will  turn  out ;  they  have  no  money ; 
and  without  money  no  one  will  sell  them  anything.. 

May  16.    Spach  today  began  work  on  his  new  house. 

May  20.  Philip  Eothrock  says  that  if  he  cannot  buy  wheat  here  he 
and  his  brother  will  go  to  Pennsylvania  for  a  load ;  but  a  certain  gentle- 
man says  that  he  knows  where  there  are  400  bushels,  whose  owners  are 
in  debt  to  him,  and  he  will  take  it  on  the  debt  and  sell  it  to  the  people 
here. 

June  22.  Br.  Ebert's  sons,  Martin  and  Johann  Georg,  came  to  let 
us  see  how  well  they  can  play  the  violin.  Some  other  Brethren  came 
in,  and  we  had  a  happy  singstunde  and  evening  prayer.  As  they  were 
leaving  I  told  them  they  might  play  for  the  public  services  on  Sundays, 
and  for  the  Society  meetings,  and  they  felt  glad  and  important. 

July  10.  Valentine  Prey  told  me  that  his  daughter,  Margareth,  has 
secretly  married  a  man  named  Budolf  Nied,  who  stayed  for  a  while  at 
their  house. 

July  15.  George  Hartmann  and  Adam  Spach  have  finished  cutting 
wheat,  and  think  they  have  made  half  a  crop.. 

August  19.  George  Prey  reports  that  he  has  bought  200  lbs.  of  flour 
from  his  brother  Valentine,  paying  20  sh.  per  hundred  pounds. 

August  25.  Talked  with  Adam  Spach  about  an  advertisement,  which 
has  been  left  with  him  to  be  translated  into  German  and  posted.  We 
advised  him,  in  times  like  these,  to  take  part  in  nothing  without  direct 
orders  from  the  Governor. 

Oct.  3.    School  began  again. 

Oct.  7.  Conrad  Schau,  who  has  recently  come  from  Maryland,  told 
us  that  he  has  bought  from  Br.  Marshall  200  acres  of  land  in  the  three 
forks., 


Front  and  Rear  Views  of  the  Adam  Spach  "Rock  House,'"  Built  1774 
The  pictures  were  taken  in  1897 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


839 


Oct.  31.   The  masons  have  finished  their  work  on  Spach's  new  house.7 

Nov.  6.  Matthew  Weesner  was  elected  Steward  by  the  Society,  in 
place  of  Martin  Walk. 

Nov.  13.  Jacob  Beroth  asked  me  to  publish  his  engagement  to  Maria 
Schneider;  after  preaching  this  was  done  for  the  first  time. 

Nov.  20.  A  new-comer  from  Pennsylvania,  Friedrich  Miiller,  was 
present  in  the  service.  He  and  his  wife  formerly  lived  in  Yorktown, 
and  were  communicants  there;  poverty  led  them  to  move  away,  but  I 
do  not  know  whither. 

Dec.  1.  I  visited  Friedrich  Miiller.  He  says  that  five  years  ago  he 
moved  from  Yorktown  to  his  friends  near  Manokasy  [Md.]  but  as 
they  lived  eleven  miles  from  the  School-House  he  could  not  send  his 
children  to  school,  nor  often  attend  the  services. 

Dec.  11.  Adam  Spach  was  asked  to  take  charge  of  God's  Acre,  and 
to  dig  the  graves ;  he  was  promised  5  sh.  for  each  grave  dug,  regardless 
of  size. 


The  "rock  house"  is  still  standing,  a  mile  from  Friedberg  Church,  though  almost  in  ruins. 
It  was  built  on  the  slope  of  a  hill,  over  a  spring,  with  an  outside  entrance  to  the  base- 
ment so  that  the  cattle  could  be  driven  in  for  safekeeping  in  case  of  Indian  attack. 
The  house  is  20  by  36  feet,  the  walls  being  of  uncut  stone,  laid  up  without  mortar. 
There  are  several  loop-holes.  The  windows  formerly  had  heavy  wooden  shutters.  Above 
the  basement  the  house  had  one  story  and  a  small  attic,  the  main  floor  opening  directly 
on  top  of  the  hill.  In  1921  the  Wachovia  Historical  Society  bought  the  house  and  a 
driveway  around  it,  considering  it  an  interesting  Colonial  relic. 


1775 


[When  the  fateful  year  1775  arrived  the  world  was  nominally  at 
peace.  The  only  change  among  European  rulers  was  that  Louis  XVI 
had  ascended  the  throne  of  France..  England  was  much  perplexed  over 
the  problem  of  her  American  Colonies,  which  had  so  strongly  opposed 
her  Stamp  Act  and  the  import  duty  on  various  commodities  that  she 
had  removed  all  except  the  tax  on  tea,  and  that  was  being  bitterly  re- 
sented because  the  Colonists  considered  it  the  visible  sign  of  England's 
determination  to  tax  them  as  she  chose,  though  she  allowed  them  no 
representation  in  her  Councils.  News  of  the  "Boston  Tea  Party,"  which 
took  place  Dec.  6,  1773,  reached  England  during  1774,  and  was  an- 
swered by  an  Act  of  Parliament  annulling  the  Charter  of  Massachusetts, 
by  another  closing  the  port  of  Boston,  and  by  orders  to  Gen.  Gage  to 
take  four  regiments  to  Boston,  supercede  Gov.  Hutchinson,  and  place 
Massachusetts  under  military  rule.  This  aroused  the  other  Colonists,  and 
the  first  Continental  Congress,  which  was  held  in  Philadelphia  in  Sep- 
tember, 1774,  adopted  a  Declaration  of  Eights,  and  appealed  to  the 
English  People  to  support  the  reasonable  wish  of  the  Americans  to  be 
"as  free  as  yourselves."  In  Massachusetts,  Gen.  Gage  made  no  progress 
in  bringing  the  Province  under  military  rule,  and  the  situation  became 
more  and  more  tense. 

The  match  was  set  to  the  fuse,  April  19,  1775,  by  the  skirmish  at 
Lexington,  Mass.  which  had  an  effect  all  out  of  proportion  to  its  size. 
The  news  spread  rapidly,  and  everywhere  it  aroused  public  indignation. 
Committees  of  Safety  were  organized,  militia  drilled,  and  on  May  10th 
the  second  Continental  Congress  assembled  in  Philadelphia.  Its  acts 
were  a  mixture  of  preparation  for  hostilities  and  endeavors  to  avoid 
strife,  but  George  Washington  was  appointed  chief  of  the  "Continental 
Army,"  which  as  yet  consisted  only  of  scattered  militia  forces. 

The  Moravian  records  give  many  interesting  side-lights  on  the  hap- 
penings of  those  days,  which  they  watched  from  a  mental  position  very 
different  from  that  of  their  neighbors..  They  remembered  that  they 
were  members  of  a  world-wide  Unity,  and  that  if  they  formally  re- 
nounced allegiance  to  Great  Britain  it  could  be  used  to  the  detri- 
ment of  their  Brethren  living  in  England  and  in  the  British  West 
Indies;  moreover  changes  in  the  field  of  service  were  quite  usual  among 
them,  and  they  hesitated  to  erect  a  barrier  between  American  and  Eng- 
lish congregations.  Few  of  them  were  of  English  birth,  yet  they  could 
claim  privileges  accorded  to  no  English  born  "Dissenters,"  but  granted 
to  the  Brethren  by  Act  of  Parliament,  and  for  this  they  were  grateful, 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  841 

and  for  this  they  felt  under  obligations  to  the  English  Crown.    On  the 
other  hand  the  large  majority  of  them  had  settled  permanently  in  Wa- 
chovia, as  American  citizens;  they  distinctly  purposed  being  friendly 
with  and  of  service  to  the  settlers  around  them;  and  their  Rules  and 
Regulations  enjoined  obedience  to  "those  in  authority/'  and  to  laws 
enacted  by  duly  elected  representatives  of  the  people.    Being  peaceful 
and  law-abiding  they  had  no  sympathy  with  the  Regulator  movement, 
and  while  the  Provincial  leaders  of  1775,  in  Surry  County,  were  of  a 
different  type,  the  Brethren  were  naturally  slow  to  commit  themselves 
to  revolution.     Moreover  they  had  honest  "conscientious  scruples" 
against  bearing  arms ;  thirty-five  years  earlier  the  Brethren  in  Georgia 
had  sacrificed  the  results  of  five  years  of  arduous  toil  rather  than  act 
contrary  to  what  they  believed  to  be  right,  and  now  in  Pennsylvania 
and  in  North  Carolina  the  thorough-going  Moravians  were  prepared  to 
endure  anything  rather  than  take  up  arms.    People  speak  of  such 
"conscientious  scruples"  with  half  a  smile,  as  though  they  were  the 
excuse  of  cowards  afraid  to  fight,  but  the  most  casual  reading  of  the 
Moravian  records  gives  proof  positive  that  the  easy  thing  would  have 
been  to  fully  join  the  Provincials,  allow  all  their  young  men  to  enlist, 
and  send  their  leaders  to  share  in  the  counsels  of  the  leaders  of  the 
State, — it  took  brave  men,  men  of  courage  and  conviction,  to  stand  their 
ground,  suspected  by  first  one  party  and  then  the  other,  and  obliged 
over  and  over  to  prove  their  innocence  of  trumped-up  charges.  Their 
comparatively  comfortable  homes  and  business  success  made  them  the 
target  for  the  jealousy  of  the  lawless  and  unsuccessful,  and  their  con- 
scientious refusal  to  bear  arms,  or  to  serve  on  Committees  directly  con- 
cerned with  military  service,  was  not  understood  by  those  of  differing 
religious  views  or  no  religion  at  all.   Fortunately  men  like  Col.  Martin 
Armstrong  and  Col.  (later  Gov.)  Alexander  Martin,  recognized  their 
honesty  of  purpose  and  their  value  to  the  commonwealth,  and  stood  be- 
tween them  and  those  who  sought  their  destruction ;  and  they  answered 
demands  on  their  stores  and  shops  with  supplies  in  quantities  that  are 
amazing  when  one  remembers  that  in  1775  there  were  only  77  adults  in 
the  entire  town  of  Salem.   As  these  supplies  were  paid  for  in  constantly 
depreciating  currency  every  sale  was  a  loss,  but  this  they  bore  as  their 
part  of  the  burden  of  their  country. 

Contemporary  records  are  of  inestimable  value  in  the  study  of  any 
period,  and  to  read  Bishop  Graff's  Diary,  for  instance,  is  like  reading 
the  daily  paper,  so  alive  is  it  with  rumors,  true  and  false,  with  brief 
accounts  of  happenings  which  interested  him  enough  to  win  a  place  in 
the  Diary,  and  hints  of  other  events  which  he  did  not  think  it  wise  to 
record.   Letters  from  Bethlehem  brought  news  from  Pennsylvania,  and 


842  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


other  northern  provinces,  and  the  occasional  newspaper  was  eagerly- 
scanned  for  information  regarding  public  affairs.  North  Carolina  news 
came  largely  by  word  of  mouth  from  Salisbury,  Hillsboro,  Cross  Creek, 
New  Bern,  Wilmington,  all  familiar  to  the  Brethren  through  years  of 
Court  attendance,  negotiations  with  the  Assembly,  and  the  promotion 
of  trade.  The  stores  at  Salem  and  Bethabara  maintained  a  stock  of 
goods  long  after  other  less  well  managed  stores  had  completely  sold  out, 
and  Salem  was  supplied  with  skilled  workers  in  many  lines,  and  this 
not  only  brought  many  private  individuals  to  the  Moravian  communi- 
ties, but  led  to  the  closest  relations  with  the  leaders  of  the  Kevolution, 
for  from  1775  on  merchant  Bagge  was  virtually  one  of  the  purchasing 
agents  for  the  Continental  forces  of  this  section  of  North  Carolina,  not 
only  superintending  the  purchase  and  sale  of  store  supplies  but  also 
ordering  meat  and  grain  from  adjoining  farms. 

Politically  the  year  1775  was  a  year  of  utmost  confusion,  when  the 
minds  of  the  most  able  statesmen  swung  now  to  this  opinion  and  now 
to  that,  in  the  effort  to  avert  war  and  to  maintain  the  just  rights  of 
American  citizens;  and  the  less  far-seeing  mass,  excited  by  contradic- 
tory rumors,  was  on  the  verge  of  civil  war  as  well  as  national.  In  any 
time  of  general  uncertainty  some  one  will  coin  a  phrase  which  is 
adopted  into  popular  favor  and  is  used  on  all  occasions,  no  matter  how 
intrinsically  illogical  it  may  be;  and  the  slogan  of  1775  was  "Be  loyal 
to  the  King,  and  oppose  his  Government,  for  his  ministers  are  proving 
their  disloyalty  by  seeking  to  oppress  his  loyal  American  subjects." 
That  this  led  to  all  sorts  of  verbal  contradictions  was  a  matter  of  course, 
and  so  Tories  were  arrested  "in  the  King's  name,"  and  Associates 
pledged  themselves  to  allegiance  to  the  King,  and  in  the  same  breath 
bound  themselves  to  whatever  revolutionary  measure  was  uppermost  at 
the  moment.  This  has  caused  endless  confusion  in  the  minds  of  super- 
ficial writers  of  history,  who,  lacking  the  perspective  furnished  by  such 
records  as  those  kept  by  the  Wachovia  Brethren,  have  been  unable  to 
differentiate  between  the  popular  phrase  itself  and  what  it  meant  to 
the  men  who  used  it  in  1775. 

The  publication  of  the  Colonial  Records  of  North  Carolina  made 
available  to  the  student  of  history  a  vast  store  of  original  documents, 
but  the  Moravian  records  give  not  a  few  details  which  supplement  the 
facts  already  known,  or  lead  to  a  more  intelligent  interpretation  of  those 
facts.  As  a  matter  of  convenience,  therefore,  it  is  not  amiss  to  draw 
attention  to  what  may  be  called  the  new  material  to  be  found  in  the 
following  pages,  bearing  especially  on  the  Revolutionary  history  of 
North  Carolina,  in  the  year  1775. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  843 

The  Bagge  Manuscript  speaks  specifically  of  the  slogan  above  re- 
ferred to,  and  the  way  in  which  it  was  used;  and  gives  a  vivid  outline 
of  the  political  history  of  the  year,  including  several  hitherto  unknown 
details.  From  this,  and  from  the  Diaries  of  Salem  and  Bethabara,  it 
is  learned  that  on  March  24th  Surry  County  elected  two  delegates  to 
the  New  Bern  Convention  of  April,  1775,  James  Glen,  a  Tory,  and 
Eobert  Lanier,  a  Liberty  Man.  The  Minutes  printed  in  the  Colonial 
Records  leave  Surry  blank  in  the  list  of  delegates,  but  there  is  no  doubt 
that  these  two  men  attended,  for  both  passed  through  Wachovia  on 
their  way  to  New  Bern,  and  James  Glen  stopped  on  his  way  back  and 
told  the  news  of  what  had  happened,  speaking  from  the  Loyalist  point  of 
view.  It  would  appear  that  at  this  time  Surry  County  was  for  peace, 
for  the  delegates  had  been  instructed  not  to  mix  in  the  affairs  of  Boston, 
but  to  strive  for  just  laws.  The  Regulator  party  was  strong  on  the 
Yadkin  and  Town  Fork  in  1771,  and  the  element  of  the  population  that 
supported  that  movement  was  still  concerned  chiefly  with  the  thought 
of  lower  or  no  taxes. 

On  May  8th  a  rumor  reached  Salem  that  there  had  been  blood  shed 
in  New  England ;  this  date  is  far  earlier  than  has  hitherto  been  believed 
possible,  but  there  is  no  reason  for  disbelieving  it  in  view  of  the  inex- 
plicable rapidity  with  which  rumors  spread..  Eight  days  later  a  pack- 
age of  letters  and  newspapers  was  brought  to  Bethania  and,  on  the 
following  day,  to  Salem;  the  letters  were  of  date  as  late  as  May  1st, 
and  reached  Bethania  on  May  16th,  so  Conrad,  coming  at  the  ordinary 
rate  of  travel,  not  as  Express,  had  been  only  fifteen  or  sixteen  days  on 
the  road  from  Pennsylvania  to  Wachovia;  from  April  19th  to  May 
8th  allows  nineteen  or  twenty  days  for  the  rumor  to  come  from  New 
England.  The  letters  brought  spoke  of  the  battle  of  April  19th;  the 
newspapers  reported  that  Parliament  had  declared  the  American  Prov- 
inces in  a  state  of  rebellion,  because  of  the  Continental  Congress  held  in 
Philadelphia  in  September,  1774. 

June  23rd,  James  Glen  and  Robert  Lanier  were  again  elected  Assem- 
blymen from  Surry  County,  but  Gov.  Martin  had  fled  to  Fort  Johnston, 
and  no  session  of  the  Assembly  was  called. 

June  24th,  Salem  received  a  copy  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  New  Bern;  some  time  during  this  month  the  Brethren  heard 
that  the  men  of  Mecklenburg  County  had  unseated  all  their  Justices 
and  had  put  Select  Men  in  their  places;  and  on  July  7th  Captain  Jack, 
returning  from  Philadelphia,  brought  two  Circulars  to  Salem,  one  a 
Call  from  Congress  for  a  Day  of  Humiliation  and  Prayer,  and  one  a 
Call  from  the  North  Carolina  delegates  in  Congress  to  the  men  at 
home  to  arm  themselves  and  drill,  and  so  prepare  for  defense  or  offense. 


844  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Every  nation  has  its  historical  problems,  and  the  most-debated  prob- 
lem of  North  Carolina  history  has  been  the  Mecklenburg  Declaration 
of  Independence.  The  above-mentioned  Proceedings  of  the  Committee 
of  New  Bern  do  not  appear  in  the  Colonial  Records,  though  there  are 
two  printed  copies  among  the  Bagge  Papers,  and  it  is  interesting  to 
compare  this  document  with  the  so-called  Resolves  of  May  31st,  which 
are  claimed  by  some  to  be  the  only  paper  adopted  by  Mecklenburg.  The 
New  Bern  paper  (printed  in  Part  IV  of  this  volume),  is  in  three 
parts ;  a  copy  of  a  circular  sent  out  from  Charlestown,  S.  C.  under  date 
of  April  27th,  1775,  a  circular  from  the  Committee  of  the  Town  of 
New  Bern  and  County  of  Craven,  dated  May  31st,  and  a  form  of  the 
"Association"  pledge  recommended,  with  the  already  mentioned  peculiar 
contradiction  of  terms,  but  distinctly  intended  for  those  upholding  lib- 
erty, and  opposed  to  the  British  Government.  The  Charlestown  cir- 
cular, dated  April  27th,  bases  its  impassioned  appeal  upon  the  oppres- 
sion under  which  America  has  labored,  and  the  hopelessness  of  redress, 
since  Parliament  has  pronounced  America  in  a  state  of  rebellion;  the 
New  Bern  Committee  refers  with  indignation  to  the  events  "near  Bos- 
ton, where  a  few  Companies  of  Provincials  took  up  arms  in  the  im- 
mediate defence  of  their  lives,"  and  repelled  the  forces  of  Gen..  Gage. 
The  resolutions  adopted  by  a  Committee  in  Charlotte  Town,  and  printed 
under  date  of  May  31st,  (usually  referred  to  as  the  Resolves),  base 
their  action  on  the  Act  of  Parliament  which  declared  America  in  a 
state  of  rebellion,  but  say  nothing  about  Lexington,  which  would  indi- 
cate either  that  the  Resolves  were  written  before  news  of  the  Battle  of 
Lexington  was  received,  or  else  that  a  Declaration,  based  on  the  New 
England  news,  had  already  been  passed,  and  this  set  of  Resolves  was 
supplementary  thereto,  and  being  a  civil  document  was  based  on  civil 
action.  While  Charlestown  had  heard  of  the  Act  of  Parliament  by 
April  27th  no  mention  is  made  of  it  in  Wachovia  records  until  news- 
papers were  received  on  May  17th.  It  is  natural  to  assume  that  Trau- 
gott  Bagge  asked  Captain  Jack  all  about  what  had  happened  in  Meck- 
lenburg; and  it  was  Traugott  Bagge  who  incorporated  into  his  sketch 
of  the  Revolutionary  War  the  statement  that  the  men  of  Mecklenburg 
declared  themselves  free  and  independent,  and  made  such  laws  for  them- 
selves as  Congress  later  made  for  the  nation,  but  Congress  considered 
this  action  premature.  In  1775  Mecklenburg  was  not  on  a  national 
highway,  but  if  the  two  items  of  news  reached  there  in  the  order  in 
which  they  came  to  Wachovia,  then  it  may  well  be  that  in  a  public 
meeting  on  May  19th  and  20th  the  news  of  Lexington  swept  men  into 
a  declaration  of  independence;  and  a  few  days  later  the  Committee 
heard  of  Parliament's  declaration,  and  included  a  reference  to  it  in 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  845 


their  resolutions,  which  do  not  contain  the  words  "free  and  independ- 
ent" though  they  are  revolutionary  enough.  But  unless  the  Resolves 
were  accompanied  hy  another  paper,  an  outright  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence from  King  and  Government,  it  is  hard  to  understand  why 
the  Delegates  should  have  sent  Jack  home  with  the  message  that  Con- 
gress considered  the  action  premature,  for  although  the  Mecklenburg 
Committee  was  bold,  and  although  it  had  a  wonderfully  well  worked 
out  plan  for  County  Government,  the  Resolves  really  did  not  go  much 
further  than  the  action  being  taken  by  Committees  of  Safety  all  over 
the  country,  which  were  functioning  by  advise  of  and  at  the  suggestion 
of  various  Provincial  Conventions;  neither  was  it  much  more  revolu- 
tionary than  the  Circular  from  these  same  North  Carolina  Delegates, 
one  copy  of  which  Jack  brought  to  Bagge,  and  of  which  other  copies 
were  sent  elsewhere,  one  being  printed  in  the  Colonial  Records.  Bagge's 
three  statements,  taken  together,  form  the  outline  of  a  logical  story; 
without  the  first  statement  the  action  in  Philadelphia  is  inexplicable. 

Until  Aug.  11th  there  was  no  Committee  of  Safety  in  Surry  County. 
On  that  date  Joseph  "Williams,  Robert  Lanier,  William  Hill,  Joseph 
Winston,  and  Martin  Armstrong,  all  Liberty  Men,  were  elected  del- 
egates to  the  Provincial  Congress  to  be  held  at  Hillsboro,  and  were  ap- 
pointed a  Committee  to  form  a  Committee  of  Safety,  which  included 
themselves  and  several  others,  of  whom  only  a  Mr.  Linch  is  mentioned 
in  the  Moravian  records  of  1775.  Traugott  Bagge,  Jacob  Blum  and 
George  Hauser,  Sr.  were  appointed  members,  but  excused  themselves 
because  militia  service  was  to  be  instituted  and  they  did  not  bear  arms. 

On  Nov.  16th  it  is  noted  that  the  County  Committee  had  taken 
over  most  of  the  business  hitherto  transacted  by  the  Justices  of  Surry, 
sitting  as  a  Court  of  Pleas  and  Quarter  Sessions.  The  County  Court  of 
Surry  had  met  as  usual  in  February,  May,  August,  and  November,  but 
in  November  adjourned  on  the  first  day  because  no  business  came  be- 
fore it.  July  29th,  the  Bethabara  Diary  notes  that  in  a  meeting  on 
the  Town  Pork  it  had  been  agreed  that  if  the  Law  ceased  to  function 
the  people  would  have  to  elect  Justices  to  take  the  place  of  those  ap- 
pointed formerly  by  the  British  Government;  but  the  Hillsboro  Con- 
gress, sitting  in  August  and  September,  ordered  that  Courts  should  be 
held  regularly,  but  only  under  King's  Laws,  that  is  only  for  cases  of 
murder,  theft,  etc.  King's  Attorney  Even  is  mentioned  as  a  member  of 
the  Congress,  and  the  use  of  these  terms  corresponds  with  Bagge's  state- 
ment that  the  old  system  of  legal  phraseology  remained  in  use,  though 
no  longer  appropriate,  a  state  of  things  which,  being  misunderstood, 
has  caused  certain  of  the  Revolutionary  leaders  to  be  accused  of  vacil- 
lation or  inconsistancy  by  uninformed  writers. 


846  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


In  addition  to  the  points  above  mentioned,  attention  is  called  to  the 
collection  of  Bagge  Papers,  given  in  Part  IY,  of  which  practically 
none  have  heretofore  been  printed.] 

From  the  Bagge  MS. 

With  the  beginning  of  1775  war  began  in  earnest,  and  first  in  the 
northern  Colonies.  Great  Britain  declared  certain  American  ports 
closed.  All  the  Colonies  resented  this.  In  many  harbors  no  British 
ships  were  allowed  to  enter;  in  others  they  were  permitted  to  come  in 
and  take  a  load  of  American  products  back  to  England,  but  were 
obliged  to  throw  the  cargoes  from  England  overboard,  and  under  no 
pretext  were  allowed  to  land  them, — for  instance  in  March  an  English 
ship  reached  Charlestown,  and  its  cargo  of  salt,  potatoes  and  brick  was 
thrown  into  the  water,  not  by  a  mob  but  by  the  sailors,  to  make  room 
for  the  return  load  of  rice.  This  wanton  waste  of  salt  cost  the  colonists 
dearly  enough,  for  during  the  war  many  were  for  a  long  time  without 
salt,  and  had  to  substitute  hickory  ash,1  which  made  them  first  hoarse 
and  then  speechless;  others  paid  twelve  to  fifteen  times  as  much  for 
salt  as  before  the  war,  and  then  had  to  be  content  with  a  very  bad 
quality.  The  situation  was  somewhat  helped  by  the  salt  works  which 
were  built  on  the  seacoast  in  all  the  Colonies,  those  in  North  Carolina 
being  not  inconsiderable. 

In  Eeb.  1775,  our  store  secured  its  last  regular  shipment  of  wares 
from  Charlestown,  though  already  then  many  things  were  scarce  and 
increasing  in  price.  At  about  the  same  time  the  Assembly  called  by 
Governor  Josiah  Martin  met  in  New  Bern,2  the  last  to  be  held  under 
royal  authority.  They  had  not  been  in  session  long  when  they  entirely 
broke  with  the  Governor,  refused  obedience  to  him  and  to  the  King, 
and  resolved  that  for  the  rest  of  their  session  they  would  not  be  an 
Assembly  under  the  Crown  but  a  Convention  to  consider  and  provide 
for  the  best  interests  of  North  Carolina,  in  unison  with  the  other  Prov- 
inces. They  remained  together  three  more  days,  expelled  a  McNight 
from  the  Convention  because  he  spoke  in  favor  of  the  royal  government, 
recommended  that  each  County  should  form  a  Committee  to  act  in 
place  of  the  Justices  and  Courts,  and  appointed  a  time  for  their  next 
meeting.  Gov.  Martin  was  no  longer  safe,  and  narrowly  escaped  arrest, 
but  he  rode  openly  through  the  country  from  Newbern  by  way  of  Cross 
Creek  to  Wilmington,  and  down  the  Cape  Fear  Eiver  to  Port  J ohnston, 
where  several  English  war  ships  lay  at  anchor.    He  went  on  board 

1  Already  in  1752  Bishop  Spangenberg  had  suggested  the  possibility  of  substituting  potash 

for  salt,  in  view  of  the  difficulty  of  securing  the  latter  essential  commodity,  but  this  is 
the  first  mention  of  the  experiment  having  been  tried. 

2  April  4,  1775. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


847 


one  of  them,  and  from  there  sent  out  several  Proclamations,3  condemn- 
ing the  Committees,  Conventions,  and  leaders  of  the  land,  but  they 
only  laughed  at  him,  and  concerted  together  here  and  there  for  their 
further  methods  of  procedure,  becoming  the  more  ardent  when  the 
news  was  received  that  in  April  the  British  had  met  the  colonists  be- 
tween Boston  and  Charlestown  in  New  England,  and  blood  had  been 
shed.  On  May  31,  1775,  a  Circular4  was  issued  by  the  Committee 
of  Newbern,  in  Craven  County,  a  copy  being  sent  to  us  addressed  To 
the  Inhabitants  of  the  Moravian  Towns  m  North  Carolina.5  The 
Committee  recommended  that  other  Committees  should  follow  their 
example,  and  act  for  the  safety  and  defense  of  all;  mentioned  also  that 
the  Governor  had  tried  to  form  an  Association  of  those  who  favored 
the  King,  wishing  them  to  sign  a  paper  for  that  purpose,  but  his  plan 
had  been  discovered  and  frustrated.  Such  a  paper  did  not  indeed  come 
into  Wachovia,  but  it  came  very  near,  and  several  Brethren  were  almost 
caught  in  the  net,  for  a  certain  Justice  of  Rowan  made  public  announce- 
ment, and  posted  a  notice  on  the  School-House  of  Friedberg,  that  all 
loyal  subjects  in  the  neighborhood  should  come  to  him  and  repeat  the 
Oath  of  Allegiance,  and  some  of  the  Brethren  were  minded  to  go  and 
take  the  Oath,  but  were  warned  in  time  from  Salem,  and  let  it  rest. 
People  who  did  then  take  such  an  Oath  had  just  that  much  more  to 
suffer  later  from  those  who  were  agitating  in  favor  of  the  land. 

The  above-mentioned  Committee  of  Newbern,  etc,  had  resolved  that 
as  the  British  had  attacked  the  Colonists  near  Boston  and  had  shed 
blood,  and  so  in  a  way  had  begun  war,  and  as  other  Provinces  had 
already  gathered  25,000  men  to  withstand  the  British,  and  as  the  ne- 
groes might  take  advantage  of  the  confused  times,  and  rise,  it  would 
be  wise  for  the  inhabitants  to  form  companies,  whose  officers  should 
drill  them  twice  a  month.  The  patrols  from  these  companies  were  to 
take  all  arms  and  ammunition  away  from  the  negroes  and  other  doubt- 
ful characters. 

July  7,  1775,  an  Express  arrived  in  Salem  from  Philadelphia,  bring- 
ing printed  Circulars  from  the  North  Carolina  Delegates  in  Congress, 
William  Hooper,  Joseph  Hewes  and  Richard  Caswell.  One  of  these 
Circulars  was  addressed  to  Br.  T.  Bagge.6  It  contained  a  general  en- 
couragement to  withstand  the  British  measures,  to  guard  all  supplies  of 
powder,  to  secure  arms,  and  to  drill,  so  that  a  stand  could  be  made  if 
necessary.  The  paper  closed  with  the  following  words :  "Oppose  every 
effort  of  an  arbitrary  Minister,  and,  by  checking  his  licentiousness, 

3  See  introduction  to  the  Bagge  Papers,  Part  IV  of  this  volume,  for  description  of  a  news- 

paper containing  the  Josiah  Martin  Proclamation  of  Aug.  8,  1775. 

4  Bagge  Paper,  No.  I. 

5  Words  printed  in  italics  are  in  English  in  the  MS. 
8  Bagge  Paper  No.  III. 


848  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


'preserve  the  Liberty  of  the  Constitution,  and  the  honor  of  your  Sover- 
eign; look  to  the  reigning  Monarch  of  Britain  as  your  rightful  and  law- 
ful Sovereign;  dare  every  danger  and  difficulty  in  support  of  his  person 
crown  and  dignity,  and  consider  every  Man  as  a  Traitor  to  his  King, 
who  infringing  the  rights  of  his  American  Subjects,  attempts  to  invade 
those  glorious  revolution  principles,  which  placed  him  on  the  throne 
and  must  preserve  him  there." 

It  was  indeed  the  mode  of  the  time  to  oppose  the  British  Govern- 
ment, under  the  cloak  of  acknowledging  George  III  as  our  King.  In 
the  same  manner  a  Proclamation7  of  the  General  Congress,  dated  J une 
12,  1775,  which  appointed  July  20th  as  a  Day  of  Humiliation,  but 
reached  Wachovia  too  late,  contained  the  following:  "It  is  earnestly 
recommended  to  the  Inhabitants  to  pray  to  God  to  bless  our  rightfull 
Sovereign  king  George  the  III,  etc." 

So  far  our  Brethren  in  Wachovia  had  remained  in  peace,  praying 
that  God  would  turn  aside  the  impending  misery,  and  those  who  did  not 
unnecessarily  mix  in  the  matter  were  not  disturbed.  But  on  July  10th 
Br.  Bagge  received  a  letter  from  Joseph  Williams,8  formerly  Clerk  and 
Lieutenant  Colonel  of  Surry  County,  containing  an  Advertisement 
which  was  to  be  publicly  posted  by  order  of  Samuel  Johnson,  Moderator 
of  the  last  Convention  in  Newbern,9  which  called  upon  the  inhabitants 
of  the  County  to  appear  in  Eichmond  and  elect  Delegates  to  represent 
them  in  the  Convention  to  be  held  at  Hillsborough  on  Aug.  20th,  Br. 
Bagge  and  Br.  Bonn  being  especially  invited.  However,  no  one  went 
from  Salem  or  Bethabara.  Joseph  Williams,  Kobert  Lanier,  William 
Hill  the  Baptist  preacher,  Joseph  Winston,  and  Martin  Armstrong, 
were  elected  Delegates.  These  did  their  best  to  draw  the  Brethren  into 
the  game,  though  they  knew  their  desire  to  remain  quiet.  They  also 
took  it  upon  themselves  to  name  the  Committee  above  mentioned  as 
having  been  recommended,  and  to  fix  the  date  of  its  first  meeting  for 
Aug.  25th,  and  among  others  they  chose  the  Brn.  Traugott  Bagge,  Jacob 
Blum,  and  George  Hauser,  Sr.  and  sent  they  written  notice  of  the  same 
on  Aug..  11th.10  The  Brethren,  however  declined  the  appointment, 
under  date  of  Aug.  24th,11  explaining  to  the  Committee  of  Surry  County 
that  they  could  not  take  part  in  such  discussions  because  the  Brethren 
did  not  bear  arms.  This  aroused  great  attention,  and  the  Committee 
appointed  Capt.  John  Armstrong  and  Matthew  Brooks  to  interview  the 
aforesaid  Brethren.    The  meeting  took  place  in  Bethabara,  Aug.  28th, 

7  Bagge  Paper,  No.  II. 

8«JoahTHar?ey  ha°d  presided  in  New  Bern,  but  was  in  such  poor  health  that  Johnston  was 
elected  to  succeed  him  in  case  of  his  death.  This  having  occurred,  Johnston  called  the 
Hillsboro  Convention. 

10  Bagge  Paper,  No.  V. 

u  Bagge  Paper.  No.  VI. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  JSTorth  Carolina 


849 


with  all  formality,  and  yet  with  courtesy,  their  reasons  were  accepted, 
and  Br.  Bagge,  who  had  been  told  that  he  must  appear  before  the  full 
Committee  on  Sept.  20th,12  was  excused  from  so  doing.  Br.  Bonn,  then 
Chairman  of  the  County  Court,  was  present  at  the  meeting,  and  was 
told  that  until  further  notice  he  must  issue  no  more  Warrants  for  debt. 
In  August  the  aforesaid  Capt.  Armstrong  raised  a  volunteer  company 
of  soldiers,  or  militia,  and  took  them  to  Hillsborough  to  protect  the 
Convention,  or  Provincial  Congress  as  it  was  called.  This  Congress 
ordered  the  first  issue  of  paper  money,  without  royal  authority,  in 
North  Carolina.  It  was  to  pass  current  on  a  par  with  silver  and  gold, 
and  was  to  be  retired  in  two  years;  but  this  retirement  was  first  post- 
poned and  then  abandoned,  until  finally  800  paper  dollars  were  only 
worth  one  hard  dollar, — really  it  was  8000  paper  dollars  to  one  hard 
dollar,  for  800  paper  dollars  were  counted  at  8  shillings  in  Specie  Cer- 
tificates, and  one  could  get  as  many  of  those  Certificates  as  one  wished 
at  20  shillings  in  Certificates  for  2  shillings  gold..  From  the  beginning 
it  was  ordered  that  if  a  man  refused  this  paper  money,  or  talked  against 
it,  he  lost  the  right  to  trade,  and  was  considered  an  enemy  of  the  land. 
It  was  ordered  by  the  aforesaid  Congress  that  several  Regiments  of 
regulars  should  be  enlisted  for  service  in  the  Continental  Army;  that 
each  man  should  take  the  Oath  of  Allegiance  to  the  land ;  that  a  Procla- 
mation of  Gov.  Martin  against  this  procedure  should  be  publicly 
burned  by  the  Hangman,  etc.  They  also  organized  a  Provincial  Coun- 
cil, and  appointed  a  Committee  of  Safety  for  each  of  the  six  Districts. 
The  Congress  also  offered  large  premiums  for  the  quantity  production 
and  good  quality  of  various  articles  hitherto  brought  from  England  into 
the  Province.  Some  one  rose  and  said  that  the  Moravians  would  take 
all  the  premiums, — they  ought  to  be  expressly  excluded;  but  the  ma- 
jority would  not  agree  to  that. 

The  unsettled  people  of  the  land  had  long  been  wanting  a  revolution, 
believing  that  it  would  free  them  from  all  taxes,  which  by  comparison 
with  other  Provinces  were  here  very  low,  thinking  also  that  they  would 
come  into  possession  of  the  property  of  more  wealthy  persons;  they 
flattered  themselves  that  the  golden  age  had  now  come,  so  from  this 
time  on  they  were  the  more  bold,  the  more  active  against  the  King. 
Many  of  this  type  in  this  and  the  following  years  became  civil  and 
military  officers,  others  aspired  to  become  such,  and  these  were  the 
men  who  gave  the  Brethren  the  most  trouble  and  were  the  most  dan- 
gerous, causing  them  much  harm  and  much  sorrow  of  heart. 

How  anxious  those  who  were  pushing  the  revolution  in  this  Province 
were  to  draw  the  Brethren  into  it  with  them  can  be  seen,  among  other 

"Colonial  Records,  X,  229. 
22 


850 


North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


things,  in  that  during  the  Congress  at  Hillsborough  Br.  Bagge  received 
two  letters  from  there,  with  urgent  invitation  to  take  part  in  their 
private  conferences.  They,  apparently,  would  have  been  glad  to  have 
Delegates  from  Salem,  Bethabara,  and  Bethania,  and  had  any  gone 
they  would  probably  have  been  given  seat  and  vote. 

A.s  the  money  ordered  in  Hillsborough  had  no  fund  provided  for  its 
redemption,  and  was  based  only  on  the  honor  of  the  Province  of  North 
Carolina,  the  better  class  of  people  had  no  fondness  for  it,  including 
the  Brethren,  for  we  had  a  presentiment  how  it  would  go.  But  as  it 
was  in  circulation  it  had  to  be  accepted,  though  each  man  passed  it  on 
as  quickly  as  possible.  Imported  goods  rose  rapidly  in  price;  products 
of  the  land  were  for  a  time  worth  hardly  anything,  as  there  was  no 
export.  In  addition  there  was  much  counterfeiting  of  the  new  money, 
the  counterfeit  circulating  with  the  real.  This  was  the  beginning  of 
need.  There  were  also  a  number  of  Brethren  who  too  plainly  expressed 
their  attachment  to  the  British  Government,  under  which  they  had  en- 
joyed so  much  good,  and  this  was  not  well  taken,  and  they  were  called 
Tories.  There  were  many  other  men,  called  by  that  name,  who  were 
run  down,  and  suffered  in  person,  reputation  and  property.  Warrants 
for  them  were  written  in  this  wise :  "Whereas  N.  complains  that  N.  M. 
is  a  Tory,  these  are  in  his  Majesty's  Name  to  command  you  to  bring 
him  before  me  to  be  dealt  with  as  the  Circumstances  shall  be  found/' 

The  enlisting  of  the  Continentals,  or  regular  soldiers,  went  well.  At 
first  they  were  uniformed  only  in  hunting  shirts  and  moccasins,  of 
which  in  September  and  October  the  stores13  and  workshops  at  Salem 
and  Bethabara  furnished  many,  at  public  expense.  On  Oct.  4th  the 
first  companies  passed  through  Salem  on  their  way  to  Salisbury. 
Minute  Men  were  also  organized  among  the  militia,  that  is  companies 
of  which  each  member  was  prepared  within  one  minute  after  receiving 
the  call  to  leave  for  the  designated  place.  In  Surry  there  were  two 
companies  of  this  kind. 

We  Brethren  were  now  often  urged  to  take  an  active  part  in  what 
was  going  on,  and  it  kept  us  busy  explaining  to  the  gentlemen  that 
we  wished  all  good  to  the  land,  but  that  we  could  not  take  part  in  the 
movement.  Meanwhile  they  were  furnished  from  our  stores  and  work- 
shops with  many  things  that  could  not  be  had  elsewhere,  payment  be- 
ing made  in  paper  money. 

During  this  fall  the  paper  money  authorized  by  the  Conventions  of 
South  Carolina  and  Virginia  also  began  to  circulate  in  large  quantities, 
as  if  we  in  North  Carolina  did  not  already  have  enough  of  our  own. 


13  Bagge  Paper,  No.  VII. 


Kecokds  of  the  Mokavians  in  North  Carolina  851 


The  Virginians,  especially,  could  not  find  anything  in  their  Province, 
could  buy  articles  here,  and  were  glad  to  be  rid  of  their  money. 

On  Dec.  2,  1775,  a  false  report  reached  Salem  that  Gov.  Martin 
had  landed  with  troops  on  the  Cape  Fear,  and  was  on  the  march;  be- 
fore evening  the  scene  had  changed  and  it  was  said  that  this  Province 
was  determined  to  march  into  South  Carolina  against  the  royalists 
there,  and  our  assistance  was  ordered  in  an  unpleasant  manner.  Finally 
an  order  from  Adley  Osborn  and  Griffith  Eutherford  was  brought  to 
the  store  in  Salem  and  Bethabara  demanding  200  lbs.  lead  on  public 
account  to  be  delivered  to  Joseph  Williams.14  The  order  was  addressed : 
"To  the  Committee  of  Surry  County,  Mr.  Bagge,  or  the  Gentlemen  who 
may  he  in  possession  of  the  Lead  secured  for  the  use  of  the  'public." 
There  was  an  evident  desire  that  through  this  order  some  evidence 
might  be  secured  against  the  Brethren.  On  the  10th  of  the  month 
twelve  pounds  more  of  lead  were  taken. 

There  is  preserved  a  rough  copy  of  a  Declaration1^  which  the  Breth- 
ren in  Salem  drew  up  during  this  year :  "That  they  wished  to  remain 
true  to  the  King ;  that  they  desired  all  good  for  the  Province  of  North 
Carolina,  and  would  continue  to  do  their  best  for  it  according  to  their 
ability;  that  they  relied  upon  their  Privilege  for  freedom  of  conscience 
and  exemption  from  bearing  arms,  and  in  the  last  event  claimed  the 
indulgence,  which  the  Assembly  of  Pennsylvania  had  already  granted; 
that  they  would  never  do  aught  which  might  work  harm  to  the  Prov- 
ince; and  that  they  would  pray  to  God  to  end  the  present  distress  and 
grant  an  honorable  peace."  Whether  this  Declaration  was  sent  to  any 
one,  or  to  whom,  I  do  not  now  remember. 

In  regard  to  our  commerce  it  may  be  noted  that  we  secured  some 
goods  from  Charlestown  in  June  and  September,  and  from  Cross  Creek 
in  August  and  October;  many  at  a  much  higher  price  than  formerly. 
The  Committees  had  ordered  that  at  the  landing  places  no  salt  should 
be  sold  to  a  man  who  could  not  show  a  certificate  from  the  Committee 
that  he  was  a  good  Liberty  Man,  (they,  like  the  soldiers,  generally  wore 
a  buck-tail  on  the  hat  instead  of  a  cockade,)  but  there  was  no  trouble 
in  buying  salt  at  Cross  Creek  without  such  a  certificate.  But  salt  was 
already  scarce,  and  whereas  it  had  sold  in  our  store  for  9  sh.  per  bushel 
it  was  worth  14  sh.  before  the  end  of  the  year. 

As  the  Brethren,  especially  in  Salem  and  Bethabara,  took  no  part 
in  what  was  going  on,  and  as  our  businesses  and  commerce  continued 
while  around  us  it  had  greatly  lessened,  and  as  we  still  had  some  stock 
of  goods,  jealousy  of  us  constantly  increased,  and  more  or  less  alarm- 


Bagge  Paper,  No.  VIII. 
Bagge  Paper,  No.  IX. 


852  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


ing  rumors  were  in  circulation  as  to  what  was  going  to  be  done  to  us. 
Not  all  were  true,  but  we  bad  good  ground  to  believe  others,  and  to 
sigh  and  pray :  "Take  us  into  Thy  gracious  keeping,  etc." 

At  the  close  of  the  1775th  year  I  cannot  omit  to  mention  that  already 
in  the  summer  of  this  year,  that  is  in  May,  June  or  July,  the  County 
Mecklenburg,  in  North  Carolina,  declared  itself  free  and  independent 
of  England,  and  made  such  arrangements  for  the  administration  of  the 
laws  among  them  as  the  Continental  Congress  later  made  for  the  whole 
country.    Congress,  however,  considered  this  proceeding  premature. 

Memorabilia  of  the 
Congregations  and  Societies  in  Wachovia,  for  the  Year  1775. 

[A  few  paragraphs  omitted.] 
"We  cannot  better  express  our  appreciation  of  the  gracious  care  and 
guidance  of  our  faithful  Lord  during  the  past  year  than  by  quoting 
the  closing  Text  of  the  twelvemonth,— "His  Name  shall  be  called 
Wonderful" ; 

Wonderful  beyond  compare, 
Gracious  beyond  measure. 

We  humble  ourselves  at  His  pierced  feet,  thankful,  most  of  all,  for 
His  sufferings  for  us;  and  at  the  same  time  our  hearts  and  tongues 
will  overflow  with  thanks  and  praise  to  Him  as  we  sum  up  and  recall 
to  mind  the  favors  which  God  has  bestowed  upon  us  in  spiritual  and 
temporal  things.   He  was  in  our  midst ;  He  guarded  and  established  us 
in  His  truth,  in  the  true  faith;  as  we  read  the  Holy  Scriptures,  and 
listened  to  the  witness  of  the  Brethren  as  set  forth  in  the  Wochent- 
lichen  Nachrichten,  the  Holy  Spirit  applied  them  to  the  nourishment 
of  our  souls ;  and  the  reports  from  the  Congregations  in  all  parts  of  the 
world,  read  on  our  Unity  Days,  have  strengthened  us,  have  kept  us  one 
with  them  in  spirit,  and  one  in  Christ.    *  *  *    The  special  Festal  and 
Memorial  Days  have  been  observed,  and  we  particularly  mention  New 
Year,  the  holy  Passion  season,  the  25th  of  March— which  was  ob- 
served by  the  congregation  with  a  Communion,  and  also  by  the  Choirs, — 
the  27th  of  August,  the  16th  of  September,  and  the  13th  of  November. 
.  On  most  of  these  the  Cup  of  Covenant  was  used.    The  Choirs  have  also 
had  their  Liturgies  and  Choir  Addresses.    The  Choir  Festivals  have 
been  days  of  especial  joy  and  thankfulness,  on  which  the  meritorious 
life  of  Jesus  Christ  was  set  forth  in  its  relation  to  each  Choir,  and  each 
member  was  urged  to  let  faith  in  Him  establish  and  build  them  up, 
especially  through  the  Choir  Communions.   On  the  Doctrinal  Days  each 
Choir  heard  an  address  on  the  Text  appointed  for  that  Choir,  and  the 


Part  of  A  Page  From  the  Bagge  Manuscript 
Showing  a  reference  to  the  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Independence  and  to 
the  Mecklenburg  Resolves 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


853 


Choir  members  shared  the  Cup  of  Covenant.  And  we  particularly  re- 
member the  days  on  which  the  Testament  of  His  Blood  was  made 
manifest  in  the  Holy  Sacraments,  which  took  place  twelve  times  this 
year  for  the  entire  congregation,  and  several  other  times  for  the  Choirs, 
and  they  were  days  unlike  any  others,  and  yet  the  least  to  be  described, 
but  only  to  be  felt. 

A  proof  of  the  reality  of  our  membership  in  the  Unity  of  Brethren 
was  given  in  the  readiness  and  liberality  with  which  contributions  were 
made  to  the  needs  of  the  Unity,  foreign  Missions,  and  the  homes  and 
schools  for  children;  and  especially  in  the  response  when  news  came  of 
the  fate  of  our  poor  congregation  in  Sarepta,1  when  rebels  plundered 
the  town,  forcing  our  members  to  flee  to  Astracan.  Our  members  have 
also  contributed  to  the  support  of  the  congregations  in  our  towns  here, 
according  to  their  means,  and  we  give  thanks  to  Him  Who  has  made 
them  not  only  willing  but  also  able  to  give. 

Having  been  notified  by  the  Unity's  Elders  Conference  that  a  General 
Synod  would  be  held  in  Barby,  beginning  July  1st,  *  *  *  and  Br. 
Marshall  having  received  an  invitation  from  the  U.  E.  C.  to  attend 
this  Synod,  he  was  given  credentials  as  the  Representative  of  Wachovia, 
and  asked  to  aid  Synod  in  planning  for  the  best  interests  of  our  con- 
gregations here.  To  this  end  he  and  his  wife  left  Salem  on  Feb.  8th, 
bound  for  Europe  by  way  of  Charlestown;  and  as  U.  E.  C.  had  asked 
that  he  visit  Georgia,  and  confer  with  the  Single  Brethren,  Miller, 
Wagner  and  Proesing,  who  had  been  sent  there  to  establish  a  Mission 
among  the  negroes,  as  to  the  best  way  to  make  a  beginning  with  their 
work,  he  took  Br.  Proesing  with  him,  the  call  for  him  having  been 
received  shortly  before  Br.  Marshall's  departure.  He  was  presented 
to  the  Governor  [of  Georgia]  by  Mr.  Haversham,  President  of  the 
Council,  who  knew  the  Brethren  well  during  their  former  residence 
there,2  and  again  proved  himself  a  true  friend  and  offered  and  gave 
all  possible  assistance  in  their  affairs.  The  Governor  received  them 
with  a  fatherly  manner;  and  at  Br.  Marshall's  request,  and  according 
to  the  instructions  of  the  Lord,  it  was  arranged  that  Br.  Wagner  should 
live  on  the  plantation  of  Mr.  Haversham,  on  the  Ogeechee,  to  work 
among  his  negroes,  of  whom  there  are  about  200,  and  that  Br.  Miller 
should  preach  there  in  English  every  Sunday.  Before  his  departure 
[from  Salem]  Br.  Proesing  was  received  as  an  Akoluthe,  as  were  also 
Br.  and  Sr.  Tycho  Nissen,  this  being  the  first  service  of  this  kind  in 
Wachovia. 


1  In  southern  Russia. 

2  ^6ilfr|tavsae*t^eig  °*  the  Moravians  within  the  present  limits  of  the  United  States  was 


in  Savannah,  Ga.,  1735-1740. 


854  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Our  connection  with  Europe  and  Pennsylvania  has  been  maintained 
through  correspondence,  although  as  to  Europe  it  has  been  somewhat 
curtailed  by  the  unrest  in  the  land,  and  the  smaller  number  of  ships 
sailing  the  seas.  Our  former  faithful  correspondent  in  U.  E.  C,  Br. 
Peter  Boehler,  was  called  into  the  joy  of  his  Lord  on  the  27th  of  April; 
his  memory  will  always  be  a  blessing  for  us, — when  he  visited  Wachovia 
in  1754  he  helped  to  lay  out  the  Tract  in  lots. 

In  our  Conferences,  especially  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz,  the  Lord 
has  given  us  His  counsel  and  support,  and  has  not  once  left  us  without 
advice,  and  in  these  hard  times  and  difficult  circumstances  this  has 
meant  much  to  us  of  comfort  and  encouragement,  and  as  we  have 
turned  to  Him  in  childlike  faith  He  has  directed  our  affairs.  He  has 
protected  us  from  all  attempts  to  draw  us  into  what  is  going  on,  and 
has  kept  us  minded  to  remain  true  to  our  King,3  George  III,  and  his 
Government,  and  daily  and  hourly  we  have  prayed  for  a  happy  reign 
for  him,  and  that  peace  might  be  restored  in  the  English  Colonies  of 
America.  This  has  frequently  been  the  topic  in  our  prayer  meetings, 
and  often  recommended  to  the  members  of  the  Hourly  Intercession. 

Through  Br.  Peter  we  received  promptly  the  Texts  drawn  for  our 
congregations  and  Conferences  by  the  U.  E.  C.  in  their  first  meeting 
this  year,  and  they  have  been  of  great  blessing  to  us.  That  for  the 
Provincial  Heifer  Conferenz  was:  "Thou  shalt  no  more  be  termed 
Forsaken;  neither  shall  thy  land  any  more  be  termed  Desolate," 

How  blest  and  lovely  Thy  earthly  dwellings  are, 
Wherein  assemble  Thy  Christian  people  dear, 

and  this  became  literally  true  again  this  year,  for  seven  more  families 
moved  from  Maryland  to  Wachovia.  The  aforesaid  Conferenz  has 
been  suspended  for  a  time,  however,  since  Br.  and  Sr.  Marshall  are 
in  Europe,  and  Br.  Utley,  who  was  also  a  member,  has  gone  to  the 
Saviour. 

Until  shortly  before  his  departure  Br.  Utley  continued  his  preaching 
and  visiting  among  the  English  and  Germans  on  the  Yadkin,  Dutch- 
man's Creek,  and  Deep  Creek;  and  in  our  English  settlement,  which 
this  year  has  been  again  increased  by  the  arrival  of  several  families, 
and  a  community  of  interests  has  developed  which  is  very  promising. 
The  friends  there  have  united  in  laying  up  a  log  house  for  school  and 
meetings,  and  are  busy  with  finishing  it  on  the  inside.  We  can  further 
their  plans  with  only  an  occasional  visit,  however,  until  the  Lord  puts 
us  in  position  to  give  them  better  service. 

3  Regardless  of  former  nationality  the  Brethren  settling  in  the  English  Colonies  regarded 
themselves  as  English  citizens,  claiming  privilege  as  such  under  the  Act  of  Parliament 
of  1749. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


855 


At  the  burial  of  our  departed  Br.  Utley,  on  Oct.  11th,  there  was  a 
very  large  gathering,  not  only  of  Brethren  from  all  our  towns  and  their 
neighborhoods,  but  also  of  friends,  especially  those  to  whom  he  had 
been  preaching,  who  shed  many  tears  over  the  loss  of  their  faithful 
teacher  and  visitor. 

On  the  second  Easter  day,  in  Salem,  the  Yestry  meeting  was  held, 
and  the  Brn.  Jacob  Blum  and  Michael  Hauser  were  elected  Church 
Wardens  for  this  year. 

In  spite  of  the  hard  times  an  evident  blessing  of  God  has  rested 
upon  our  commerce,  the  faithfulness  of  our  hand-workers,  our  industry 
and  labor,  and  we  acknowledge  it  with  thanks,  and  wish  that  they  may 
continue  according  to  the  customs  and  rules  of  His  house,  and  the 
special  instructions  received  from  our  Lord  in  view  of  the  conditions 
at  present  existing. 

During  a  brief  visit  from  a  Chief  of  the  Cherokee  Nation,  called 
Little  Carpenter,  who  passed  through  Bethania  on  his  return  trip,  he 
was  asked  whether,  if  a  Brother  should  be  sent  to  his  Nation  to  teach 
them  of  their  Creator,  he  would  be  kindly  received ;  to  which  he  replied 
that  if  Brethren  came  to  instruct  or  teach  their  children  they  would  be 
welcome.    *  *  * 

Two  men  also  visited  Salem  who  were  of  the  party  that  some  years 
ago  came  from  the  north  of  Ireland  to  South  Carolina,  having  formerly 
been  in  connection  with  the  Unity  of  Brethren.  One,  named  Tipping, 
who  had  been  a  Communicant  member  at  Gracehill,  was  very  sorry  he 
had  left  there,  and  expressed  a  wish  to  move  to  the  Brethren  in 
Wachovia  as  soon  as  possible. 

The  weather  this  year  was  unusual,  especially  in  January  and  Feb- 
ruary, when  it  was  constantly  as  warm  as  spring,  so  that  by  the  end 
of  February  the  peaches  began  to  blossom.  In  the  latter  part  of  March 
and  first  of  April,  when  the  trees  were  in  full  bloom,  there  came  a 
cold  spell,  with  rather  hard  frosts  at  night,  which  killed  all  the  peaches 
and  some  of  the  apples ;  the  warm  weather  which  followed  saved  a  good 
many  of  the  apples,  so  that  there  was  a  fair  crop.  The  grain  was  also 
in  danger,  especially  from  several  unusually  heavy  hail-storms,  which 
sorely  injured  woods  and  fields  along  the  Adkin  in  a  strip  four  miles 
wide  and  about  fourteen  miles  long,  but,  thank  God!  our  towns  and 
surrounding  lands  escaped  without  much  damage,  except  to  fences  and 
roofs.  The  long-continued  rains,  especially  at  haying  time,  caused 
floods  here  and  there,  but  we  have  many  more  reasons  to  thank  our 
Father  in  heaven  for  the  rich  harvests  gathered  from  our  fields, 
gardens  and  meadows,  furnishing  food  for  man  and  beast,  than  to  com- 
plain about  some  hardships;  indeed  we  hear  gladly  from  all  sides  that 


856  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


the  high  prices  and  scarcity  of  last  year  are  relieved,  and  lower  prices 
and  food  for  all  have  been  given  by  God.  The  goodness  of  God  has  also 
shielded  us  from  sickness. 

We  are  not  in  position  to  enumerate  all  the  occasions  on  which  God 
has  protected  us  during  the  past  year,  but  a  few  may  be  mentioned  to  re- 
mind us  how  many  thanks  we  owe  to  Him.  Twice  the  angels  rescued 
Br.  Rose,  who  was  in  danger  of  his  life ;  once  when  his  horses  ran  away 
and  the  wagon  passed  over  him,  and  once  as  he  rode  through  a  deep 
creek.  In  the  farm  house  beyond  the  Wach  a  large  snake  was  found 
in  the  garret  and  killed ;  it  had  probably  been  there  for  some  time,  and 
might  have  injured  the  residents,  and  especially  the  maid,  who  slept 
in  the  attic.  A  Single  Sister  in  Salem  had  a  similar  escape  when  she 
went  to  open  the  spring-house  one  morning,  and  found  a  large  snake  in 
her  hand  instead  of  the  key  which  she  meant  to  take  from  where  it 
hung  on  the  wall ;  she  quickly  threw  it  away  and  was  not  hurt.  Three 
Single  Sisters  were  attacked  by  a  run-away  negro  on  the  road  between 
Salem  and  Bethabara,  and  with  difficulty  escaped  from  him  unharmed. 
The  bad  man  was  captured  next  day,  brought  here  and  turned  over  to 
his  master;  the  thief  also,  who  stole  several  things  from  the  Brothers 
House,  was  captured,  brought  here,  tried  before  the  Justice,  and  the 
articles,  which  he  had  hidden,  were  recovered.  Several  others  were  in 
danger  and  might  have  lost  their  lives  had  not  God  watched  over  them, 
and  sent  His  angels  to  protect  them,  for  instance  one  Brother  who  was 
smelting  knives,  another  who  was  slaughtering  a  wild  ox,  others  when 
the  scaffolding  at  the  Tavern  fell;  and  doubtless  there  were  many  more 
dangers,  which  Satan  planned  for  our  harm,  but  which  the  Lord  turned 
away  and  we  knew  nothing  of  them. 

The  Lord  has  also  shielded  our  Brethren  during  their  many  journeys 
by  sea  and  land, — to  Europe,  Georgia,  Pennsylvania,  and  here  and 
there  through  the  country. 

With  tender  hands  He  leads  His  own 
As  here  and  there  they  go  and  come, 

Praise  to  those  hands  so  tender, 

That  turn  away  all  danger. 

Prom  the  recapitulation  of  the  noteworthy  items  that  concern  the 
whole  we  now  turn  to  those  relating  to  the  various  congregations,  and 
first  to 

Salem, 

which  thankfully  remembers  that  He  Who  from  His  throne  regards  the 
congregations  has  graciously  looked  upon  this  one  also,  and  has  encour- 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


857 


aged  them  through  all  that  oppressed  them  within  or  without,  accord- 
ing to  the  beautiful  Text  drawn  for  this  congregation  by  the  U.  E.  C. — ■ 
"Speak  ye  comfortably  to  Jerusalem  that  her  iniquity  is  pardoned." 
*  *  *  The  Rules  and  Regulations  were  again  presented  in  detail  to 
the  members,  and  as  it  appeared  that  irregularities  had  crept  in  here 
and  there  steps  were  taken  to  correct  them,  and  with  good  results.  We 
were  much  pained  to  discover  wrong  doing  among  some  of  the  young 
people,  so  that  one  young  man  had  to  be  dismissed,  and  three  others  left 
of  their  own  accord,  but  he  took  courage  from  the  knowledge  that  the 
Saviour  knew  our  sorrow  over  this  and  other  troubles  and  ignorance, 
and  we  rejoiced  that  it  led  to  a  renewed  determination  to  consecrate 
lives  to  the  Saviour. 

Several  important  Congregation  Councils  were  held,  partly  to  inform 
the  members  of  certain  things  that  had  been  done,  and  partly  to  dis- 
cuss matters  that  would  come  up  for  decision,  for  instance,  that  the 
Saviour  had  approved  the  choice  of  Br.  Ludwig  Meinung  as  secretary 
for  the  Aufseher  Collegium  and  Grosse  Heifer  Conferenz;  also  that 
a  Single  Brother  was  to  be  chosen  a  member  of  the  Aufseher  Collegium 
in  place  of  Br.  Merkly,  Br.  Walther  being  later  elected. 

We  also  thankfully  acknowledge  that  our  Lord  has  concerned  Himself 
with  the  needs  of  our  congregation,  so  that  through  the  willing  assist- 
ance of  the  members,  and  through  our  commerce  and  work-shops,  the 
Congregation  Cash  Account  and  the  Congregation  Diaconie  have  been 
able  to  meet  all  expenses,  and  though  more  than  once  a  larger  sum  was 
needed  than  there  was  on  hand  yet  He  has  always  provided  the  nec- 
essary funds,  so  that  the  Diaconie  never  failed;  and  if  one  and  another 
business  made  a  deficit,  owing  to  the  hard  times,  He  so  ordered  it  that 
others  made  a  proportionately  large  profit.  The  new  Store  building 
has  been  so  far  finished  that  Br.  Bagge  and  his  family  have  moved  into 
the  living  rooms,  and  the  merchandise  has  been  placed  in  the  sales 
room  and  store  rooms.  Br.  and  Sr.  Fritz  have  moved  into  the  first 
story  of  the  former  store  building,  and  Br.  Fritz  has  fitted  up  the  former 
wash-house  for  dressing  leather,  and  has  entered  into  partnership  with 
Br.  Yarrell  for  carrying  on  his  trade.  An  addition  has  been  built  to 
the  mill  below  Salem,  in  which  flour  will  be  ground,  and  a  saw  mill 
will  be  run,  but  this  will  not  be  finished  until  next  year. 

Br.  Heinzman  went  to  Pennsylvania  on  business  for  his  House,  and 
the  widows  Bishoff  and  Tiersch  took  advantage  of  the  opportunity 
[to  go  to  Bethlehem]  ;  he  returned  by  Philadelphia  and  Charlestown, 
reaching  here  safely. 

The  Square  in  front  of  the  Gemein  Haus  was  put  in  better  order; 
and  the  Corpse  House  on  its  upper  side,  which  has  been  in  building  for 


858 


North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


more  than  a  year,  was  so  far  finished  that  it  could  be  consecrated  by 
its  use  for  the  remains  of  Br.  Utley,  who  during  his  service  as  Gemein 
Vorsteher  had  had  the  stone  hauled  for  it.  This  year  also  the  God's 
Acre  for  strangers  has  been  fenced  in,  and  the  body  of  a  Mr.  Jourdan, 
who  passed  away  at  our  Tavern,  trusting  in  the  Atonement  of  Jesus, 
was  buried  there,  this  being  the  first  interment.  He  was  here  for  the 
second  time  under  the  care  of  our  doctor.  Besides  Br.  Utley  the  Saviour 
called  away  another  member  of  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz,  Sr.  Wallis, 
shortly  before  the  close  of  the  year.  He  alone  knows  the  reason  for  this ; 
she  had  been  among  us  only  one  year. 

A  negro,  Jacob,  who  had  been  working  in  our  Tavern  for  some  time, 
expressed  a  wish  to  become  a  Christian,  and  was  bought  from  his  master, 
Mr.  Hawkins.  Our  own  negro,  Sambo,  ran  away  from  his  master,  Br. 
Herbst,  but  after  he  had  wandered  for  several  weeks  in  the  wilderness 
along  the  Catawba  River,  and  had  suffered  much  from  hunger,  he  was 
willingly  taken  and  brought  back  here. 

Br.  Toego  Nissen  and  Sr.  Salome  Meurer  have  been  married  to  take 
charge  of  Friedland.  John  Dixon  has  been  transferred  from  the  Chil- 
dren's to  the  Boys'  Choir,  and  has  been  apprenticed  to  Br.  Herbst,  the 
tanner.  *  *  *  The  Single  Brother,  Proesing,  the  first  Missionary 
from  here,  has  gone  to  Georgia.  The  widows,  Anna  Bishoff  and 
Tiersch,  have  entered  the  Widows  House  in  Bethlehem.    *  *  * 

In  Salem  Congregation  there  are 


20  Married  Couples   40  persons 

2  Widows,  1  Widower   3 

Single  Brethren    40 

Older  Boys    6 

Single  Sisters    14 

Older  Girls    2 

Little  Boys    12 

Little  Girls    10 


Total   127 


five  less  than  last  year.  [Of  these  five  married  couples  lived  outside 
the  town,  so  the  total  population  of  Salem  was  107,  of  whom  77  were 
adults,  and  30  children  and  young  people.] 

Bethabara. 

This  little  congregation  rejoices  in  the  peace  enjoyed  through  the 
protection  of  the  Lord,  in  spite  of  the  distress  and  unrest  everywhere 
in  the  land.    *  *  * 


Eecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


859 


The  general  Church  Festivals  of  Christendom,  and  the  special  Me- 
morial Days  of  our  Brethren's  Church,  also  the  Doctrinal  and  Festal 
Days  of  the  Choirs,  were  observed  either  with  the  Cup  of  Covenant  or 
the  Communion,  the  latter  being  celebrated  twelve  times  by  the  Congre- 
gation with  an  indescribable  sense  of  blessing. 

The  dear  Father  has  laid  His  blessing  on  our  temporal  affairs,  on 
our  commerce  and  trades,  and  also  on  the  industry  and  labor  of  those 
in  charge  of  our  farm;  the  latter  has  produced  a  good  deal  more  than 
last  year,  in  spite  of  the  damage  done  to  the  hay  by  two  floods.  The 
members  therefore  were  willing,  not  only  to  bear  their  part  of  the 
congregation  expenses,  but  also  to  contribute  to  the  needs  of  the  Unity, 
the  Missions  among  the  heathen,  the  institutions  for  children,  and 
assistance  for  the  poor  congregation  of  Sarepta.  God  be  thanked  for 
making  them  both  willing  and  able! 

In  spring  the  new  Tavern  was  so  far  finished  that  Br.  John  Schaub 
was  able  to  move  from  the  old,  and  rather  delapidated  house  into  it,  and 
thereby  we  saw  a  special  act  of  Providence,  for  scarcely  was  the  old 
house  empty  when  the  passage  and  the  beams  over  the  guest-room  fell 
through  into  the  cellar;  had  this  happened  earlier,  at  a  time  when 
many  guests  were  in  the  room,  much  harm  and  sorrow  might  have 
resulted,  and  we  are  very  thankful  for  God's  protection.  Another 
noteworthy  incident  was  that  during  the  night  a  thief  stole  various 
small  articles  from  the  old  sheds  in  the  village,  but  left  them  in  a  pile 
on  the  open  road  not  far  from  Bethabara,  so  that  they  were  found  and 
returned  to  their  owners.  On  the  other  hand  two  Brethren  living  near 
Bethabara  had  horses  stolen  from  under  their  eyes  or  from  their  stables. 

At  the  mill  a  new  pair  of  stones  and  a  new  bolting-chest  for  corn- 
meal  were  installed,  which  will  be  a  great  convenience  to  our  neighbors. 

Br.  Lorenz  [Bagge]  made  the  baptism  of  several  children  in  the 
neighborhood  the  occasion  for  bearing  witness  to  the  free  grace  of  God, 
and  did  the  same  on  Deep  Creek.    *  *  * 

Br.  Steinman  has  been  called  home,  as  has  also  Sr.  Bosina  Neilson. 
The  latter  had  long  been  a  faithful  mid-wife  here.    *    *  * 

At  the  close  of  the  year  the  congregation  consists  of  72  persons,  of 
whom  three  married  couples  and  their  children  live  in  the  neighborhood. 
Eight  more  than  last  year. 

Bethania. 

During  the  past  year  the  Saviour  has  dealt  earnestly  with  this  con- 
gregation, and  has  shown  His  displeasure  with  its  misdeeds  and  luke- 
warmness  by  thrice  forbidding  the  holding  of  the  Holy  Communion, 
which  caused  many  hours  of  sorrowful  heart-searchings.    *  *  * 


860  ]N"orth  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


The  public  preaching  services  have  been  well  attended  by  neighbors; 
a  rich  blessing  has  also  rested  on  the  reading  of  the  Gemein  ISTachrichten, 
sermons  from  the  Wochen,  and  the  public  reading  of  the  Bible. 

In  the  present  distress  and  unrest  the  Saviour  has  permitted  Bethania 
to  enjoy  His  peace,  and  to  be  at  peace  with  men. 

In  regard  to  food  and  business  it  may  be  said  that  the  blessing  of 
God  has  rested  on  our  fields  and  homes,  and  our  crops  were  spared  when 
hail  ruined  those  of  our  neighbors.  The  angels  also  guarded  us  in 
several  times  of  danger,  for  instance  when  a  Brother  was  thrown  from 
his  horse,  his  foot  caught  in  the  stirrup,  and  he  was  dragged  until 
some  one  went  to  his  assistance  and  released  him.  A  boy  while  in  the 
woods  was  struck  on  the  head  by  a  horse,  and  lay  for  a  time  as  though 
he  were  dead,  but  was  finally  revived  by  his  companions,  and  was  able 
to  ride  home. 

One  young  man  married  outside  the  town.  A  girl  has  been  sent  to 
Bethabara  to  be  cared  for  and  trained.  In  January  the  worthy  widow, 
Margareth  Hauser,  the  mother  of  many  children  and  grand-children, 
went  peacefully  to  the  Saviour;  and  a  few  days  later  her  daughter-in- 
law  of  the  same  name  passed  away  here  in  Bethania.    *  *  * 

This  year  there  are  100  living  in  the  village;  one  less  than  last  year. 
Belonging  to  the  congregation  are  also  ten  families  living  outside  the 
town,  all  of  the  adults  except  three  men  being  communicants. 

The  Congregation  and  Society  in  Friedberg. 

*  *  *  The  congregation  acknowledges  with  thankfulness  the  bless- 
ing which  has  rested  on  the  reading  and  exposition  of  the  Word  of 
God,  and  more  especially  upon  the  celebration  of  the  Holy  Communion, 
which  took  place  seven  times  this  year.  The  preaching  of  the 
gospel  was  largely  attended  by  neighbors;  and  each  month  an  English 
sermon  was  read  for  the  benefit  of  auditors  from  the  English  settle- 
ment not  far  away.  Meetings  have  also  been  held  for  the  married 
people,  and  for  the  unmarried  of  both  sexes,  and  not  without  blessing. 

In  material  things  we  have  seen  that  the  blessing  of  our  heavenly 
Father  has  rested  upon  house  and  field,  so  that  members  have  been  able 
to  contribute  to  the  needs  of  the  Unity,  to  the  Mission  fund,  and  also 
in  aid  of  the  afflicted  congregation  of  Sarepta. 

Protection  has  also  been  given  in  many  dangers,  for  instance  in  March, 
when  a  cyclone  blew  off  one  side  of  the  roof  of  the  School-House,  and 
yet  the  children  in  the  school  were  kept  safe  beneath  the  shadow  of  His 
wings.  And  in  the  midst  of  the  unrest  of  the  land  our  peace  has  re- 
mained unbroken. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  861 


Visiting  among  members  and  neighbors,  especially  among  the  sick, 
has  continued  with  blessing ;  and  one  old  man,  who  for  many  years  has 
been  an  enemy  of  the  doctrine  of  Jesus,  and  of  His  people,  has  given  up, 
and  has  been  taken  into  the  home  of  members.    *  *  * 

At  the  close  of  the  year  there  are 


Society  members    27 

Received    12 

Communicants    30 

Total    69 

two  less  than  last  year. 


Friedland  Society. 

Of  the  Friedland  Society  it  should  be  noted  that  its  school  and  meet- 
ing house  was  finished,  and  it  was  consecrated  by  a  Lovefeast  on  Feb. 
18th,  when  the  fourteen  married  couples  then  constituting  the  Society 
renewed  their  allegiance  to  the  Saviour,  and  their  agreement  with  each 
other,  by  signing  the  Rules;  and  the  consecration  of  the  meeting  hall 
was  completed  next  day  with  the  preaching  of  the  Gospel.  At  the  same 
time  Br.  and  Sr.  Toego  Nissen  moved  thither  from  Salem,  to  take 
charge  of  them  and  their  children.    *  *  * 

Danger  was  averted  during  the  building  of  the  School-House ;  and  one 
night  a  small  out-house  burned,  without  setting  fire  to  the  wash-house, 
which  was  only  a  few  feet  away,  and  this  although  there  was  a  good 
deal  of  wind  blowing.  Their  fields  nearly  all  escaped  damage  in  the 
sudden  hail  storm  of  May  6th,  although  a  strip  in  the  neighborhood  was 
badly  hurt. 

The  children  attend  school  willingly,  and  study  industriously,  and 
opportunity  is  given  to  say  many  a  word  for  the  Saviour.    *  *  * 

The  Society  consists  of  fourteen  married  couples,  whom  God  has 
richly  blessed  with  children. 

Summary. 

The  number  of  those  belonging  to  Congregations  and  Societies  in 


Wachovia  is: — 

Salem   127 

Bethabara   72 

Bethania    100 

Friedberg    69 

Friedland    28 

Total    396 


[276  are  adults,  120  are  children  and  young  people.] 


862  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 

This  does  not  include  the  number  of  those  living  in  Wachovia  who 
do  not  belong  to  a  congregation,  but  are  for  the  most  part  served  by 
the  ministers  of  the  Brethren. 

Extracts  from  Annual  Summary  in  Wachovia  Church  Booh. 
[Written  by  Bishop  Graff.] 

All  the  Provinces  of  North  and  South4  America  were  full  of  war 
unrest,  indeed  it  came  to  actual  blood-shed  between  the  Royal  and 
Provincial  troops,  especially  in  New  England;  and  went  so  far  that 
if  the  American  Colonies  could  not  be  made  obedient  to  Great  Britain 
by  force  of  arms  they  would  make  themselves  independent  of  her. 

Our  dear  Br.  Friedrich  Marschall  was  called  by  the  Unity's  Elders 
Conference  to  attend  the  Synod  to  be  held  in  Barby,  July  1,  and  the 
Congregations  in  Wachovia  gave  him  full  powers  to  represent  them. 
His  wife  accompanied  him  to  Europe;  and  from  Charlestown  they 
visited  the  Mission  Settlement  among  the  negroes  in  Georgia,  to  estab- 
lish which  two  Brethren  had  been  sent  from  Europe,  Miiller  and  Wag- 
ner, and  from  Salem  he  took  the  Single  Brother,  Andreas  Proesing,  to 
be  their  assistant.  The  President  of  Council,  Mr.  Haversham,  showed 
himself  again  to  be  a  true  friend  of  the  Brethren,  and  anxious  to  fur- 
ther their  cause;  it  was  a  pity  that  during  the  summer  he  died  in 
Braunschweig,  on  his  way  to  visit  in  Pennsylvania  and  Bethlehem. 

Diary  of  Salem  Congregation,  1775. 
[Written  by  Bishop  Graff.   Extracts  translated.] 

Jan.  3.  Br.  Utley  came  back  this  evening  from  his  preaching  tour 
and  reported  that  beyond  the  Yatkin  and  on  Deep  Creek  he  preached 
several  times  in  English  and  once  in  German.  On  the  return  trip  he 
stopped  at  John  Doughted's  house  and  conferred  with  the  friends  and 
neighbors  there  concerning  the  School-House  which  they  are  now  about 
ready  to  build. 

As  he  had  announced  through  an  Advertisement,  the  Sheriff,  Mr. 
Shepherd,  came  to  collect  Taxes,  but  when  the  Brn.  Bonn  and  Bagge 
asked  him  what  Taxes  he  would  or  could  collect  according  to  the  laws, 
which  they  showed  him,  he  was  taken  aback,  and  left  without  further 
attempt  to  collect,  showing  plainly  that  his  action  this  time  was  not 
according  to  law,  and  that  he  had  no  order  from  Assembly  or  Colonel 
to  show. 


4  That  is,  the  northern  and  the  southern  Colonies  in  North  America. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


863 


Jan.  5.  Br.  Wallis  was  given  charge  of  the  cupboard  containing  the 
papers  and  documents  belonging  to  his  office,  and  it  was  moved  to  his 
room. 

Jan.  9.  Br.  Proesing,  first  Missionary  to  the  heathen  from  here,  took 
the  box  around  and  gathered  the  Mission  collection. 

This  morning  Col.  Henderson  arrived,  on  his  way  to  land  which  he 
has  recently  bought  from  the  Cherokees,  in  connection  with  which 
purchase  the  party  of  Cherokees  who  passed  through  Bethabara  last 
November  had  come  in.  The  land  lies  on  the  River  Lewicy,1  and  is 
called  by  the  same  name.  Br.  Bagge  changed  several  gold  pieces  for 
him,  and  Col.  Henderson  said  that  when  he  was  settled  on  his  land  he 
would  be  glad  to  serve  the  Brethren  there.  On  the  way  to  Bethabara  he 
met  Br.  Marshall  and  talked  with  him. 

[Marshall's  report  to  U.  E.  C.  Jan.  9th  the  Indians  mentioned  in  our 
last  report  returned  with  several  wagon-loads  of  goods  they  had  received 
in  payment  for  their  land.  They  would  scarcely  let  their  leader,  Col. 
Henderson,  out  of  their  sight.  The  whole  Province  is  stirred  up  over 
this  purchase  of  the  land  by  private  individuals,  indeed  some  say  that 
it  did  not  really  belong  to  the  Cherokees.] 

Tonight  several  deer-skins  were  stolen  from  the  shop  of  the  leather- 
dresser,  Yarrell. 

Jan.  11.  Peter  Kron  and  Seiz  came  from  Friedland,  and  reported 
that  the  School-House  was  so  far  finished  that  a  married  couple  could 
live  in  it,  and  that  they  were  ready  to  undertake  their  support. 

J  an.  30.  This  afternoon  Br.  Marshall  turned  over  the  business  of  the 
Administration  to  Br.  Graff,  who  will  attend  to  it  during  Br.  Mar- 
shall's absence ;  Br.  Ludwig  Meinung  will  assist  with  the  bookkeeping. 
Schumaker's  second  daughter,  Jacobina,  has  entered  the  service  of  Br. 
and  Sr.  Wallis.  Br.  Utley  returned  this  evening  from  a  ten-day  tour. 
On  the  20th  he  had  preached  in  John  Doughted's  house  to  the  Brethren 
and  friends  of  the  English  Settlement,  and  baptised  Wilhelm  Douthed's 
son  John.  On  the  21st  he  preached  in  Adam  Ellrod's  house,  this  side 
of  the  Atkin,  and  baptised  Louisa,  the  little  daughter  of  a  German 
neighbor,  Adam  Schwarz.  The  22nd  he  preached  beyond  the  Atkin  in 
Timber  Ridge  Meeting  House  to  a  large  and  orderly  gathering.  The 
24th  he  preached  on  Dutchman's  Creek,  having  recently  received  a 
second  invitation  to  come ;  nearly  all  the  German  settlers  in  the  neighbor- 
hood were  present,  they  still  feel  the  blessing  of  the  departed  Br.  Soelle's 
labors  among  them.   Prom  the  25th  to  the  27th  he  visited  in  the  homes 

1  The  Louisa  River,  now  called  the  Kentucky  River.  The  Louisa  Land  Company,  organized 
Aug.  27,  1774,  consisted  of  Judge  Richard  Henderson  and  a  number  of  other  North 
Carolinians.    The  name  was  changed  to  the  Transylvania  Company,  Jan.  6,  1775. 


864  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


of  his  hearers  in  Bryant's  Settlement,  and  had  many  blessed  conversa- 
tions with  them.  The  29th  he  preached  in  German  in  the  home  of 
Valentine  Bies,  on  Deep  Creek.  On  the  30th  he  returned  happily  to 
Salem. 

[Marshall's  report  to  U.  E.  C.  We  have  been  as  quietly  undisturbed 
as  though  nothing  critical  was  near  us,  except  that  trade  in  the  towns 
on  the  sea-coast  is  doubtful.  Our  Governor  is  probably  back  from  his 
journey  to  JSTew  York,  and  the  Assembly  is  in  session;  it  is  said  they 
will  send  to  the  King  a  statement  of  their  grievances  against  the  Gov- 
ernor.] 

Feb.  J/-.  Toward  evening  two  wagons  arrived  from  Charlestown, 
bringing  in  goods,  and  also  the  rest  of  the  baggage  of  Br.  Wallis  and 
his  company  which  they  had  to  leave  behind.  Br.  "Wallis  also  re- 
ceived letters  from  the  Brn.  Wagner  and  Miiller,  destined  for  Mission 
service  in  Georgia,  who  had  been  detained  until  the  end  of  last  year  for 
lack  of  opportunity  to  go  thither.  Dr.  Eusebius  entertained  them  free 
of  charge  for  several  weeks.  During  their  stay  with  Mr.  Felix  Long 
there  was  a  fire  near  by,  and  they  had  to  flee  the  house,  with  their  be- 
longings. It  was  reported  that  there  was  a  negro  rebellion  in  Georgia, 
but  it  had  been  suppressed ;  etc.  Perhaps  it  was  providential  that  they 
were  detained  in  Charlestown. 

Feb.  5.  Sunday.  In  the  evening  at  eight  o'clock  the  Congregation 
met  for  the  first  public  reception  [of  Akoluthie],  three  being  received. 
Br.  Graff  spoke  first  concerning  the  right  and  privilege  of  children  of 
God  to  make  a  new  covenant  that  they  would  live  for  Him,  in  righteous- 
ness and  blessedness,  keeping  His  commandments,  and  grounded  in  love 
for  Him,  for  each  other,  and  for  all  mankind;  then  he  applied  this  to  the 
present  occasion,  when  public  profession  would  be  made  of  their  desire 
to  yield  themselves  entirely  to  the  Saviour,  to  willingly  enter  His  serv- 
ice, and  in  all  things  to  act  according  to  the  rule  of  His  people.  Then 
the  two  Brethren,  Toego  Nissen  and  Andreas  Proesing,  gave  their  right 
hands  to  the  ministers,  and  Sr.  Maria  Salome  Nissen  gave  hers  to  the 
leaders  among  the  women,  in  pledge  of  faithful  service,  while  the  verse 
was  sung: 

The  chief  command  is, — Love  the  Lord; 
The  second, — Serve  His  people  here ; 

etc.  j 
The  service  closed  with  the  exchange  of  the  Kiss  of  Peace,  and  the 
singing  of  the  hymn  : 

The  Lamb  who  by  blood  our  salvation  obtained, 
Took  on  him  our  curse,  and  death  freely  sustained, 
Is  worthy  of  praises,  let  with  one  accord, 
All  people  say  Amen,  oh  praise  ye  the  Lord. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  865 

Feb.  8.  In  the  morning  the  Aufseher  Collegium  met,  and  the  two 
young  brethren,  L.  M.  and  M.  W.  were  called  to  account  for  an  incident 
which  might  have  cost  them  bodily  injury.  On  the  4th,  during  the 
Lovefeast,  curiosity  led  them  to  visit  several  strangers,  who  were  guard- 
ing a  company  of  negroes  beyond  the  bridge,  and  the  Master  of  the 
strangers  threatened  to  shoot  them. 

About  two  o'clock  this  afternoon  Br.  and  Sr.  Marshall  set  out  on  their 
journey,  accompanied  by  tender  wishes  for  their  safety.  They  went  in 
Peter  Rose's  wagon,  by  way  of  the  Friedland  School-House,  and  will 
spend  the  first  night  at  Christian  Frey's.  The  Brn.  Utley  and  Wallis 
accompanied  them  that  far;  the  latter  will  so  have  an  opportunity  to 
see  the  School-House.  The  Single  Brother,  Andreas  Proesing,  goes  with 
them  on  his  way  to  Georgia ;  Br.  Marshall  will  consult  with  him  and  the 
other  two  Brethren  concerning  arrangements  for  preaching  the  Gospel 
to  the  negroes  in  Georgia.  At  Prey's  they  will  wait  for  the  four  wagons 
which  started  before  day  this  morning,  heavily  loaded  in  Bethabara 
and  here  with  butter,  tallow,  and  deer  skins  for  Charlestown.  The 
weather  looked  favorable  for  the  journey,  but  during  the  night  changed 
into  a  steady  rain. 

Feb.  10.  Br.  Bagge  and  Heinrich  Schauss  left  for  Charlestown,  they 
will  overtake  the  wagons  and  the  rest  of  the  company.  During  the 
morning  the  weather  was  still  unfriendly,  raining  and  freezing;  during 
the  afternoon  it  cleared,  but  the  wind  continued,  blowing  now  from  south, 
now  from  north-east,  with  no  promise  of  settled  weather. 

Feb.  12.    Br.  Pritz  preached  in  English  at  the  home  of  George  Loesch. 

Feb.  13.    Br.  Bonn  went  to  Richmanstown  to  County  Court. 

Feb.  11/..  Br.  Heckewalder  also  went  to  Court,  having  been  summoned 
in  connection  with  a  case  brought  against  John  Dial. 

Br.  Graff  held  the  Singstunde,  reminding  the  congregation  that  ten 
years  ago  the  Saviour  gave  to  the  Conferenz  His  approval  of  the  spot 
where  Salem  now  stands;  appropriate  hymns  were  sung,  and  special 
reference  was  made  to  the  Text  for  that  day  [Feb.  14,  1765]  : — "Let 
Thine  eyes  be  open  toward  this  house  night  and  day,  even  toward  the 
place  of  which  Thou  hast  said,  'My  name  shall  be  there'." 

Feb.  16.  Thomas  Pettycoart  came  for  the  package  of  letters  which 
he  will  take  to  Br.  Joseph  Neisser  at  Manakosy. 

[Graf  to  Nathaniel  Seidel.    (Piled  in  Bethlehem,  Pa.)    Two  things 
trouble  us  much.   Pirst  there  is  the  counterfeit  money,  gold,  silver,  and 
paper,  and  we  were  obliged  to  post  a  public  advertisement  saying  that 
we  would  so  treat  all  false  money  as  to  make  it  useless  for  circulation. 
23 


866  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Since  we  have  done  this  people  have  been  more  careful.  The  second 
trouble  is  theft,  for  negroes,  horses  and  goods  are  being  stolen,  and  we 
have  recently  lost  a  few  articles  in  Salem.] 

Feb.  18.  The  two  stewards  of  Friedland,  Gron  and  Seiz,  came  with 
a  wagon  and  a  cart  and  took  Br.  and  Sr.  Toego  Mssen,  their  baggage 
and  furniture,  to  the  new  School-House,  where  the  entire  company 
[of  Broadbay  settlers]  had  gathered  to  give  them  a  warm  welcome. 
The  Graffs,  Wallises  and  Petersens  accompanied  the  Nissens.  In  the 
afternoon  there  was  a  Lovefeast,  during  which  the  new  Meeting  Hall 
was  consecrated,  and  all  the  Friedland  men  and  women  organized  them- 
selves into  a  Society,  in  connection  with  the  Unity  of  Brethren,  and 
with  them  grounded  on  the  Atonement  of  Jesus  and  pledged  to  show 
their  allegiance  to  Him  in  their  lives.  Their  "Brotherly  Agreement" 
was  read  again,  and  signed  by  three  more  house-fathers, — Friedrich 
Muller,  Peter  Schneider,  and  [Johann]  Lanius.  This  Society  will 
meet  each  Sunday  afternoon.  After  a  discussion  concerning  the  school, 
etc.  the  service  closed  with  the  singing  of  a  hymn  and  the  Kiss  of  Peace. 
Jacob  Heyn  and  Friedrich  Hahn  and  their  wives  were  not  there,  al- 
though a  week  ago  they  said  they  wished  to  join;  perhaps  they  have 
changed  their  minds  because  George  Hahn  was  not  invited  to  the  Love- 
feast.  The  Brethren  and  Sisters  who  accompanied  the  Nissens  from 
Salem  then  went  home,  except  Br.  Wallis,  who  will  hold  the  first  public 
preaching  service  in  the  new  Saal  tomorrow. 

Feb.  19.  Br.  Wallis  returned  from  Friedland,  where  he  held  the  first 
preaching  service  in  the  new  Saal,  and  Br.  Nissen  held  the  first  service 
for  the  children.  Br.  Wallis  also  held  the  Beading  Meeting  in  the  after- 
noon, and  attended  the  meeting  of  the  Society;  the  elder  Heyn  and  his 
son-in-law  Friedrich  Hahn  were  present,  and  excused  their  non-attend- 
ance yesterday  on  the  score  of  family  circumstances. 

Feb.  21.  Br.  Bonn  went  to  Friedberg,  where  in  Martin  Ebert's  home 
he  married  Ebert's  son,  Martin,  to  Hanna  Hartmann,  [daughter  of 
George  Hartmann]. 

Feb.  21/..  Br.  Wallis  went  to  Steiner's  mill  to  see  what  progress  is 
being  made  in  building  the  flour  mill.  Br.  Joseph  Bulitscheck  met  him 
there,  and  they  discussed  the  saw-mill;  Bulitscheck  will  be  given  the 
contract  as  soon  as  he  is  ready  to  begin  the  work. 

Feb.  25.  Mr.  Jourdin,  of  Guilford  County,  who  was  here  in  the 
Tavern  last  fall  under  Br.  Bonn's  care  has  returned  for  further  treat- 
ment. 

Feb.  27.  Br.  Utley  returned  from  a  ten-day  preaching  tour,  and 
reported  the  following. — The  audience  at  John  Doughted's  was  fairly 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  867 

large,  and  consisted  only  of  those  who  have  joined  in  the  movement  to 
erect  a  School-House.  *  *  *  In  Timber  Ridge  there  was  a  large  con- 
gregation, about  200  being  present,  among  them  the  Baptist  preacher, 
Murphy,  who,  so  soon  as  Utley  was  out  of  the  house,  himself  preached  a 
sermon,  which  was  largely  a  repetition  of  the  chief  points  in  Utley's 
sermon.  On  the  21st  the  Baptists  had  a  big  meeting  in  Evan's  School- 
house,  on  Dutchman's  Creek,  and  on  the  same  day  TJtley  had  a  largely 
attended  meeting  for  the  German  settlers  in  John  Henly's  house ;  Jacob 
Bub  was  touched  with  a  sense  of  sin.  *  *  *  On  the  27th  Br.  Utley 
was  in  our  English  Settlement,  where  he  and  some  of  the  house-fathers 
went  to  the  place  for  the  School-House,  and  he  drove  a  stake  at  the 
north  corner,  that  the  house  might  be  rightly  placed  when  they  came  to 
raise  it. 

March  2.  A  journeyman  tanner  came  to  Br.  Herbst,  and  asked  for 
work  for  several  weeks.  Br.  Herbst  made  proper  report  of  the  request 
[to  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz],  and  as  he  has  much  work  on  hand  the 
man  was  taken  into  the  Tannery  for  the  present.  He  was  born  in  the 
Palatinate;  worked  for  a  while  in  Philadelphia;  went  to  Savannah, 
Georgia,  and  was  sick  there ;  and  came  here  by  way  of  Charlestown  and 
Salisbury. 

March  3.  Br.  Utley  visited  the  sick  Mr.  Joardin,  and  found  him 
full  of  good  thoughts  and  prepared  for  eternity;  he  still  remembers 
with  blessing  the  English  sermons  he  heard  here  last  year. 

March  J/..  Saturday.  Br.  and  Sr.  Nissen  came  on  their  first  visit 
from  Eriedland,  in  order  to  share  in  the  Communion  here.  This  week 
they  have  begun  a  school  for  the  children  there,  he  takes  the  boys  one 
day,  and  she  the  girls  the  next  day,  and  both  parents  and  children  are 
happy.  They  have  also  visited  in  the  homes  of  their  people.  He  still 
finds  singing  difficult,  but  that  will  become  easier,  and  his  wife  is  good 
help  in  this  as  in  other  things.  Half  an  hour  before  Lovef east  we  were 
rejoiced  by  the  return  of  Br.  Bagge  from  his  journey  to  Charlestown. 
He  brought  a  letter  from  Br.  Marshall,  who  had  an  interview  with  the 
Captain  who  took  the  Brn.  Miiller  and  Wagner  to  Savannah,  and  had 
arranged  with  him  to  take  Br.  Proesing  and  himself  thither  in  a 
schooner. 

March  5.  Br.  Utley  has  agreed  to  teach  the  school  for  little  boys 
whenever  he  is  in  town,  and  this  meets  with  the  approval  of  the  fathers ; 
it  was  therefore  announced  to  the  children  at  the  service  for  them, 
which  he  held. 

March  6.  Br.  Utley  began  the  school  for  little  boys.  Br.  Walther  has 
taken  charge  of  the  farm  of  the  Single  Brethren,  in  place  of  Br.  Toego 


868  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Nissen;  Br.  Samuel  Stotz  is  to  have  charge  of  the  garden  under  Br. 
Walther's  .direction ;  Br.  Schreyer  is  to  take  the  place  of  Br.  Stotz  as 
assistant  to  Br.  Priem  in  the  Brothers  House  kitchen. 

March  8.  This  morning  the  four  wagons  arrived  loaded  with  goods 
for  the  store ;  they  came  sooner  than  we  expected.  Buying  for  the  store 
went  better  than  we  thought  it  would  under  present  circumstances,  but 
our  deer-skins  sold  for  a  low  price,  as  they  were  to  be  shipped  to  Eng- 
land. 

Br.  Charles  Holder  was  sent  Express  to  the  wife  of  the  seriously  ill 
Mr.  Jourdin,  to  tell  her  about  her  husband. 

March  9.  We  received  our  Governor's  printed  Proclamation  con- 
cerning the  purchase  of  land  from  the  Cherokees  by  certain  private 
persons,  that  is  Henderson  and  Confederates.  It  states  that  this  is 
contrary  to  the  published  orders  of  the  King,2  also  contrary  to  a  special 
Act  passed  in  this  Province,  and  all  men  are  warned  to  have  nothing 
to  do  with  it.  We  also  received  an  Advertisement  from  Lanier,  in  which 
all  house-holders  are  called  to  assemble  at  Richmond  Court-House  on 
the  24th,  to  elect  delegates  to  the  Congress  to  be  held  at  New  Bern. 
We  will  post  the  Advertisement  in  our  towns,  but  will  not  send  any  one 
to  the  Court-House.  The  weather  was  raw  and  piercing,  yesterday 
evening  there  were  snow  storms  in  several  places  in  the  neighborhood. 
Mr.  Howkins  was  here,  and  agreed  to  sell  us  his  negro,  Jacob,  for  £100. 
Matthew  Lock's  wagon  brought  hides  to  the  tanner,  and  took  goods  from 
our  store  for  Charlestown. 

March  13.  Mr.  Bailey,  accompanied  by  a  doctor,  came  to  see  Br. 
Bagge  about  the  land  on  which  Mr.  Armstrong  laid  out  Richmondtown. 
But  his  attorney,  Mr.  Buhler  [Pooler]  had  some  time  ago  arranged 
the  matter  with  Armstrong,  and  for  lack  of  the  Deed,  which  Mr.  Bailey 
now  had  in  hand,  a  new  Deed  had  been  secured  from  the  Register's 
office,  so  Br.  Bagge  could  not  enter  into  any  negotiation  with  him  until 
he  could  get  back  the  duplicate  Deed  from  Armstrong. 

March  16.  In  the  morning  there  was  a  most  unusual  thunder-storm, 
with  hail  stones  as  large  as  hickory  nuts,  which  badly  injured  every- 
thing that  was  in  the  gardens.  The  wind  blew  down  many  fences, 
especially  around  the  Square,  and  half  of  the  shed  by  the  store.  No 
one  has  seen  such  a  storm  in  many  years.  Toward  evening  the  storm 
passed  toward  the  north,  and  it  cleared,  but  was  freezing  cold  during 
the  night. 


2  In  1763  George  III  issued  a  Proclamation  forbidding  white  settlements  west  of  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains,  those  lands  being  declared  the  property  of  the  Indians. 


Becords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  869 

March  17.  Br.  Bachhof  reported  from  Friedberg  that  the  storm  yes- 
terday took  off  half  the  roof  of  the  School-House,  and  did  much  other 
damage. 

March  20.  This  morning  about  3  o'clock  Mr.  Jourdin  passed  out 
of  Time  in  our  Tavern.  For  several  weeks  he  had  had  an  internal 
swelling,  which  broke,  causing  mortification,  which  gave  him  much 
pain,  and  was  most  unpleasant  for  those  of  us  who  nursed  him  day  and 
night.  Toward  evening  a  company  of  gentlemen  from  Guilford  ar- 
rived, friends  of  the  deceased. 

March  21.  This  morning  at  10  o'clock  the  remains  of  the  above 
mentioned  Mr.  Jourdin  were  interred  in  our  Graveyard  for  Strangers, 
in  the  presence  of  a  number  of  visitors,  including  our  neighbors  from 
Muddy  Creek.  Br.  Fritz  held  the  service  in  English ;  at  its  close  com- 
mending to  the  grace  and  mercy  of  the  Lord  these  remains  and  all 
who  in  the  future  should  be  interred  here,  and  asking  that  His  blessing 
rest  upon  the  place. 

Mr.  Harrison,  Deputy  Sheriff  of  this  County,  came  to  collect  the 
Taxes.  [Marginal  note.  A  few  days  later  we  heard  that,  near  the 
Atkin,  he  died  as  the  result  of  the  breaking  of  a  swelling  on  his  head.] 

March  23.  This  morning  Mr.  Jourdin's  widow  left,  thankful  for  all 
the  care  given  to  her  and  to  her  husband,  for  which  she  willingly  paid 
the  charges. 

Br.  Utley  returned  from  a  preaching  tour  to  the  usual  places.  He 
had  read  a  Proclamation  of  the  Governor  against  the  calling  of  a  Con- 
gress at  New  Bern  by  Mr.  Harvey,  Speaker  of  the  Assembly,  which  it 
said  was  an  unwarrantable  act;  this  would  include  opposition  to  the 
Advertisement  of  Mr.  Lanier,  sent  to  our  towns. 

March  25.  From  the  gathering  at  Kichmondtown  Court-House  to- 
day we  hear  that  Mr.  James  Clan  and  Lanier  were  elected  Delegates 
to  the  Congress,  and  were  given  instructions  not  to  mix  in  the  matter 
of  the  Bostonians,3  but  instead  to  bestir  themselves  to  have  wholesome 
laws  made  for  the  country. 

March  27.  The  Brn.  Bonn,  Heckewalder  and  Valentine  Beck  went 
to  Bethabara,  where  the  trial  of  John  Dial  for  debt  was  to  be  held  be- 
fore the  Justices,  Kobert  Walker  and  Martin  Armstrong.  Bonn  was 
to  appear  as  plaintiff  and  the  others  as  witnesses.  It  developed  that 
John  Dial  was  in  prison  in  Hillsbury,  for  counterfeiting,  and  a  Judg- 
ment of  Prosecution  was  given  against  him,  but  it  is  probably  useless. 


3  The  election  of  Glen,  a  Tory,  and  the  instructions  given  the  Delegates,  indicate  how  strong 
the  Tory  sentiment  was  at  that  time  in  the  parts  of  Surry  outside  Wachovia.  Lanier, 
the  other  Delegate,  was  an  active  Liberty  Man. 


870 


ISToeth  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


March  28.  Br.  Triebel  took  a  pump  to  Bethania  for  Peter  Hauser's 
well.  Through  Mr.  Armstrong  we  hear  that  he  has  recently  been  on 
the  Watage  with  Mr.  Henderson ;  and  Mr.  Henderson,  although  he  has 
the  Governor's  Proclamation  in  his  hands,  has  made  a  Treaty4  with  the 
Indians,  of  whom  about  1200  were  present,  for  the  purchase  of  land. 
Mr.  James  Clan,  Assembly-man,  was  here  on  his  way  to  the  Assembly 
at  New  Bern,  whither  Mr.  Lanier  has  already  gone.  By  Mr.  Clan,  Br. 
Bonn  sent  a  letter  to  the  Governor,  informing  him  that  when  he,  the 
Chairman,  was  absent,  the  Court  had  laid  a  Tax  for  the  building  of  a 
Court-House ;  that  so  soon  as  he  heard  of  it  he  had  protested,  but  had 
not  been  able  to  get  the  order  rescinded ;  that  the  Taxables  would  com- 
plain about  it;5  and  that  the  Court  would  be  responsible  for  making 
trouble,  for  they  were  not  allowed  to  impose  a  Tax  without  order  from 
the  Assembly. 

March  29.  The  Square  was  ploughed,  and  sowed  with  grass  and  oats ; 
new  fence  posts  were  set,  and  trees  planted  at  the  designated  places. 

March  SO.  The  Aufseher  Collegium  met  and  completed  the  Instruc- 
tions for  the  Tavern-keeper,  Br.  Meyer.  They  also  inspected  the 
weights  and  measures  at  the  Tavern,  Tannery,  Blacksmith  shop,  etc. 
comparing  them  with  the  stamped  weights  and  measures  recently 
brought  from  Charlestown. 

March  SI.  It  is  raw  and  cold,  and  the  blossoms  have  probably  nearly 
all  been  killed. 

April  S.    Letters  were  sent  to  Pennsylvania  by  Christian  Conrad. 

April  9.  At  the  evening  service  the  Passion  Week  was  begun  by  two 
choirs  singing  the  Hosannah!  Blessed  is  He  that  cometh  in  the  name  of 
the  Lord;    Then  the  congregation  sang: 

O  how  shall  I  receive  thee, 
How  greet  thee,  Lord,  aright  ? 

and  a  beginning  was  made  in  the  reading  of  the  Passion  Week  story, 
the  sections  for  yesterday  and  today  being  read,  interspersed  with  ap- 
propriate hymns  sung  by  the  congregation. 

April  16.  Easter  morning  at  5  o'clock  the  congregation  gathered  in 
the  Saal,  and  after  the  greeting  u Christ  is  risen!"  they  went  in  proces- 
sion to  the  Graveyard.  *  *  *  The  weather  was  pleasant,  though  the 
sun  did  not  break  through  the  clouds  until  the  service  was  over. 

*At  Sycamore  Shoals,  March  14th  to  17th,  the  Transylvania  Company  purchased  from  the 
Cherokees  some  20,000,000  acres  of  land,  including)  portions  of  the  present  States  of 
Virginia  and  Tennessee,  and  most  of  Kentucky. 

6  This  gives  a  clue  as  to  why  most  of  the  Regulators  of  1771  were  Tories  during  the 
Revolution,  for  the  men  who  objected  to  paying  taxes  for  any  purpose  whatsoever 
naturally  ranged  themselves  against  the  de  facto  Government,  be  it  English  or  American. 


Records  jf  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


871 


April  17.  It  was  Unity  Day,  and  Nachrichten  were  read  in  four 
sessions.  Between  services  the  Vestry  of  our  Dobbs  Parish  met,  and 
elected  as  Church  Wardens  the  two  Brethren,  Jacob  Blum  of  Betha- 
bara  and  Michael  Hauser  of  Bethania.  Many  visitors  from  our  villages 
and  the  neighborhood  were  here,  and  much  was  sold  in  the  store. 

April  18.  Mr.  James  Clan,  Assembly-man,  has  already  returned 
from  New  Bern.,  The  Governor  had  quickly  dismissed  the  Assembly 
because  it  was  in  favor  of,  not  against,  the  Congress. 

[  Graff's  report  to  U.  E.  C.  The  unrest  in  the  land  grows  greater  in- 
stead of  less.  The  Governor  permitted  the  Assembly  to  meet  in  New 
Bern,  and  made  an  address,  earnestly  trying  to  persuade  them  not  to 
carry  out  their  plans  for  a  Congress;  but  the  Assembly  defended  the 
Congress,  and  the  Governor  dissolved  the  body.  "We  hear  from  one  of 
the  Representatives  of  Surry  County,  that  the  Governor  asked  him  ex- 
pressly what  stand  we  were  taking;  he  was  told  that  we  were  having 
nothing  to  do  with  the  matter,  and  the  Governor  replied  that  that  was 
what  he  expected  to  hear.] 

April  27.  Several  men  passed,  coming  from  the  land  on  the  Watage. 
They  reported  that  some  ten  days  ago  Indians,  probably  Shawanoes, 
had  killed  some  of  Mr.  Henderson's  people,  who  had  not  heeded  their 
warning  to  leave,  or  their  claim  that  the  Cherokees  had  had  no  right  to 
sell  this  land. 

April  28.  Mr.  Padged  and  his  family,  and  young  Thomas  Peddy- 
coart,  from  Maryland,  passed  through  on  their  way  to  our  English  Set- 
tlement. Some  seventy  miles  from  here,  in  Virginia,  Small  Pox  is 
raging ;  Padged's  son-in-law  took  it,  and  had  to  remain  behind. 

May  1.  The  latter  part  of  last  month  the  weather  became  springlike, 
and  this  month  opens  in  the  same  way.  Today  we  have  seen  a  great 
many  locusts  flying  in  all  directions. 

May  6.  The  well-master,  Zimmerman,  who  came  here  from  Salis- 
bury some  weeks  ago,  returned  yesterday,  to  find  out  whether  he  can 
assist  in  the  laying  of  water  pipes  to  our  town,  or  whether  he  shall 
make  an  engagement  at  salt-works  in  South  [Carolina].  This  after- 
noon a  committee  consisting  of  the  Aufseher  Collegium  and  several  citi- 
zens were  called  to  consider  the  matter,  and  unanimously  decided  that 
it  would  not  be  wise  to  spend  more  money  on  bringing  water  from  the 
spring  north-west  of  the  town,  as  it  apparently  had  too  little  water  to 
supply  the  town,  and  yet  would  cost  a  great  deal;  further  that  if  the 


872  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


man  would  make  a  contract  to  bring  the  water  from  the  two  springs6 
above  Daniel  Schnepf's  to  the  old  store  and  to  the  Square,  the  com- 
mittee would  propose  this  to  the  congregation,  and  if  it  was  approved 
they  would  draw  up  a  written  agreement.  On  the  strength  of  this  the 
man  remained  here. 

May  7.  Mr.  Padged's  daughter  passed  on  the  way  to  join  her  pa- 
rents. Her  husband,  named  Laden,  died  of  Small  Pox  in  Virginia  on 
the  journey  hither, — he  bewailed  the  fact  that  he  had  not  reached  Salem, 
as  he  would  have  liked  to  die  here. 

May  8.  Br.  Bagge  finished  moving  from  the  old  into  the  new  store, 
and  tonight  he  and  his  family  slept  there  for  the  first  time.  "Well- 
master  Zimmerman  today  measured  the  fall  from  the  lower  spring  on 
Schnepf's  run;  it  will  come  to  the  upper  sill  of  the  old  store,  and  five 
feet  to  spare,  so  water  will  stand  four  feet  high  in  a  tank,  and  can  be  led 
to  the  Square  from  there.  However,  in  Congregation  Council,  it  was 
not  approved  to  give  the  contract  to  an  outsider,  and  Triebel,  Krause, 
and  Friedrich  Beck  said  they  would  do  the  work  for  the  price  he  named. 

Tonight  several  lawyers  lodged  in  our  Tavern.  They  brought  an  un- 
pleasant report  that  in  ISTew  England  there  had  been  a  skirmish  be- 
tween the  King's  troops  and  the  Militia.7 

May  10.  Br.  and  Sr.  Fritz  moved  into  the  Two-story  House;  they 
will  occupy  the  upper  story  until  the  lower  floor,  where  the  store  has 
been,  can  be  changed  into  living  rooms. 

May  13.  Br.  Bonn  returned  from  Court  at  Eichmondstown.  We  hear 
that  in  the  neighborhood  of  Shallowford  on  Yadkin  Biver  the  hail  which 
fell  a  week  ago  lay  three  feet  deep  in  low  places. 

May  15.  Friedrich  Miiller's  wagon  came  for  the  baggage  of  the  two 
widows,  Bischoff  and  Tiersch,  and  took  it  as  far  as  Friedland  this 
evening.  As  it  was  rainy  the  two  Sisters  remained  here  for  the  night, 
and  left  in  the  morning  in  Peter  Rose's  light  wagon,  and  Br.  Heinzmann 
accompanied  them  on  horseback.  They  are  going  to  Pennsylvania, 
Br.  Heinzmann  on  business  for  his  House,  as  Br.  Bagge  was  not  able 
to  fill  his  commissions  for  materials  needed  in  the  Brothers  House 
trades. 

[Graf  to  Seidel.  (Bethlehem  Archives.)  Here  come  to  you  our 
two  dear  widows,  Anna  Bischoff  and  Maria  Tiersch,  seeking  in  Bethle- 
hem a  little  place  in  the  Choir  House,  care,  and  a  share  in  the  grace  of 

6  Daniel  Schnepf  lived  in  the  first  house  built  in  Salem  (1766),  the  site  being  on  Liberty 

Street,  south  of  Shallowford.  The  1776  Map  of  salem,  reproduced  in  Vol.  I  of  this 
series,  shows  two  springs  on  the  east  of  the  little  branch  which  ran  through  his  lot. 
The  upper  of  these  springs  still  exists,  though  no  longer  used;  it  is  just  a  little  to  the 
north  of  a  line  which  would  extend  Belews  Street  to  the  branch. 

7  The  Battle  of  Lexington  took  place  April   19,   1775,   nineteen   days  before  this  report 

reached  Salem. 


A  Page  From  the  Salem  Diary,  Showing  Entries  of  May  17,  18  and  19,  1775 
The  paragraph  of  May  17  contains  the  record  of  the  receipt  in  Salem  of  the  news  of  the 
Battle  of  Lexington,  April  19th,  1775 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  873 


Choir  and  Congregation.  We  are  sorry  that  at  present  we  can  give 
them  no  comfortable  accommodation  here,  for  we  would  be  glad  to  keep 
them.  *  *  *  Although  it  is  superfluous  we  tenderly  commend  them, 
in  the  name  of  this  Aeltesten  Conferenz,  to  a  hearty,  loving,  reception, 
and  especially  to  the  Arbeiter  and  to  the  honored  Choir  of  Widows. 
In  regard  to  their  support, — Sr.  Bischolf  will  receive  from  the  Unity 
Administration  in  Wachovia  the  same  amount  that  Sr.  Gammern  is 
receiving;  Sr.  Tiersch  has  enough  to  live  on.  We  wish  for  them  many 
blessed  and  happy  hours  in  Bethlehem.  *  *  *  I  have  asked  you  sev- 
eral times  to  send  us  madder  plants,  but  can  now  report  that  we  have  re- 
received  a  number  from  Charlestown,  where  much  madder  is  raised; 
with  the  plants  we  have  received  printed  instructions  for  handling 
them.    They  are  growing  well.] 

May  17.  This  afternoon  Br.  Eichter  brought  from  Bethabara  a 
package  of  letters,  Gemein  jNachrichten  and  newspapers,  from  Beth- 
lehem and  Lititz,  which  Christian  Conrad  brought  on  his  return  from 
Pennsylvania.  The  letters  were  of  April  25th  and  May  1st,  and  among 
other  things  mentioned  the  unpleasant  fact  that  about  April  19th  there 
had  been  a  skirmish  near  Boston  between  the  royal  troops  and  the  Pro- 
vincial Militia.8  The  most  recent  newspapers  report  that  the  Congress 
held  in  Philadelphia  has  been  declared  a  Rebellion  by  Parliament,  al- 
though Congress  vehemently  declared  its  loyalty  to  the  King. 

May  18.  Joseph  Bryant  was  here,  and  had  much  to  say  concerning 
the  great  damage  done  by  the  terrible  hail  storm  on  the  Yadkin  on  the 
6th  of  this  month.  It  fell  over  a  strip  about  fourteen  miles  long  and 
four  wide,  and  was  accompanied  by  a  flood  which  ruined  several  plan- 
tations. 

May  26.  In  the  presence  of  several  witnesses  Br.  Bagge  signed  the 
paper  stating  that  he  conducts  the  business  of  the  store  at  Salem  and 
Bethabara,  not  as  his  own  but  as  the  property  of  the  congregation. 

May  28.  Three  Single  Sisters,  returning  from  a  visit  to  Bethabara, 
were  attacked  by  a  run-away  negro  about  two  miles  from  here,  and  one 
of  them  was  knocked  down.  They  gave  him  4  sh.  and  succeeded  in 
getting  away,  and  came  home  badly  frightened.  The  same  negro  met 
Br.  Lund  on  the  farm  of  the  Single  Brethren;  also  met  Jacobina  Schu- 
maker  on  her  way  home,  and  attacked  her  with  a  big  knife,  but  as  Br. 
Hurst  rushed  to  her  assistance  she  jerked  it  away  from  the  man  and 

8  No  "Express"  messenger  came  to  Salem.  The  news  of  the  "skirmish"  brought  by  the 
lawyers  on  May  8th  was  confirmed  by  these  letters,  which  reached  Bethania  on  May  16th 
a?dDW^ex.open^  in  Salem  on  the  17th.  It  may  be  added  that  the  record  in  the  Diary 
ot  Bethlehem,  Pa  bears  date  of  April  27th,  and  reads:  "We  have  seen  in  the  news- 
papers the  disturbing  news  that  in  Boston  Government  it  has  come  to  actual  fighting 
between  the  royal  troops  and  the  inhabitants  of  the  land  " 


874  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


ran.   Our  Saviour  has  our  hearty  thanks  for  His  gracious  protection  of 
these  poor  Sisters. 

May  29.  The  above  mentioned  negro  was  captured  on  the  road  be- 
yond Bethabara  by  two  passing  travelers  to  whom  Br.  Bagge  had  told 
what  had  happened;  they  took  him  to  Bethania,  to  Michael  Hauser, 
who  sent  him  here  bound,  in  charge  of  the  younger  Wolf.  He  denies 
having  done  anything  wrong;  said  his  master's  name  was  John  Marell. 
The  4  sh.  taken  from  Sr.  Krause  were  found  on  him. 

May  30.  The  aforesaid  negro  was  examined  before  Justice  Bonn, 
and  although  all  the  witnesses  of  his  deeds  were  present  he  would  admit 
nothing ;  he  was  therefore  whipped,  and  sent  to  his  master,  J ohn  Marell. 

[Graff's  report  to  U.  E.  C.  This  month  has  passed  in  the  enjoyment  of 
the  Lord's  grace  and  peace,  and  our  sky  has  remained  clear  in  spite  of 
the  unrest  in  the  land.  This  has  been  noted  by  visitors,  who  say  that 
they  hear  of  unrest  and  commotion  everywhere,  but  when  they  come  to 
our  town  all  is  quiet  and  orderly. 

The  critical  condition  of  the  English  Colonies  becomes  constantly 
worse,  though  we  personally  have  no  reason  to  complain.  It  looks  as 
though  many  persons  would  remain  loyal  to  the  Government,  and  from 
a  number  of  settlements  addresses  have  been  sent  to  the  Government,  but 
we  intend  for  the  present  to  remain  quiet.] 

June  3.  "We  hear  from  Bethabara  that  last  night  a  thief  went 
through  all  the  small  houses  behind  the  Brothers  House  there,  but  so 
far  as  is  known  only  Br.  Lung's  old  gun  and  a  few  small  articles  were 
taken. 

Mr.  Jesse  Benton,  formerly  Clerk  of  Surry  County,  brought  a  letter 
to  Br.  Bonn  from  Mr.  Joseph  "Williams.  Mr.  Williams  stated  that  he 
had  bought  the  Clerkship  from  Mr.  Benton  for  £600,  and  asked  Br. 
Bonn's  assent  to  his  petition  to  the  General  Clerk  of  the  County  re- 
garding the  office;  as  all  the  other  Justices  have  given  their  approval 
Br.  Bonn  must  do  the  same.  Benton  has  come  from  the  land  of  the 
Cherokees,  where  he  has  built  a  mill  on  10,000  acres  of  land  adjoining 
Mr.  Henderson,  taking  the  land  on  a  999-year  lease. 

June  6.  Br.  Heckewalder,  accompanied  by  Heinrich  Hauser,  left 
this  morning  for  Charlestown  to  buy  goods  for  the  store.  The  wagons 
had  already  started.  He  took  a  package  of  letters  for  Europe,  and  let- 
ters and  a  box  of  Communion  Bread  for  the  Brethren  in  Savannah, 
which  he  will  send  from  Charlestown. 

June  7.  There  has  recently  been  much  rain.  Last  night  there  was 
a  very  hard  rain;  about  noon  today  the  sun  came  out  and  it  was  op- 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


875 


pressively  hot,  but  about  sunset  there  were  more  storms,  and  it  rained 
heavily  for  three  hours. 

June  16.  Col.  Armstrong  came  from  Cross  Creek,  and  told  us  all  sorts 
of  things  about  the  present  unrest  in  the  Colonies,  the  confusion  con- 
stantly increases,  Gov.  Josiah  Martin  is  said  to  have  gone  to  Fort  John- 
ston, in  Wilmington  they  wanted  to  close  the  harbor  but  could  secure  no 
gun-powder. 

June  22.  A  man  from  Jersey  near  Pennsylvania  brought  a  package 
of  letters  from  Bethlehem.  Br.  Schweinitz  wrote  on  May  18th,  but 
there  was  nothing  important  except  a  report  that  there  had  been  a  second 
engagement  near  Boston.9 

June  23.  Br.  and  Sr.  Toego  JSTissen  were  here  from  Eriedland;  she 
was  bled,  because  of  an  injury  received  in  a  fall  from  a  horse. 

An  Election  was  held  at  Richmond  Court-House,  and  James  Clan 
and  Lanier  were  re-elected  as  representatives  from  this  County  to  the 
Assembly. 

June  2Jf.  A  man  from  Virginia,  who  was  yesterday  at  Guilford 
Court-House,  brought  a  printed  circular,  containing  the  Proceedings 
of  the  Committee  in  New  Bern,10  and  the  same  from  South  Carolina. 
It  was  addressed  on  the  cover  To  the  Inhabitants  of  the  Moravian 
Towns.  Aeltesten  Conferenz  met  in  the  evening  to  consider  this  and 
other  matters,  and  it  was  decided  to  take  no  notice  of  it,  as  no  name 
was  given  showing  who  sent  it. 

June  27.  Br.  Heckewalder  and  H.  Hauser  returned  from  Charles- 
town  in  good  health,  after  a  passable  trip.  He  brought  a  large  package 
of  Wochen  and  Gemein  Nachrichten,  but  no  letters  from  Europe  except 
from  Br.  Wollin.  However,  there  was  a  long  letter  from  Br.  Muller, 
from  Georgia,  giving  details  of  his  experiences  there;  and  Dr.  Eusebius 
sent  the  hearty  parting  greetings  of  Br.  and  Sr.  Marshall,  who  took 
ship  on  April  13th,  and  immediately  ran  out  to  sea. 

[Graff  to  U.  E.  C.  We  had  a  quiet  and  blessed  month,  although 
around  us  the  unrest  constantly  increases. 

In  Mecklenberg  County,  where  they  have  unseated  all  Magistrates 
and  put  Select  Men  in  their  places,11  they  are  threatening  to  force  peo- 

8  Probably  the  fall  of  Ticonderoga,  which  took  place  May  10,   1775.     It  was  not  "near 
Boston,"  but  the  attacking  troops  were  largely  from.  Massachusetts. 

10  Bagge  Paper,  No.  1. 

11  Paragraphs   V-IX   of   the   Mecklenburg   Resolves   provided    for   this    action.  Probably 

throughout  the  Colonies  there  was  doubt  as  to  how  long  the  Courts  held  by  the 
Justices  would  be  able  to  function,  for  the  Bethabara  Diary  of  July  29th  speaks  of  a 
discussion  among  the  Town  Fork  folk  as  to  the  possible  need  of  action  similar  to  that 
planned  in  Mecklenburg.  The  Congress  held  at  Hillsboro,  August  and  September,  1775, 
virtually  re-appointed  the  Justices  appointed  by  Governor  Josiah  Martin,  when  it 
advised  certain  Justices  in  Pitt  County  (appointed  by  Martin  shortly  before  his 
flight),  to  qualify  and  act,  "since  it  is  absolutely  necessary  that  Courts  should  be  held 
in  every  County  for  the  Probate  of  Deeds,  Wills,  etc."  No  person,  however,  might 
begin  a  suit  in  Court  without  permission  from  the  County  Committee!  of  Safety;  and 
the  Committee  of  Safety  soon  became  the  real  ruler  of  each  County. 


876  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


pie,  and  us  in  particular,  to  sign  a  Declaration  stating  whether  we  hold 
with  the  King  or  with  Boston,  but  we  think  that  for  the  present  these 
are  only  threats.  If  a  higher  authority  should  ask  such  a  Declaration 
of  us,  we  think  we  will  follow  the  form  of  the  Declaration  made  by  the 
Congress  in  Philadelphia  concerning  King  George  III,  but  say  nothing 
whatever  about  the  points  at  issue,  which  we  do  not  understand.  If  a 
tax  is  laid  on  the  people  and  we  are  expected  to  share  in  it,  it  will  prob- 
ably be  better  to  bear  what  cannot  be  changed,  than  to  refuse  and 
so  come  into  a  much  worse  position.  Such  a  course  brought  us  fairly 
well  through  the  recent  Regulator  confusion.  We  have  been  told  that 
some  of  our  Brethren  in  Bethlehem  have  become  members  of  the  Com- 
mittee there;  we  know  nothing  about  this  except  what  we  see  in  the 
newspapers.] 

June  29.  This  evening  there  arrived  a  coach,  with  two  gentlemen 
and  their  servants,  from  Virginia.  One  gentleman  was  Mr.  Fearnly, 
son  of  the  Mr.  Fearnly  of  Antigua,  on  whose  plantation  Br.  Braun 
preached  to  the  negroes;  one  of  the  negresses  in  the  party  could  tell 
about  him,  as  she  had  attended  his  services.  Mr.  Fearnly's  wife  was 
with  him;  he  has  an  estate  on  Dan  River,  and  100  negroes  whom  he 
brought  from  Antigua.  Mr.  Galloway,  who  was  with  him,  was  in 
Bethabara  many  years  ago  as  a  patient. 

July  2.    The  above-mentioned  visitors  left  early  for  Dan  River. 

July  3.  Br.  Herbst  went  to  Bethabara,  looking  for  his  negro,  Sam, 
who  ran  away  yesterday.  We  hear  that  Valentine  Frey's  negro  has 
also  run  away,  and  that  a  white  man  may  have  tempted  them  both. 

July  Jf.  Br.  Bagge  sent  an  Advertisement  to  Richmondtown  offering 
a  reward  of  £3  :12  for  information  as  to  the  author  of  the  report  that 
there  is  small-pox  in  Salem,  for  people  are  afraid  to  come  to  Salem. 

July  7.  This  afternoon  a  man  from  Mecklenburg,13  who  had  been 
sent  from  there  Express  to  the  Congress  in  Philadelphia,  and  was  now 
returning,  brought  a  circular,14  addressed  to  Mr.  Traugott  Bagge;  it 
was  signed  by  Hooper,  Hewh,  and  Casewill,  and  contained  an  Encour- 
agement to  take  up  arms,  etc.  He  also  brought  a  Call  for  a  Day  of 
Fasting,  Humiliation  and  Prayer,15  to  be  held  on  July  20th.  We 
will  think  over  these  things,  and  consider  what  we  must  do  about  them. 

July  8.  Mr.  James  Clan  passed  this  afternoon  in  his  chaise,  on  his 
way  to  the  Governor;  he  did  not  state  his  business. 

13  In  all  the  Moravian  records  of  this  period  the  £  mark  was  placed  after  the  number  of 
pounds,  instead  of  before  it,  unless  shillings  and  pence  were  also  stated,  in  which  case 
the  mark  preceded.  In  the  translation  the  modern  position  is  used,  as  the  other  looks 
awkward. 

13  Undoubtedly  Captain  Jack. 

14  Bagge  Paper,  No.  III. 

15  Bagge  Paper,  No.  II. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  877 

July  12.  Just  now  there  are  many  people  coming  to  our  mill,  as 
the  mills  in  the  neighborhood  cannot  run  for  lack  of  water.  The  water 
at  our  mill  is  low  also,  because  the  crawfish  have  made  holes  in  the  dam 
and  much  water  has  wasted. 

This  afternoon  a  Committee,  consisting  of  members  of  the  Aufseher 
Collegium  and  certain  other  Brethren,  discussed  the  Circular  received 
on  the  7th.  They  found  that  it  was  addressed  to  the  Committee  ap- 
pointed to  bring  to  Execution  the  Resolves  of  the  Continental  Congress, 
so  we  are  not  meant ;  and  as  there  is  no  such  Committee  in  this  County 
we  can  lay  this  paper  aside  with  the  others. 

July  15.  For  the  past  days  the  heat  has  been  unusually  oppressive, 
and  burns  the  ground  and  the  vegetables  in  the  gardens. 

July  16.  Toward  evening  the  very  dry  earth  was  refreshed  by  a 
good  rain. 

July  17.  At  last  the  building  of  the  Corpse  House  has  begun.  During 
the  past  weeks  the  masons  have  repaired  nearly  all  the  chimneys  in 
town. 

July  20.  Today  was  appointed  by  the  Congress  in  Philadelphia  as 
a  Day  of  Easting  and  Prayer,  but  there  is  not  the  slightest  sign  that 
any  one  has  taken  any  notice  of  it. 

July  21.  This  afternoon  a  man  from  the  Catawba  River  brought  back 
the  negro  Sambo,  who  ran  away  from  here  about  three  weeks  ago.  He 
was  very  miserable  and  hungry,  has  lived  most  of  the  time  on  berries  he 
found  in  the  woods,  and  will  probably  not  be  so  eager  to  run  away 
again.  Maj.  Lindsay,  of  Port  Dobbs,  sent  him  here;  it  cost  Br.  Herbst 
£3  :,  that  is  £2 :  for  the  Reward,  and  £1 :  to  the  man  for  his  trouble. 

In  the  twilight  was  the  meeting  for  Police  Day,  which  Br.  Wallis 
held.  He  gave  earnest  warning  against  stealing  of  fruit  from  the  gar- 
dens, against  gossip  and  tale-bearing,  and  against  too  familiar  inter- 
course with  the  negroes.  He  also  announced  the  pleasure  walks  assigned 
for  the  Single  Brethren  and  Sisters: — for  three  Sundays  the  Brethren 
should  have  the  roads  toward  the  bridge  and  by  the  brewery,  and  on 
G-emein  Tag  the  road  to  Bethabara ;  on  Gemein  Tag  the  Sisters  should 
have  the  road  to  the  bridge,  and  on  other  Sundays  the  roads  toward 
Bethabara  and  the  Brushy  Fork. 

July  22.  Br.  Bonn,  as  Justice,  sentenced  the  negro  Sambo  to  the  pun- 
ishment he  deserved  for  running  away,  and  it  was  administered  by 
young  Volp ;  he  bore  it  patiently  and  meekly.  Br.  Bagge  had  his  ne- 
gress  punished  also;  he  has  hitherto  done  it  himself,  but  seemed  to  be 
tired. 


878  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Mr.  James  Clan  returned ;  he  spoke  with  the  Governor  on  the  man-of- 
war  near  Fort  Johnston,  which  he  had  allowed  to  be  demolished.16  The 
papers  given  to  Mr.  Clan  by  the  Governor  were  taken  from  him  in 
Braunswig. 

July  21^.  Br.  Graff  returned  from  Bethania  and  Bethabara  and 
found  a  package  of  letters  and  Gemein  Nachrichten,  which  Br.  Peter 
Schneider  brought  from  Bethlehem  and  Lititz.  The  letters  were  dated 
the  17th  and  18th  of  June,  and  among  other  things  mentioned  that  our 
Brethren  there  were  suffering  because  of  the  present  unrest;  like  all 
others  they  had  been  called  to  drill,  but  had  positively  declined,  and 
had  sent  their  Declaration  to  Congress  as  well  as  to  the  Committee. 
In  the  evening  the  rest  of  the  news  from  the  letters  was  read  to  the 
congregation. 

July  25.  The  Communicant  members  met,  and  were  notified  of  the 
Resolution  contained  in  the  letters  from  the  Brn.  Nathaniel  [Seidel] 
and  Ettwein, — that  in  the  midst  of  the  present  warlike  unrest  and  prep- 
arations the  Brethren  there  were  determined  to  preserve  their  freedom 
of  conscience  and  refuse  to  bear  arms  even  if  they  suffered  for  it. 

July  26.  In  the  morning  a  Committee  from  the  Aeltesten  Confer enz 
and  Aufseher  Collegium  met  to  discuss  what  we  should  do  if  the  wide- 
spread participation  in  military  drill  should  result  in  a  demand  on 
us;  though  as  yet  our  Surry  County  is  quiet  and  no  Committee  exists. 
The  sentiment  was  largely  in  favor  of  following  the  example  of  our 
Brethren  in  Bethlehem,  that  we  should  remain  loyal  to  King  George 
III,  that  we  should  do  nothing  contrary  to  our  conscience,  and  that 
what  we  could  not  help  we  would  endure. 

[Graff  to  Seidel.  (Bethlehem  Archives.)  Tor  some  time  we  have 
been  frequently  asked  by  visitors  "whether  we  hold  with  Boston,  for 
our  Brethren  in  Bethlehem  sit  in  the  Committees,  etc."  We  have 
replied  in  general  that  in  our  litany  each  Sunday  prayer  is  offered  for 
King  George  III,  and  that  for  a  long  time  we  have  not  received  a 
letter  from  our  Brethren  in  Bethlehem,  and  this  has  satisfied  the 
people.  Now  that  we  know  your  opinion  we  are  confirmed  in  ours, 
which  agrees  with  it. 

At  present  all  is  quiet  in  our  County;  no  Committee  has  been  or- 
ganized in  it,  and  I  think  that  the  last  Begulator  Rebellion,  which 
cost  many  lives  and  brought  many  into  poverty  and  need,  has  made 
people  afraid  of  hurting  themselves  again,  for  the  burned  child  dreads 

m  Three  days  after  Governor  Martin  retired  from  Fort  Johnston  to  the  man-of-war  Cruizer 
the  Fort  was  burned  by  several  hundred  men  under  the  leadership  of  Cornelius 
Harnett  and  John  Ashe.  Evidently  the  Governor  desired  the  story  to  go  out  that  he 
had  "permitted"  the  destruction  he  was  powerless  to  prevent. 


Eecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  879 

the  fire.  In  other  Counties,  however,  it  is  disturbed  enough,  and 
they  would  gladly  draw  us  into  their  net,  for  our  Societies  and  Towns 
in  Wachovia,  or  Dobbs  Parish,  give  this  County  great  weight. 

We  do  not  consider  ourselves  safe,  but  we  study  everything  that 
happens  so  that  we  shall  not,  through  carelessness,  be  rushed  into  some- 
thing by  other  people.  Prayer  is  our  weapon,  with  which  we  have 
long  since  armed  ourselves;  and  our  strong  fortress  is  our  God,  and 
we  live  in  the  peace  of  Jesus  Christ.] 

July  29.  There  is  a  report  that  there  has  been  another  fight  near 
Boston,  and  that  the  Provincials  have  captured  a  large  sloop.17 

July  31.  Br.  Bagge  received  a  letter  from  Mr.  Joseph  Williams, 
containing  an  Advertisement  calling  the  Freeholders  of  this  County 
to  meet  at  the  Court-House  on  the  11th  of  the  coming  August  to  elect 
5  Delegates  to  the  Congress  to  be  held  at  Hillsborough  on  the  20th 
of  that  month.  Mr.  Johnson,  who  has  been  elected  to  act  as  Moderator 
of  that  Congress,  sent  the  order  to  Williams,  as  County  Clerk,  intend- 
ing that  it  should  be  delivered  to  the  Committee  of  this  County,  but 
as  the  Committee  is  non-existant  action  shall  be  taken  through  the 
majority  of  the  Preeholders. 

[Graff  to  U.  E.  C.  Through  the  protection  of  our  heavenly  Father 
we  have  passed  another  month  without  being  disturbed,  though  here 
and  there  thick  clouds  are  rising,  and  it  looks  like  a  storm;  yet  He 
who  guides  the  way  of  cloud  and  wind  can  and  will  protect  us. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  month  we  received  a  printed  Circular  signed 
by  the  three  Delegates  from  this  Province  to  the  Congress  in  Phila- 
delphia, advising  the  taking  up  of  arms,  also  a  Circular  from  Congress 
appointing  a  Day  of  Humiliation  and  Prayer,  *  *  *  but  so  far  as  we 
know  almost  no  one  took  any  notice  of  them.  Toward  the  end  of  the 
month  the  County  Clerk  posted  an  advertisement  that  the  Freeholders 
should  elect  five  Delegates  to  a  Congress  to  be  held  in  Hillsbury;  if 
that  comes  to  pass  we  may  be  a  subject  for  their  consideration.  In 
Salisbury  recently  they  arrested  two  lawyers,  who  had  written  letters 
to  England  expressing  their  desire  to  be  on  the  side  of  the  King;  the 
letters  had  been  intercepted  by  the  other  party,  and  the  lawyers  were 
sent  as  prisoners  to  Charlestown.  It  is  said  they  mean  to  do  likewise 
with  others  of  the  same  views,  but  they  may  find  opposition,  for  the 
party  that  is  loyal  to  King  George  may  be  stronger  than  they  think. 
We  take  this  as  a  warning  for  ourselves  concerning  our  letters  to 
Pennsylvania  or  Europe,  for  if  something  like  that  happened  to  us 

17  The  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill  was  fought  June  17,  1775.  Lamed  mentions  the  taking  of 
two  vessels  on  Lake  Champlain  somewhat  earlier,  following  the  capture  of  Fort 
Ticonderoga. 


880  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 

it  would  bring  harm  not  only  to  us  but  to  all  our  towns  and  members. 
It  will  be  better  for  the  time  to  suspend  correspondence,  and  in  all 
else  to  be  as  careful  as  possible.] 

Aug.  1.    We  are  having  oppressively  hot  weather. 

Aug.  3.  A  man  from  Mecklenburg,  sent  by  Matthew  Lock,  came 
to  Br.  Bagge  for  orders  concerning  certain  goods  still  in  Charlestown 
which  can  be  bought.  Br.  Bagge  thinks  he  will  send  a  wagon  thither 
again.  The  man  said  he  had  helped  take  the  lawyers  But  and 
Dun18  as  prisoners  from  Salisbury  to  Charlestown ;  their  letters  to  Eng- 
land had  been  seized  and  opened.  From  this  time  on  we  will  have 
to  be  careful  about  our  correspondence. 

Aug.  If.  Today  two  wagon-loads  of  apples  were  sold  here,  they 
came  from  the  South  Fork  and  the  Yadkin.  Yesterday  a  wagon-load 
from  Bethabara  was  sold  here. 

Aug.  7.    The  lawyer,  Alexander  Martin,  attended  the  evening  service. 

Aug.  8.  Mr.  Martin  left  early  for  Richmond;  Br.  Bonn  followed 
in  the  afternoon,  though  there  is  little  likelihood  that  the  Court  can 
be  held  without  disturbance.  Br.  Meyer  and  George  Bibighaus  also 
went  on  business  for  Br.  Bagge,  who  sent  a  letter  of  apology  to  Mr. 
Williams  explaining  why  he  was  not  able  to  come  himself.  Sam  and 
Joseph  Bryand  came,  and  reported  that  the  Committee  in  Salisbury 
had  demanded  a  Declaration  from  them  whether  they  were  for  the 
Country  and  Congress,  or  not. 

Aug.  9.  Br.  Meyer  returned  from  Richmond,  and  reported  that 
there  had  been  no  demonstration  against  the  Court;  that  preparations 
were  being  made  for  the  election  of  5  Delegates;  and  that  these  Dele- 
gates would  serve  as  a  Committee.  Klein,  a  traveler  from  Yorktown, 
reported  among  other  things  that  in  Pennsylvania  there  was  not  nearly 
so  much  unrest  as  in  Virginia  and  North  Carolina;  that  there  the 
talk  was  rather  of  peace  negotiations  between  the  King  and  Colonies. 

Aug.  10.  Br.  Bonn  returned  from  Court.  So  far  as  he  knew  there 
was  nothing  important  to  be  done  except  arrange  for  the  coming 
election  of  Delegates  to  Congress.  The  Deed  to  the  land  on  which 
Richmond  is  to  be  built  was  recorded  for  Br.  Bagge. 

Mr.  Kanon  [Kennon],  a  noted  lawyer,  and  a  man  active  in  the 
matter  of  the  Committee  and  Congress,  spent  the  night  in  the  Tavern 
on  his  way  to  Richmond  town. 

Aug.  11.  Many  persons  rode  to  and  from  Richmond,  but  no  one 
went  from  our  towns. 


18  Benjamin  Booth  Boote  and  John  Dunn,  of  Salisbury,  who  had  been  in  communication  with 
Governor  Martin  concerning  the  enrollment  of  Loyalists. 


Kecords  of  the  Moravians  in  ISTorth  Carolina 


881 


Aug.  12.  Col.  Kanon  came  through  again  and  told  us  about  the 
Election  held  yesterday  at  Eichmond  Court-House  for  5  Delegates  to 
the  Congress  in  Hillsborough;  they  are  Martin  Armstrong,  Lanier 
and  his  brothers-in-law  Williams  and  Winston,  and  Billy  Hill.  He 
tried  to  persuade  Br.  Bagge  to  serve  in  the  same  capacity,  saying  he 
would  be  well  received  by  the  Congress.  Br.  Bagge  excused  himself, 
explaining  that  we  are  Brethren  called  for  the  service  of  the  Gospel, 
and  that  we  cannot  be  soldiers,  the  King  and  the  Assembly  have 
promised  us  this  freedom  of  conscience,  etc.  He  also  read  to  him  from 
the  newspaper  the  Declaration  of  the  Assembly  in  Philadelphia  which 
confirmed  this. 

Aug.  15.  Br.  and  Sr.  Graff  returned  [from  Bethania]  by  way  of 
Bethabara,  Br.  Lorenz  Bagge  coming  with  them  to  the  meeting  of 
the  Aeltesten  Conferenz.  The  Conferenz  considered  another  proof  of 
the  desire  of  the  world  to  draw  us  into  the  present  disturbance;  the 
5  Delegates  mentioned  on  the  12th  have  elected  three  of  our  people, 
George  Hauser,  Jacob  Blum  and  Traugott  Bagge,  members  of  the 
County  Committee,  and  announced  this  in  a  letter  signed  by  all  of 
them.  The  Saviour  directed  that  the  matter  should  first  be  con- 
sidered in  the  recently  appointed  [Salem]  Committee,  and  then  asked 
about.19 

Aug.  16.  The  Committee  mentioned  under  date  of  the  26th  of  last 
month  met  this  morning  and  considered  the  answer  to  be  sent  to 
the  circular  [from  the  Delegates]  ;  and  also  a  written  Declaration20 
of  our  position  concerning  the  present  circumstances  in  the  land. 
Br.  Bagge  prepared  drafts  of  both,  which  were  presented  to  the 
Committee  in  the  evening,  and  with  some  changes  were  accepted. 

Aug.  17.  Toward  evening  we  heard  from  Bethabara  that  the  Dele- 
gates and  their  attendants  had  marched  direct  from  the  Hollow  to 
the  Town  Pork,  and  only  Mr.  Lanier  and  Williams  had  come  into 
the  village;  they  were  friendly,  and  neither  asked  nor  demanded 
anything,— another  sign  that  the  Saviour  would  spare  us  needless 
perplexity. 

Aug.  18.  Mr.  Martin  Armstrong  did  not  go  with  them  to  Hills- 
borough. 

Aug.  19.  Nothing  especial  happened,  except  that  many  people, 
largely  from  Virginia,  came  to  buy  in  our  Store,  and  in  the  consequent 
gathering  of  men  in  our  tavern  there  was  much  disputing  about  the 
present  strife  in  the  land,  etc.    In  the  meeting  of  the  Stundenbeter  the 


Through  the  lot. 
Bagge  Paper,  No.  IX. 
24 


882  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


earnest  prayers  of  the  Brethren  and  Sisters  were  asked  for  the  country, 
and  particularly  for  the  Congress  which  during  these  days  is  in  session 
at  Hillsborough. 

Aug.  21.  The  Brn.  Bonn  and  Bagge  went  to  Bethabara  and  Bethania 
and  discussed  with  the  Committees  there  the  matters  considered  in  the 
last  Committee  meeting  here,  especially  the  answer  which  should  be 
made  by  the  three  Brethren  who  had  been  elected  to  the  [Surry  Co.] 
Committee,  of  which  they  approved.  Various  rumors  were  heard, 
among  the  rest  that  the  Congress  in  Philadelphia  had  adjourned  and 
that  a  Committee  of  its  members  were  sitting  to  carry  on  the  work;21 
but  at  this  time  one  can  place  little  reliance  on  reports. 

[Aug.  2Jf.  Graff  to  Aeltesten  Conferenz  of  Bethlehem.  (Bethlehem 
Archives.)  We  request  that  you  send  us  100  copies  of  the  Daily 
Texts  for  1776,  which  you  are  to  have  printed  in  Philadelphia,  for 
with  the  present  diminished  sailing  of  vessels  there  is  no  hope  of  getting 
any  from  Europe.] 

Aug.  25.  Br.  Bagge  sent  George  Bibighaus  to  Bichmond,  to  Mr. 
Armstrong,  with  the  answer  of  the  three  Brethren,  explaining  why 
they  could  not  sit  in  the  Committee;  many  probable  members  were 
already  there  who  asked  much  about  the  Brethren.  Br.  Petersen  went 
to  Bethabara  to  remind  three  Single  Brethren  there  of  their  approach- 
ing Festival;  he  returned  toward  evening,  bringing  a  letter  to  Br. 
Bagge  from  Mr.  Joseph  "Williams,  at  Hillsborough,  in  which  he  gave 
Br.  Bagge  a  friendly  invitation  to  take  part  in  another  gathering  of 
certain  gentlemen  from  this  County,  appointed  by  the  Hillsborough 
Congress  to  consider  conditions  in  the  land. 

Aug.  26.  Our  Committee  met  to  consider  the  invitation  which  came 
yesterday  to  Br.  Bagge.  Just  before  that,  King's  Attorney  Even  and 
Mr.  Martin  Armstrong  arrived,  the  former  on  his  way  to  Hillsborough 
to  Congress,  the  latter  to  a  Committee  meeting  at  Capt.  Maibun's  in 
Hawfield.  Both  expressed  their  approval  of  the  desire  of  the  Brethren 
not  to  mix  in  public  matters  in  these  critical  times.  With  the  approval 
of  our  Committee  Br.  Bagge  wrote  a  short  answer  to  Mr.  Williams, 
explaining  why  he  did  not  come. 

Every  day  brings  rumors,  and  one  receives  the  impression  that  the 
American  Convention  inclines  toward  peace  and  submission. 

Aug.  28.  The  Brn.  Bagge  and  Bonn  went  to  Bethabara  to  meet 
three  of  the  Surry  County  Committee,  who  had  been  commissioned  to 

a  The  second  Continental  Congress,  meeting  in  Philadelphia  on  May  10th,  did  not  adjourn 
until  Dec  12th.  Its  plan  for  the  union  of  the  American  Colonies  provided  for  an 
Executive  Council  of  twelve,  to  be  elected  by  Congress  from  among  its  own  members. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


883 


interview  them.  Among  other  things  Br.  Bonn  was  told  that  he  must 
no  longer,  as  J ustice,  issue  Warrants  on  account  of  debt ;  he  is  virtually 
suspended  from  office.  Br.  Bagge  was  told  that  on  Sept.  20th  he  and 
the  others  who  had  been  elected  members  of  the  Committee  must  ap- 
pear before  it  and  fully  explain  why  they  refused  to  serve;  but  when 
Br.  Bagge  told  them  plainly  why  the  Brethren  had  taken  this  position 
they  were  satisfied,  and  withdrew  the  order  for  the  appearance  of  the 
Brethren  before  the  Committee. 

Aug.  30.    For  some  time  it  has  been  raining  every  day. 

Sept.  If..  It  is  clear,  but  the  air  feels  like  fall.  Br.  Bagge  was  in 
Bethabara,  and  received  another  written  invitation  from  Mr.  Williams 
to  come  to  the  Congress  at  Hillsborough;  he  did  not  answer  it. 

Sept.  15.  We  hear  that  the  Congress  at  Hillsborough  has  adjourned. 
They  made  various  laws,22  as  they  call  them,  among  others  that  1000 
men  should  be  enlisted  in  this  County,  to  be  posted  in  the  seaboard 
counties;  and  that  some  2000  Minute  Men  should  be  enrolled.  Premiums 
were  offered  for  certain  goods  if  made  in  this  country,  for  instance 
linen,  woolen  cloth,  iron  for  needles,  knitting  needles,  and  so  on.  One 
man  in  Congress  wanted  to  debar  the  Moravians,  for  they  would  win 
all  the  premiums,  but  Col.  Martin,  Avery,  and  Williams  would  not 
permit  this,  and  his  suggestion  was  not  accepted.  Courts  shall  be  held 
regularly,  but  only  under  King's  Laws,  that  is  only  cases  of  murder, 
theft,  etc.  Mr.  Linch,  a  member  of  the  County  Committee,  spent  the 
night  in  our  tavern,  and  attended  the  evening  services,  the  reading 
of  a  sermon,  and  the  singing  of  "O  Head  so  full  of  bruises."  He 
reported  that  at  present  peace  negotiations  between  England  and  the 
Colonies  were  being  pushed. 

[  Graf  to  Vorsteher  Department  of  U.  E.  C.  On  account  of  the  pres- 
ent disturbances  in  the  land  business  and  trade  have  almost  ceased,  and 
therefore  the  people  have  no  money.  For  the  same  reason  the  sale 
of  land  has  stopped;  and  it  remains  to  be  seen  whether  the  rents  due 
at  Michaelmas  will  be  paid. 

22  The  Salem  Archives  have  a  number  of  the  original  imprints  of  Acts  of  Assembly,  etc., 
and  among  them  the  Journal  of  the  Hillsboro  Convention  of  Aug.  and  Sept.,  1775. 
From  this  it  appears  that  the  1000  men  were  to  be  raised  in  North  Carolina,  not 
Surry  County  alone.  The  first  regiment,  of  500  men,  was  to  be  commanded  by 
Col.  James  Moore;  and  the  second  by  Col.  Robert  Howe,  who  had  Alexander  Martin 
as  Lieutenant-Colonel,  and  John  Armstrong  as  one  of  the  Captains.  These  two  Regi- 
ments were  to  form  part  of  the  new  Continental  Army.  For  an  additional  military 
force  the  Province  of  North  Carolina  was  divided  into  six  Districts,  corresponding  to 
the  Superior  Court  Districts  already  existing;  and  a  Battalion  of  Minute  Men,  con- 
sisting of  ten  Companies  of  fifty  men  each,  was  to  be  raised  in  each  District.  The 
Minute  Men  of  Salisbury  District  were  commanded  by  Col.  Thomas  Wade,  with  Adley 
Osborn  as  Lieutenant-Colonel.  Provision  was  also  made  for  general  Militia  service, 
and  the  Surry  County  Militia  had  as  officers,  Col.  Martin  Armstrong,  Lieut.-Col.  Joseph 
Williams,  1st  Maj.  William  Hall  and  2d  Maj.  Joseph  Winston.  Each  Militia  Company 
elected  its  own  Captain  and  subordinate  officers. 


884  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Our  neighbors  are  steadily  increasing  the  amount  of  wheat  raised, 
and  as  the  grain  cannot  be  as  readily  bartered  at  Cross  Creek  as  flour 
request  has  been  made  that  we  furnish  merchant  -flour;  therefore  a  sep- 
arate, finer,  bolter  is  being  installed,  in  order  to  bring  more  customers 
to  our  mill,  as  without  it  they  will  go  elsewhere.  Br.  Bultischeck,  who 
is  doing  the  work,  is  the  only  capable  mill-wright  in  this  neighborhood ; 
he  charges  a  good  deal  and  is  slow,  which  means  a  considerable  reduc- 
tion in  the  profits  of  the  flour  mill,  but  we  hope  this  will  be  more 
than  covered  in  the  future. 

The  rather  large  deficit  which  the  Bethabara  tavern  again  shows  can 
be  partly,  though  not  entirely,  explained  by  the  increased  cost  of  food, 
for  the  tavern-keeper  can  not  charge  more  than  the  Court  allows,  and 
the  rates  have  not  been  raised.] 

Sept.  18.  The  evening  meeting  was  dropped,  partly  on  account  of 
rain,  and  partly  because  many  of  the  Brethren  were  in  the  woods 
with  Br.  Schnepf,  helping  him  look  for  cattle  which  had  strayed 
away,  and  which  were  not  brought  home  until  nine  o'clock. 

Sept.  20.  Friedrich  Miiller's  brother  was  here  from  Friedland;  he 
will  not  leave  for  Pennsylvania  until  next  Monday,  for  the  heavy  rain 
last  night  will  make  it  impossible  for  him  to  cross  Dan  Biver. 

Sept.  21.  Br.  Graff  went  to  Bethabara,  where  he  found  a  package 
brought  by  young  Heinrich  Holder  from  Bethlehem;  he  made  the  trip 
on  foot  in  thirty  days.  The  letters  were  dated  Aug.  12th  and  18th. 
Br.  Schweinitz  mentioned  the  home-going  of  his  wife  on  July  5th;  he 
was  worried  about  the  non-arrival  of  a  package  sent  from  here  to 
Yorktown.  At  the  evening  meeting  Br.  Graff  told  the  congregation 
the  most  interesting  pieces  of  news.  Some  Gemein  Nachrichten,  but 
no  letters,  came  from  Europe.  From  the  newspapers  received  it  ap- 
peared that  England  and  the  Colonies  were  discussing  peace;  this  was 
confirmed  by  two  Virginians,  who  came  here  and  bought  various 
things.  They  were  surprised  to  find  our  stores  still  so  well  stocked 
with  goods,  for  most  of  their  stores  were  empty. 

Sept.  26.  Br.  Utley  was  very  ill  today;  he  has  been  sick  ever  since 
his  last  preaching  tour  to  the  Yadkin,  in  rainy  weather. 

Sept.  27.  Capt.  [John]  Armstrong  came  with  an  order  from  Col. 
Martin  that  he  should  be  furnished  from  our  store  with  certain  articles 
for  clothing  the  men  to  be  enlisted  in  this  County,  payment  to  be 
made  in  the  new  [Continental]  money;  our  Committee  met  and  decided 
that  the  safest  thing  would  be  for  Br.  Bagge  to  furnish  the  things  asked 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  885 


for,  and  take  a  receipt  for  them  from  the  Captain;  the  articles  taken 
were  worth  almost  £10.23 

Two  wagons  came  from  Charlestown,  one  loaded  with  goods  for  our 
store,  and  one  for  Br.  Heinzman.24 

Sept.  30.  Br.  Utley  is  much  worse,  and  his  home-going  seems  more 
probable  than  his  recovery;  in  the  afternoon  Communion  was  adminis- 
tered to  him  and  his  wife,  for  the  strengthening  of  soul  and  body, 
especially  of  the  sick  Brother, — may  the  Saviour  give  him  to  us  again 
for  His  service,  particularly  among  the  English !  One  of  his  hearers, 
Mr.  Joseph  Bryand,  was  here,  and  visited  Br.  Utley;  he  wishes  to 
be  informed  if  the  end  comes. 

[Graff  to  U.  E.  0.  On  account  of  the  present  condition  of  things, 
the  laws  are  not  being  enforced,  and  so  theft  and  robbery  are  frequent. 
Recently  Br.  J ohann  Rank,  near  Bethania,  lost  his  best  mare  and  saddle, 
which  were  stolen  from  the  stable  during  the  night,  in  spite  of  the 
fact  that  he  was  on  the  watch,  because  the  preceding  night  all  sorts 
of  things  had  been  stolen  from  his  house.  It  appears  as  if  these  things  are 
being  done  by  the  rabble,  who  are  on  their  way  to  Louisiana,25  which 
is  beginning  to  be  settled.  Apart  from  this,  affairs  have  not  troubled 
us  much  this  month,  except  that  since  the  meeting  of  the  Hillsbury 
Congress  our  stores  have  been  called  on  to  furnish  a  number  of  things 
for  the  outfitting  of  the  newly  enlisted  soldiers,  and  have  been  promised 
payment  in  the  new  paper  money  ordered  by  the  Congress  in  Phila- 
delphia,— we  run  the  risk  of  losing  what  we  have  furnished,  but  dared 
not  refuse,  as  that  would  have  led  to  oppression  and  resentment.] 

Oct.  1.  For  the  last  fourteen  days  the  weather  has  been  cool  but 
pleasant. 

Oct.  2.  Today  Br.  Bagge  had  his  own  house-lot26  measured  off,  and 
will  have  a  well  dug  there.  The  potter,  Moller,  left  today,  saying 
it  was  too  narrow  a  life  for  him  here;  he  will  work  for  a  while  in 
the  neighborhood,  and  the  experience  may  cure  him,  and  later  he 
may  rejoice  if  he  is  permitted  to  return. 

Oct.  3.  Br.  Heckewalder  went  to  Cross  Creek  to  purchase  for  the 
store  such  things  as  we  are  out  of,  and  which  can  still  be  found  there. 

Oct.  k.  The  soldiers  recently  enlisted  in  Guilford  County  marched 
through  this  afternoon,  and  later  came  also  Col.  Alexander  Martin, 
who  remained  over  night,  and  attended  the  Bible  Reading  in  the 
evening.    The  troops  are  on  their  way  to  Salisbury,  where  Capt. 

23  Bagge  Paper,  No.  VII. 

24  For  the  Diaconie  of  the  Single  Brethren ;  Heinzman  was  their  Vorsteher. 

25  Probably  the  Henderson  settlement  on  the  Louisa  is  meant. 

26  South-east  corner  of  Main  and  West  streets. 


886  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Armstrong  and  his  company  will  join  them,  and  they  will  receive  fur- 
ther orders  whither  they  are  to  march. 

Oct  5.  Col.  Martin  left;  he  was  most  friendly.  Ludwig  Moller 
returned,  and  asked  for  re-admission,  but  as  he  wishes  to  work  in  the 
neighborhood,  and  shows  little  contrition  or  concern  for  the  way  he 
left,  he  was  allowed  to  depart  once  more.  Br.  Utley  today  made  his 
Will,  though  he  is  no  weaker  than  for  several  days. 

Oct.  8.  Br.  Utley  was  so  weak  that  one  could  see  he  would  not  long 
remain  here  below,  so  toward  evening,  in  the  presence  of  members  of 
the  Aeltesten  Conferenz  and  other  Brethren,  he  was  blessed  for  his 
departure.  He  was  quite  conscious,  followed  with  his  lips  all  verses 
that  were  sung,  and  then  lay  longing  for  his  release,  which 

Oct.  9.  came  this  morning  about  7  o'clock;  his  life  passing  as  gently 
as  the  putting  out  of  a  candle,  while  those  about  his  bed  sang  a  verse. 
This  blessed  home-going  was  at  once  announced  by  the  musicians  with 
their  trombones,  and  word  was  sent  to  our  other  villages. 

[The  next  pages  in  the  Salem  Diary  are  missing,  but  the  gap  is 
bridged  by  the  following  extracts  from  Graff's  report  to  U.  E.  C. — 
During  the  month  of  October  we  have  received  no  letters  from  the 
Brethren  in  Pennsylvania,  nor  have  we  had  an  opportunity  to  send 
letters  to  them;  and  in  these  critical  times  we  must  leave  it  entirely 
to  the  providence  of  God  when  a  safe  way  will  open  to  send  reports 
to  our  dear  Brethren  in  Europe.  Meanwhile  we  will  comfort  our- 
selves in  believing  that  our  dear  Brethren  will  the  more  often  remem- 
ber us  before  the  Lord,  Who  knows  our  present  circumstances,  and 
what  the  future  holds,  and  will  pray  that  He  will  advise  and  guide  us. 

It  has  pleased  our  Lord  to  take  to  Himself  our  dear  Brother,  Richard 
Utley,  on  Oct.  9th,  after  a  very  painful  illness  of  three  weeks,  and 
we  must  look  to  Him  to  supply  another  Brother  to  take  his  place, 
both  as  English  preacher,  and  to  take  care  of  the  many  souls  toward 
whom  our  Brother  has  showed  so  much  faithfulness  and  for  whom  he 
has  held  so  many  services;  we  have  no  one  here  who  can  fully  carry 
on  his  work.  Br.  Utley 's  funeral,  on  the  11th,  was  attended  by  a  large 
number  of  Brethren,  Sisters,  and  outside  friends,  especially  those  be- 
longing to  the  circles  under  his  care,  his  "church-children/'  who  shed 
many  loving  tears  over  his  departure. 

The  anniversary  of  the  beginning  of  the  Reformation,  the  31st,  was 
observed  by  the  reading  of  the  address  which  Br.  Joseph  made  last 
year  on  this  occasion. 

Ludwig  Moller,  who  of  his  own  accord  left  the  Single  Brothers 
House,  on  the  2nd  of  this  month,  intending  to  go  to  Bethlehem,  was 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  887 

taken  sick  in  the  neighborhood,  came  to  a  realization  of  his  willfulness, 
and  wrote  a  contrite  letter  of  apology,  asking  to  be  allowed  to  come 
back  on  trial,  which  was  granted. 

The  young  Single  Brother,  George  Bibighaus,  having  finished  his 
apprenticeship  with  Br.  Traugott  Bagge,  in  the  store,  was  given  his 
freedom,  in  the  presence  of  several  Brethren  of  the  Aufseher  Collegium 
and  Br.  Bonn,  Justice  of  the  Peace.  We  hope  that  he  will  be  a  useful 
man  in  this  business. 

In  view  of  the  present  uncertainties  we  have  feared  that  our  store 
might  suffer  a  heavy  loss  if  the  money  issued  by  order  of  the  Hills- 
bury  Congress  should  become  valueless  because  of  political  changes; 
our  Conferenz  therefore  consulted  the  Saviour  about  the  matter,  and 
received  the  good  and  necessary  advice  that  we  should  reduce  our 
stock  of  goods  as  much  as  possible,  and  this  advice  we  will  follow  im- 
plicitly. At  present  all  around  us  the  stores  are  completely  sold  out,  or 
are  maintained  with  difficulty;  Mr.  Cruden,  a  merchant  with  whom 
we  have  dealt  in  Cross  Creek,  recently  came  here  expressly  to  offer  to 
sell  his  entire  stock  to  our  store.  People  are  watching  us  closely,  and 
some  have  even  expressed  a  suspicion  that  we  must  be  carrying  on  a 
secret  trade  with  England,  and  must  be  getting  goods  from  there, — a 
rumor  which  might  have  unpleasant  consequences. 

Through  the  protection  of  our  dear  Father  we  have  gone  our  way 
quite  undisturbed,  but  from  the  rules  adopted  in  other  Counties  of 
this  Province  it  is  easy  to  see  that  unwelcome  demands  may  be  made, 
especially  for  militia  drill  and  the  like,  and  then  no  one  can  help  us 
except  the  Lord,  the  Protector  and  Helper  of  Israel,  in  "Whom  alone 
we  trust,  and  Who  can  save  us  from  all  harm  and  from  whatever  is 
unbecoming  the  character  of  a  Brother.] 

Nov.  3.  Last  night  there  was  a  hard  thunder-storm,  with  roaring 
and  trembling  as  of  an  earthquake.  Br.  Bagge  visited  in  Bethabara, 
and  spoke  with  Heinrich  Schmidt,  who  has  returned  from  Pennsyl- 
vania. We  hear  that  George  Hauser  is  also  back,  but  letters  will  come 
a  little  later  in  Kettner's  wagon.  By  word  of  mouth,  and  from  the 
newspapers,  we  learn  that  peace  can  not  be  expected,  but  that  war 
appears  to  be  coming  in  earnest. 

Nov.  Jf.  Col.  Henderson,  and  a  fairly  large  company,  passed  on 
their  way  to  Louicy. 

Nov.  5.  Sr.  Meyer  came  to  church  for  the  first  time  since  the  birth 
of  her  little  Samuel,  and  was  blessed  for  his  care.  Br.  Michael  Ranke, 
from  Bethania,  brought  us  the  letters  and  Diaries  which  George  Hauser 
brought  from  Pennsylvania,  and  the  most  important  items  from  them 
were  given  to  the  congregation  this  evening.    It  looks  as  though  an 


888  JsToeth  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


attempt  would  be  made  to  force  our  Brethren  in  Pennsylvania  to  bear 
arms,  and  the  reversal  of  the  published  Resolution  of  the  Assembly  on 
this  point  is  threatened.  If  that  is  done  it  will  increase  our  danger. 
Communication  between  America  and  England  is  suspended,  so  letters 
to  the  Unity's  Elders  Conference  must  remain  unsent. 

[Ettwein  to  Graff.    Extracts.    Bethlehem,  Oct.  2,  1775. 

In  these  times  the  less  one  writes  the  safer,  and  it  is  better  to  be 
still  as  long  as  one  can.  If  obliged  to  make  a  declaration  one  says 
honestly  that  he  regrets  the  condition  of  the  land,  that  we  are  not 
enemies  of  the  country  and  never  will  be,  that  we  will  do  all  in  our 
power  to  preserve  freedom,  so  long  as  we  are  not  asked  to  do  aught 
against  our  conscience,  that  under  no  circumstances  will  we  bear  arms, 
or  personally  take  part  in  military  service,  though  we  will  pay  instead. 
This  position  was  not  sufficiently  made  known  in  times  of  peace,  which 
makes  it  more  difficult  now.  That  during  the  Indian  alarms  we  kept 
watch  and  went  armed  has  given  a  false  impression  of  us;  and  we  are 
paying  dearly  for  Horsefield's  Colonelship. 

Concerning  the  Committee. — I  think  it  would  be  well  to  have  Breth- 
ren serve  if  elected;  they  are  citizens,  and  if  the  inhabitants  trust  one 
and  elect  him  I  think  it  would  be  wrong  and  dangerous  to  forbid 
him  to  accept.  Those  elected  here  have  been  so  far,  I  think,  more  for 
our  advantage  than  otherwise;  in  the  last  election  in  this  County  none 
were  chosen,  as  it  is  planned  soon  to  force  the  militia  drill. 

In  Boston  and  its  neighborhood  all  is  now  quiet;  the  parties  have 
ceased  to  shoot  at  each  other,  and  good  reports  are  expected  from 
London. 

The  New  Englanders  have  good  hopes  of  conquering  Canada.  *  *  * 
The  Canadians  tried  to  call  out  the  Delawares,  Shawanoes,  etc.,  against 
this  Province,  but  they  were  not  so  minded,  and  last  month  Congress 
made  a  Treaty  with  them  at  Pittsburg. 

All  connection  with  the  West  Indies  is  broken  off,  indeed  no  ships 
are  sailing.  Letters  to  Europe  have  to  go  by  the  Packet-boat,  and 
will  not  go  free.] 

[Hans  Christian  von  Schweinitz  to  Graff.  Bethlehem,  Oct.  19,  1775. 
The  package  you  sent  for  Br.  Wollin  cannot  be  forwarded,  for  all 
shipping  has  stopped;  it  will  be  taken  care  of  and  sent  by  the  first 
safe  opportunity.  We  are  sending  one  letter  with  the  Packet-boat  each 
month,  enclosing  a  short  extract  from  our  reports,  and  we  will  send  a 
similar  brief  extract  from  your  reports,  and  especially  the  summary 
of  your  accounts  which  require  the  attention  of  the  Unity  Vorsteher 
Collegium.    We  have  done  the  same  with  our  accounts,  for  we  know 


Recoeds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


889 


only  too  well  that  in  these  critical  times  letters  are  opened  here  and 
in  England,  wherefore  many  Captains,  coming  from  England,  refuse 
to  carry  letters  or  packages  for  fear  of  getting  themselves  into  trouble.] 

Nov.  9.  The  Single  Br.  George  Bibighaus  left  for  Cross  Creek;  the 
wagons  started  yesterday.  He  will  attend  to  the  sale  and  purchase 
of  goods  for  the  store.  Several  wagons  from  Rowan  County  passed  on 
the  same  errand;  they  had  a  Certificate  from  the  Committee  of  that 
County,  and  we  fear  that  any  one  who  cannot  show  such  a  Certificate 
that  he  is  a  friend  of  the  country  and  against  the  Government  will  not 
be  allowed  to  purchase  salt  and  other  things.    0  Temporal  0  Mores! 

Nov.  10.  We  received  the  Journal  of  the  Hillsborough  Congress, 
in  which  we  see  the  Declaration  concerning  the  newly-authorized  [North 
Carolina]  money,  that  "whosoever  will  not  accept  it,  or  accepts  it 
only  at  lower  rates,  or  even  speaks  slightingly  of  it,  shall  be  considered 
an  enemy  of  the  country,  and  all  trade  with  him  shall  be  forbidden." 
It  shall  pass  current  for  seven  years,  and  then  be  redeemed  by  a  tax 
of  2sh.  per  Taxable. 

Nov.  11.  Br.  Bagge  received  a  letter  from  Charlestown,  from  Mr. 
Owen,  who  wrote  that  goods  could  still  be  bought  there,  and  at  a  reason- 
able price.  The  man  who  brought  the  letter  reported  that  yellow 
fever  was  raging  there  and  many  persons  had  died.  A  man  came  from 
Cross  Creek  with  salt;  he  said  the  merchants  there  were  selling  to 
anyone  without  asking  for  a  Certificate. 

A  Lutheran  minister,  P.  Schmid,  who  serves  three  congregations  in 
Orangeburg,  South  Carolina,  stopped  on  his  way  back  from  New  River. 
Next  day  he  attended  the  services,  visited  Br.  Graff,  and  asked  to  be 
received  into  our  communion.  He  was  told  that  we  held  as  brothers 
all  children  of  God,  no  matter  what  denominational  name  they  bore, 
and  that  to  be  personally  received  into  the  Unity  was  not  important,  etc. 
That  contented  him,  and  he  will  continue  in  his  office. 

Nov.  lJf.  This  morning  our  Committee  met  to  consider  the  new 
Provincial  currency,  which  so  far  our  Brethren  have  sought  to  avoid, 
though  they  have  not  refused  to  receive  it.  This  must  be  somewhat 
changed,  according  to  the  Resolves  of  Congress ;  it  was  decided  that  we 
would  accept  this  money,  but  pass  it  on  as  quickly  as  possible,  and 
also  that  it  was  preferable  to  barter  goods  for  products  of  the  country, 
rather  than  to  sell  them  for  this  money. 

The  Brn.  Bonn  and  Heinzman  went  to  Richmond  to  Court,  the 
latter  as  witness  to  a  Deed  of  J acob  Loesch  which  is  to  be  registered. 

Nov.  16.  The  Brn.  Bonn  and  Heinzman  returned  from  Court;  no 
business  was  presented,  [as  the  recently  elected  Committee  had  assumed 


890 


North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


jurisdiction  over  matters  hitherto  acted  on  by  the  Court,]  and  Br. 
Bonn  adjourned  Court  the  first  day.  Col.  Martin  said  there  was  no 
foundation  for  the  report  that  the  Committee  in  Rowan  had  resolved 
to  refuse  to  trade  with  Non-Associators. 

Nov.  19.  The  two  Bethania  wagons  returned  from  Cross  Creek, 
bringing  salt  for  our  store. 

[Graff  to  Johannes  von  Watteville.    Nov.  22,  1775. 

The  most  important  thing  that  I  have  to  report  is  that  to  this  hour 
we  have  remained  undisturbed,  though  we  have  had  to  bear  our  share 
of  the  distress  of  the  land. 

Bethabara  had  much  sickness  in  August  and  September,  hardly  any, 
old  or  young,  escaped,  for  the  long-continued  dry  weather  made  the 
standing  water  in  low  places  and  swamps  became  unhealthy ;  but  it  was 
only  ordinary  chills  and  fever,  which  passed  of  itself  after  a  few  at- 
tacks. In  Salem  health  was  good,  for  that  town  lies  rather  high.  The 
harvest  was  a  busy  time,  for  many  of  the  young  men  had  gone  out 
against  the  Cherokee  Indians,  but  it  was  successfully  gathered.  The 
Indian  expedition  is  now  over ;  in  the  lower  and  middle  sections  of  their 
land  most  of  the  towns  were  destroyed,  and  the  Indians  fled.  In  the 
upper  section  the  Indians  gathered  in  a  good  place,  and  seemed  pre- 
pared to  defend  themselves,  but  when  the  white  men  approached  they 
asked  for  peace;  and  it  would  appear  that  the  danger  from  the  Indians 
is  at  an  end. 

In  a  few  days  Br.  Wallis  will  go-  from  here  to  Bethlehem,  for  the 
sake  of  his  health ;  he  has  suffered  for  a  long  time  with  a  hemorrhoidal 
diarrhoea.  ] 

Nov.  2If.  Mr.  McNight  came  from  the  Atkin  to  ask  whether  it  was 
true  that  soldiers  yesterday  seized  and  closed  Steiner's  mill,  as  was 
reported  in  his  neighborhood.  Thank  God!  it  did  not  happen,  but  a 
number  of  such  rumors  emanating  from  Salisbury  lead  one  to  believe 
that  no  good  is  being  planned  for  us  there.  In  the  evening  "O  Head 
so  full  of  bruises"  was  sung;  many  visitors  were  present,  including 
Col.  Martin  and  other  gentlemen. 

Nov.  26.  The  gentlemen  mentioned  on  the  24th  returned  from  Beth- 
abara well  pleased,  and  attended  the  services  here.  Mr.  Martin  left 
for  Salisbury,  as  he  is  expecting  orders  calling  his  soldiers  to  South 
Carolina,27  where  the  two  parties, — Royal  and  Provincial, — are  about 
to  become  involved  in  local  strife,  or  have  already  begun  hostilities ;  the 


27  He  led  700  men  into  South  Carolina  early  in  December.     On  account  of  the  inclement 
weather  the  expedition  became  known  as  "the  snow  campaign." 


Becords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  891 

gentlemen  seemed  somewhat  embarrassed  in  speaking  of  the  matter, 
and  left  this  afternoon,  two  for  Salisbury  and  two  for  Guilford. 

Nov.  27.  Three  wagons  from  Bethania  passed  on  their  way  to  Cross 
Creek  for  salt.  Br.  Miksch  went  with  them  from  here,  taking  tallow, 
candles  and  manufactured  tobacco,  for  sale.  A  man  coming  from 
Cross  Creek  said  there  was  a  report  that  a  frigate  had  landed  troops 
near  Willmingtown. 

Nov.  29.  A  wagon  from  Bethabara,  and  one  sent  by  the  Single 
Brethren,  left  for  Cross  Creek,  loaded  with  wheat,  in  order  to  buy  salt. 
At  sunset  Br.  George  Bibighaus  returned  from  Cross  Creek  and  ISTew 
Bern ;  he  managed  his  first  expedition  for  the  store  very  well.  He  con- 
firmed the  report  that  tenders  from  men-of-war  lie  before  New  Bern 
and  Willmingtown. 

[Graff  to  U.  E.  C.  Again  this  month  many  people  have  come  to 
our  store  and  workshops,  as  almost  nothing  can  be  bought  in  the  stores 
elsewhere  in  our  neighborhood.  As  we  were  advised  last  month  to 
reduce  our  sales,  and  only  to  provide  ourselves  with  the  articles  most 
necessary  for  living,  our  trade  is  now  largely  with  Cross  Creek,  where 
salt  especially  can  be  easily  secured.  Many  wagons  loaded  with  wheat, 
are  going  thither  from  this  neighborhood  to  buy  salt;  they  are  taking 
also  butter,  tallow,  and  meat,  which  can  hardly  be  sold  in  these  times 
of  low,  poor  prices,  and  which  cause  great  loss  to  the  people. 

Christoph  Boues,  formerly  of  Bethlehem,  has  come  with  six  nearly 
grown  children  to  Bethabara,  and  plans  to  settle  on  land  in  the  neigh- 
borhood. 

It  looks  as  though  the  unrest  of  the  country  would  become  civil  war, 
but  we  trust  our  dear  Lord  that  He  will  shelter  us  under  His  wings 
from  the  ills  of  earth,  as  He  has  done  hitherto.] 

Dec.  1.  A  report  has  spread  that  Gov.  Tryon28  and  700  Highlanders 
have  landed  somewhere  below  Fort  Johnston,  and  have  been  joined  by 
700  men  from  this  Province,  and  that  they  are  marching  toward  Salis- 
bury and  Mecklenburg;  Gov.  [Josiah]  Martin  commands  one  regiment 
and  Gov.  Tryon  the  other.  The  news  was  brought  by  a  traveller,  who 
heard  it  from  Capt.  Zapfenfeld,  who  had  been  preparing  to  march  his 
company  to  Salisbury,  to  general  muster,  when  he  received  a  letter 
from  Mr.  Fields,  of  Guilford  County,  containing  the  above  information, 
which  he  had  heard  from  two  English  officers.    Capt.  Zapfenfeld  at 

28  These  reports  were  largely  without  foundation,  but  present  an  interesting  study  of  the 
current  rumors  and  their  effect  on  the  settlers.  Tryon  did  not  return  to  North  Carolina, 
Governor  Martin  remained  aboard  his  ship ;  and  no  royal  troops  landed  in  North  Caro- 
lina  during  these  months,  though  several  groups  of  Highlanders  arrived  and  joined 
their  fellow-countrymen  in  the  Cross  Creek  neighborhood,  where  loyalist  officers  secretly 
endeavored  to  arouse  sentiment  in  favor  of  the  King. 


892  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 

once  summoned  his  men  and  will  join  the  above-mentioned  troops.  If 
this  report  is  true  it  will  bring  great  changes. 

Dec.  2.  Br.  Heckewalder  was  sent  to  Bethabara  with  the  news  we 
heard  yesterday.  This  afternoon  Capt.  Zapfenfeld  himself  arrived,  from 
whom  we  learned  that  a  man  named  Edward  Frazier  had  brought  a  writ- 
ten order  to  Capt.  Fields,  in  Guilford,  that  such  of  his  company  as  wished 
to  be  true  to  the  King  should  be  held  ready  to  march  at  the  slightest 
warning;  Frasier  had  added  that  from  these  preparations  it  might  be 
assumed  that  a  fleet  had  brought  enough  troops,  and  that  they  had 
recently  landed,  and  that  a  skirmish  had  probably  already  taken  place. 
Zapfenfeld  had  sent  the  report  and  the  order  on  to  Capt.  Phelps.  As 
the  report  needs  to  be  received  with  circumspection  the  Brn.  Walther 
and  Lund  were  sent  to  Bethabara  and  Bethania  this  afternoon  with 
the  necessary  warning.  Mr.  McNally29  passed  on  his  return  from  Salis- 
bury, where  he  had  attended  a  meeting  of  the  Council  of  Safety,  and 
told  us,  confidentially,  that  in  the  meeting  there  had  been  talk  to  our 
disadvantage,  the  occasion  being  that  a  few  days  ago  Billy  Hall,  who 
was  drunk,  said  that  everybody  in  this  section  was  for  the  King;  Wil- 
liam Hill  was  present  and  heard  it,  though  at  Br.  Meyer's  request  he 
had  agreed  to  excuse  it.  We  can  see  that  they  are  planning  against  us, 
and  Mr.  Joseph  Williams  showed  a  similarly  unfavorable  frame  of 
mind  when  he  came  this  evening,  bringing  instructions  from  the  Com- 
mittee that  he  should  take  away  the  lead  we  secured  three  months  ago ; 
he  also  said  that  the  Militia  would  be  called  out  in  view  of  the  impend- 
ing danger,  etc. 

[Graff  to  U.  E.  C.  We  must  not  leave  unmentioned  a  most  curious 
phenomenon  which  we  saw  on  the  evening  of  the  Jfth.  In  the  twilight, 
on  the  eastern  horizon,  there  were  great  streams  of  fire,  from  which 
fireballs  shot  south  and  west  like  cannon  balls,  separating  as  they  fell. 
One  of  these  balls  fell  in  the  yard  of  Br.  Peter  Frey,  of  Friedberg,  near 
his  well,  just  as  one  of  his  children  was  coming  to  draw  water.  She 
was  terribly  frightened,  and  ran  back  to  the  house  without  the  water. 
Br.  Miksch,  and  several  Brethren  from  Bethania,  were  on  the  road  re- 
turning from  Cross  Creek,  and  they  also  saw  the  display.] 

Dec.  8.  Br.  Miksch  returned  from  Cross  Creek;  he  left  the  wagons 
thirty  miles  back,  the  roads  were  very  bad,  and  two  of  the  horses  were 
lame.  The  Single  Br.  Jacob  Strub  went  to  Bethania  for  fresh  horses, 
and  will  meet  the  wagons.  We  learn  that  in  Cross  Creek  the  price  of 
salt  is  higher,  and  the  price  of  other  things  is  lower.  Some  gentlemen 
from  Virginia,  Cross  Creek,  etc.  gave  particulars  concerning  the  land- 


29  In  the  Journal  of  the  Hillsboro  Convention  the  name  is  spelled  McAnnalley. 


Becords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  893 

ing  of  Gov.  Dunmore  near  Norfolk,  in  Virginia ;  they  had  heard  nothing 
of  another  landing  reported  to  have  taken  place  near  New  Bern. 

Dec.  9.  In  the  meeting  of  the  Stundenbeter  the  text  was  considered : 
"When  ye  shall  hear  of  wars  and  rumors  of  wars  be  ye  not  troubled." 
The  Brethren  and  Sisters  were  urged  not  to  be  needlessly  worried  over 
the  present  warlike  state  of  the  land,  neither  to  take  any  part  therein, 
for  our  business  was  to  pray  for  the  land,  and  while  we  grieved  over 
its  present  circumstances  we  should  be  very  careful  that  our  hearts  and 
minds  were  not  turned  from  our  chief  objects. 

At  midnight  the  wagons  arrived.  The  expedition  was  not  very  suc- 
cessful, it  was  hard  to  sell  the  wheat,  and  they  had  to  take  one  cask 
of  rum  for  it;  the  Bethania  wagon  could  not  sell  the  hemp,  but  had 
to  bring  it  back;  they  got  nothing  for  a  return  load  except  salt  of  a 
poor  quality. 

Dec.  11.  Last  night  there  was  a  heavy  rain,  and  the  water  rose  to 
the  axle  of  the  water-wheel  in  Steiner's  mill,  placing  it  in  grave  danger. 
The  great  bottom  was  flooded,  and  the  bridge  across  the  Wach  was 
under  water  at  both  ends.  The  water  has  not  been  so  high  for  many 
years,  and  without  doubt  much  damage  has  been  done. 

Dec.  12.  Again  seven  wagons  passed,  bringing  salt  from  Cross  Creek. 
Three  of  the  wagons  were  from  Bethania. 

Dec.  13.  There  was  an  unpleasant  occurrence  here  today.  An  Irish 
knave,  who  was  driven  away  from  Bethabara  yesterday,  this  morn- 
ing, in  full  daylight,  went  through  the  dining-room  of  the  Brothers 
House  into  Br.  Petersen's  room,  rummaged  through  his  things,  and 
took  clothing,  money,  and  a  pair  of  silver  shoe-buckles,  and  hid  them 
in  the  woods  not  far  from  the  tavern.  He  was  seized  in  the  tavern  and 
was  searched,  but  nothing  was  found  on  him.  Next  morning,  before 
day,  some  clothing  which  was  hanging  outside  the  Sisters  Wash-House 
was  saved  by  the  coming  of  the  negro  Jacob,  but  the  man  escaped. 
Toward  evening  he  came  for  the  stolen  articles,  (which  had  meanwhile 
been  found,)  and  was  arrested  by  several  Single  Brethren  who  were 
waiting  for  him.  He  was  examined  by  Justice  Bonn,  but  would  con- 
fess nothing,  and  as  nothing  could  be  proved  he  was  taken  from  the 
town  as  far  as  the  Town  Fork,  and  there  ordered  away.  We  acknowl- 
edge the  protection  of  our  God,  but  we  are  ashamed  of  the  carelessness 
of  our  Brethren  and  Sisters  that  they  have  not  taken  better  care  of 
their  property  in  these  unsafe  times. 

Dec.  16.  Today  Br.  Bagge  received  an,  apparently,  confidential  let- 
ter from  Mr.  Martin  Armstrong,  asking  for  advice  as  to  what  he  should 
do  in  these  critical  times,  and  what  steps  he  should  take  in  view  of 


894  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


what  lie  had  already  done  (he  was  an  active  member  of  the  Hills- 
borough Congress)  ;  either  he  really  regrets  it,  and  fears  evil  conse- 
quences, or  else  he  wants  a  declaration  from  Br.  Bagge  as  to  what  he 
and  we  think, — in  due  time  an  answer  will  be  sent  him  from  which  he 
can  prove  nothing. 

Dec.  19.  We  hear  from  James  Bryand,  who  was  here,  that  his 
brothers,  Sporgen,  and  others,  have  sent  a  messenger  to  Gov.  Martin, 
who  is  said  to  have  landed  enough  soldiers  in  or  near  Fort  Johnston, 
and  only  needs  supplies  for  them. 

Dec.  21)-.  Paths  were  made  through  the  snow  in  front  of  the  houses 
and  to  the  Graveyard. 

In  the  evening  at  6  o'clock  fourteen  children  had  the  Christmas  Eve 
Lovefeast,  at  its  close  receiving  written  verses  and  lighted  candles.  Only 
14  were  present,  of  the  others  8  were  too  young,  and  Baumgarten's 
children  did  not  come. 

Dec.  29.  All  day  and  into  the  night  there  was  heavy  rain,  so  that  no 
services  could  be  held.  A  company  of  gentlemen,  from  the  new  land 
Lewicy,  passed  through.  One  of  them  had  traveled  thither  with  Cor- 
nelius Sales,  and  came  expressly  to  see  whether  what  he  had  heard  of 
us  was  true.  Br.  Bagge  showed  him  about  the  town,  and  he  was 
satisfied. 

Extracts  from  Salem  Minute  Boohs,  1775. 

Jan.  2.  (Heifer  Conferenz.)  Matthes  Oesterlein  is  willing  to  under- 
take the  chimney-sweeping. 

Jan.  3.  (Aeltesten  Conferenz.)  Martin  Ebert  has  told  Br.  Bachhof 
that  his  eldest  son  was  determined  to  marry  Hannah  Hartmann,  and 
they  could  no  longer  oppose  him,  but  they  wished  that  he  could  be  mar- 
ried in  the  School-House  by  an  ordained  Minister.  This  can  only  be 
done  in  the  case  of  members  of  our  Town  Congregations,  so  his  request 
will  have  to  be  refused. 

Jan.  4-  (Aufseher  Collegium.)  Br.  Wallis  presented  to  the  Colle- 
gium the  expense  account  of  his  trip  from  Europe,  which  amounted  to 
a  total  of  £111 :13  :10  Sterling.   Of  this 

Br.  Schreier's  part  was  £21:15:  9%  Sterling, 

Br.  Simon  Danz'  part  was   2:18:  1 

Br.  Joh :  Krause's  part  was   17 :12  :  —  " 

Br.  Heinzman  will  assume  the  costs  for  the  Brn.  Schreier  and  Danz, 
and  Br.  Wallis  will  speak  to  Br.  Schnepf  about  Br.  Krause's  account. 

Jan  11/..  (Auf.  Col.)  Yesterday  the  negro,  Jacob,  from  the  tavern, 
came  to  Br.  Marshall,  and  with  tears  reminded  him  that  there  were 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  895 

only  two  days  left  in  which  to  buy  him,  or  his  master  would  sell  him 
no  one  knew  where,  and  he  begged  fervently  that  we  would  buy  him,  for 
he  wanted  to  stay  with  the  Brethren  and  belong  to  the  Saviour.  After 
careful  consideration  it  was  decided  to  buy  him. 

Jan.  17.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  As  Br.  Nissen  has  accepted  the  call  to  Fried- 
land,  there  was  discussion  concerning  his  marriage,  and  the  following 
Sisters  were  inquired  about : 

a)  The  widow  D.  shall  be  suggested  to  Br.  Nissen?  The  negative 
was  drawn. 

b)  The  Single  Sister  M.  P.  shall  be  suggested  to  him  ?  The  negative 
was  drawn. 

c)  In  similar  manner  the  name  of  the  Single  Sister  Salome  Meurer 
was  considered,  and  the  affirmative  lot  was  drawn:  The  Sr.  Salome 
Meurer  shall  be  suggested  to  Br.  Toego  Nissen. 

J  an.  21/..    Br.  Nissen  shall  be  married  next  Sunday. 

Feb.  ]>.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  Br.  Miksch  has  written  to  the  Aufseher  Col- 
legium concerning  means  of  increasing  his  income,  and  has  also  dis- 
cussed it  with  Br.  Wallis.  He  has  suggested  going  to  the  next  Court  to 
sell  his  tobacco,  but  he  will  be  advised  not  to  do  this,  and  we  will  see 
that  no  one  from  either  of  our  Towns  does  this  in  future. 

Feb.  6.  (Helf.  Con.)  The  last  wagon  brought  stamped  weights  and 
measures  from  Charlestown;  Br.  Wallis  will  take  charge  of  them,  and 
the  Aufseher  Collegium  will  see  that  all  the  weights  and  measures  here 
and  in  our  other  villages  correspond  to  them. 

Feb.  lJf.  (Auf.  Col.)  Br.  Wallis  reported  that  Br.  Fritz  is  willing 
to  enter  into  partnership  with  Br.  Yarrell.  After  paying  interest  and 
other  expenses  Yarrell  will  take  2/3  and  Fritz  1/3  of  the  loss  or  gain. 

Feb.  20.  (Helf.  Con.)  Oesterlein  has  made  a  trial  with  chimney 
sweeping,  but  cannot  manage  it,  partly  because  he  is  too  fat,  and  partly 
because  he  gets  cramp  in  his  feet. 

Br.  Bonn  suggests  that  the  Brethren  and  Sisters  should  be  careful 
about  buying  and  drinking  tea,  so  that  they  do  not  give  occasion  for 
criticism  to  travelers  or  visitors;  announcement  will  be  made  to  the 
members  that  the  store  will  sell  tea  only  until  the  12th  of  March. 

Feb.  28.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  Br.  Meinung  cannot  well  teach  the  school 
for  little  boys  any  longer,  on  account  of  his  duties  as  book-keeper. 

March  1.  (Auf.  Col.)  George  Schmidt  is  in  pressing  need  of  money 
to  buy  iron;  we  will  buy  the  80  rifle-barrels  which  he  has  finished, 
paying  him  in  cash. 

March  ]+.    (Aelt.  Conf.)  Br.  Graff  reports  that  the  house-fathers 


896  JSToeth  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


have  offered  to  teach  their  little  boys  at  home  for  the  present,  as  there 
are  not  many  of  them. 

March  6.  (Helf.  Con.)  The  chimney-sweeping  has  now  been  ar- 
ranged, the  boy  Gottlob  Krause  will  do  it  under  the  supervision  of 
Matthes  Oesterlein.  Hereafter  no  chimneys  shall  be  burned  out;  those 
that  are  used  constantly  shall  be  swept  oftener  than  others ;  and  all  shall 
be  swept  at  such  times,  and  after  making  such  arrangements,  that  no 
one  is  inconvenienced  in  kitchen  work. 

March  8.  (Auf.  Col.)  We  considered  what  to  do  with  the  Square. 
Br.  Miksch  has  given  it  up.  We  think  that  if  Br.  Wallis  will  have  the 
stumps  removed,  and  the  fence  repaired,  Br.  Stockburger  can  plant  it 
in  oats  and  grass,  and  gradually  it  can  be  brought  into  condition  for 
lawn  grass. 

March  20.  (Helf.  Con.)  Tomorrow  morning  will  be  the  burial  of 
Mr.  Jourdan,  who  died  in  our  tavern.  It  will  be  the  first  on  our  grave- 
yard for  strangers.  Br.  Fritz  will  conduct  the  service,  and  will  make 
an  address  in  English.  The  graveyard  shall  be  properly  cleaned  out. 
Br.  Bonn  shall  select  the  pall-bearers,  perhaps  from  among  the  English 
neighbors  who  attend,  and  the  visitors  shall  be  given  first  place  in  the 
funeral  procession.  A  plot  shall  be  made  of  the  graveyard,  and  a  list  of 
the  burials  shall  be  kept.  A  plot  shall  also  be  made  of  the  congregation 
Graveyard, — Br.  Renter  shall  attend  to  it.  That  the  graves  may  all  be 
of  the  same  size  frames  shall  be  made  for  shaping  the  mounds.  Br. 
Walther  asks  that  a  gate  be  opened  on  the  east  side  of  the  congregation 
Graveyard,  so  that  surplus  dirt  from  graves  can  be  used  in  raising  the 
slope  on  that  side. 

March  30.  (Auf.  Col.)  In  the  presence  of  Br.  Bonn,  as  Justice, 
the  boys  John  Jacob  Wohlfahrt  and  Martin  Luck  were  apprenticed  to 
Br.  Eriedrich  Beck,  master  joiner;  the  boy  John  Dixon  to  Br.  Herbst, 
that  he  may  learn  to  be  a  tanner ;  and  Gottlieb  Strehle  to  Br.  Lund. 

April  5.  Resolved,  that  the  clay  pits  on  the  mill-creek1  shall  be  re- 
served for  the  pottery  and  shall  be  staked  in;  for  each  wagon  load  of 
clay  the  potter  shall  pay  lsh.  4d,  for  a  cart  load  8d.  As  the  master  mason 
has  examined  the  clay  on  Schnepf's  run,  and  has  found  it  far  better 
for  building  purposes  than  the  potter's  clay,  those  who  need  clay  for 
building  shall  haul  it  from  Schnepf's  run,  and  shall  pay  4d  for  a  wagon 
load,  and  2d  for  a  cart  load. 

April  2 %.  (Helf.  Con.)  It  was  reported  that  the  Governor  was  well 
satisfied  with  Mr.  James  Clan's  statement  that  we  intend  to  take  no  part 
in  the  present  disturbances  in  the  land. 

1  The  clay  deposit  was  in  a  meadow  on  the  north  side  of  Salem  Creek,  at  the  foot  of  the  hill 
behind  Church  Street,  about  where  an  extension  of  Walnut  Street  would  reach  the 
meadow. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  897 

May  16.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  It  was  suggested  that  Sr.  Blar  should  learn 
from  Br.  Fritz  how  to  make  [buck-skin]  gloves,  that  she  later  could 
so  support  herself  in  her  Choir  House.  It,  will  be  best  for  her  to  stay 
at  his  house  for  a  couple  of  weeks,  so  that  she  will  have  a  good  oppor- 
tunity; and  as  she  will  help  his  wife  with  house-work  he  shall  furnish 
her  meals. 

May  22.  (Helf.  Con.)  The  chief  business  was  the  price  of  butter. 
As  the  store  is  not  buying  any  this  year  people  who  need  pottery  want 
to  pay  for  it  in  butter,  or  else  get  the  pottery  on  credit;  it  was  decided 
that  it  was  better  to  exchange  for  butter,  than  to  sell  on  credit.  If  the 
butter  is  taken  at  4%d,  or  at  most  5d,  it  can  be  sold  for  soap-making  if 
it  spoils  before  it  can  be  used  in  natura.  If  people  offer  it  for  4d  it 
shall  be  taken,  but  as  a  favor,  not  as  though  we  needed  it.  Word  of  this 
shall  be  sent  to  Bethabara. 

June  7.  (Auf.  Col.)  The  Single  Sisters  complain  that  the  sheep 
have  been  in  their  meadow  several  times,  and  have  eaten  the  best  grass. 
The  fence  is  bad,  and  shall  be  repaired. 

Br.  Stockburger  shall  be  spoken  with  concerning  his  dog,  which  has 
not  only  scattered  the  cattle,  but  has  attacked  people. 

July  10.  (Helf.  Con.)  It  was  remarked  that  Br.  Zillman  is  not 
careful  enough  in  his  duties  as  night-watchman,  for  recently  the  horses 
of  the  Single  Brethren  broke  into  Stockburger's  oat-field,  and  he  neither 
drove  them  out  nor  called  Stockburger ;  he  shall  be  spoken  with  about  it. 

July  12.  (Auf.  Col.)  Two  circulars  from  the  Congress  in  Phila- 
delphia have  come  addressed  to  Br.  Bagge.  The  one  calls  on  North 
Carolina  to  provide  herself  with  arms  and  ammunition,  as  it  is  high 
time  to  prepare  to  protect  freedom;  the  other  announces  that  Congress 
has  appointed  July  20th  as  a  Day  of  Prayer.  The  Aeltesten  Conferenz 
advises  that  the  circulars  be  allowed  to  lie  still  and  sleep.  We  sent  for 
Brn.  Bagge  and  Bonn,  to  hear  what  they  thought  about  it,  and  they 
also  thought  that  it  was  best  to  keep  quiet  in  the  matter.  Br..  Bonn 
suggested  that  in  view  of  the  critical  times  it  might  be  wise  for  Br. 
Wallis  to  take  charge  of  fifteen  or  twenty  pounds  of  powder,  as  one  could 
not  feel  sure  the  negroes  would  not  rise  in  rebellion,  and  in  that  case 
we  ought  to  have  a  supply.  This  suggestion  was  approved  by  the  Col- 
legium, and  Br.  Bagge  offered  to  leave  20  lbs.  of  powder  in  his  powder 
house,  and  take  the  rest  into  the  store,  giving  Br.  Wallis  the  powder- 
house  key. 

The  beat  of  the  night-watchman  was  again  considered.    He  shall 
go  from  the  Single  Brethren's  House  to  Herbst's  fence,  then  through 
25 


898  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


the  lane  and  by  Stockburger's  between  the  family  gardens  as  far  as 
Schnepf's,  then  by  way  of  George  Schmidt's,  on  the  King's  Boad  to  the 
tavern,  from  there  to  the  Gemein  Haus,  and  across  the  Square  to  the  be- 
ginning.2 

July  25.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  Tomorrow  morning  there  will  be  a  meeting  of 
a  committee  from  this  Conferenz,  and  certain  other  Brethren,  who  will 
consider  the  present  critical  circumstances,  and  advise  as  to  what  is 
best  to  do.  Their  discussions  and  decisions  will  be  kept  secret,  to  pre- 
vent a  restless  spirit  among  our  people,  though  we  will  neglect  nothing 
that  we  ought  to  think  about. 

Aug.  1.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  A  letter  has  come  to  Br.  Bagge  from  Mr.  Wil- 
liams, containing  an  Advertisement  calling  the  Freeholders  of  this 
County  to  meet  at  the  Court-House  on  the  11th  of  this  month,  for  the 
election  of  five  Delegates  to  the  Congress  to  be  held  in  Hillsborough. 
Erom  our  towns  no  one  shall  go  except  Br.  Bonn,  who  must  be  there  for 
Court. 

Aug.  7.  (Helf.  Con.)  Our  best  excuse  for  not  obeying  the  call  of 
the  Advertisement  to  the  election  of  five  Delegates  to  the  Congress  in 
Hillsbury  is  that  we  are  not  Freeholders. 

Aug.  9.  (Auf.  Col.)  The  small  amount  of  powder  which  we  are  re- 
serving for  our  own  defense  (should  that  be  necessary)  shall  be  hidden 
by  two  Brethren,  so  that  we  do  not  get  into  trouble  because  of  it.  The 
guns  which  are  in  town  should  also  not  hang  in  sight,  since  we  have 
conscientious  scruples  against  bearing  arms.  The  Brethren  who  have 
guns  in  their  houses  shall  be  asked  to  keep  them  hidden. 

Sept.  12.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  In  Friedland  it  is  now  wished  that  the  little 
boys  and  girls  attend  school  together. 

Sept.  13.  (Auf.  Col.)  It  was  announced  in  Congregation  Council 
that  standard  weights  and  measures  have  been  received  from  Penn- 
sylvania, and  all  who  use  the  like  can  now  test  them.  Br.  Meyer  was 
asked  why  he  had  not  done  so,  and  excused  himself  on  the  score  of  f  or- 
getfulness,  promising  to  attend  to  it  today.  He  was  further  asked 
what  measure  should  be  used  for  cider,  whether  beer  or  wine  measure  ? 
He  answered  that  nobody  in  this  country  knew  anything  about  beer 
measures ;  to  which  reply  was  made  that  that  did  not  matter,  but  what 
was  customary  in  other  lands  would  be  the  fairest  here,  and  our  credit 
must  not  suffer.  So  it  was  decided  that  hereafter  cider  should  be  sold 
according  to  beer  measure,  not  wine. 

2  On  a  modern  map  this  would  be:  From  Main  Street  west  on  Academy  to  Liberty,  north 
on  Liberty  almost  to  Shallowford,  east  to  Main,  south  on  Mam  to  midway  between 
West  and  Walnut,  north  on  Main,  east  on  West,  north  on  Church,  and  west  on  Academy 
Street  to  the  beginning. 


Kecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  899 

Sept.  27.  (Handwerks  Conferenz.)  Concerning  the  wages  of  day- 
laborers  it  was  decided  to  pay  2sh.  8d.  in  winter  and  3  sh,  in  summer, 
making  a  difference  between  the  longer  and  shorter  days.  It  was  de- 
cided that  each  journeyman  should  receive  16sh.  a  week.  It  was  also 
thought  that  the  master  mason  and  the  master  carpenter  should  receive 
4sh.  6d.  a  day  in  summer,  and  4  sh.  in  winter,  and,  this  would  also  apply 
to  the  master  joiner,  when  he  is  working  by  the  d,&y. 

Oct.  18.  Br.  Eeuter,  as  forester,  announced  that  he  thought  a  fair 
price  would  be  2  sh.  8d  a  cord  for  oak  wood,  and  3  sh..  a  cord  for  hickory. 
That  is  also  the  price  for  cutting  up  a  cord  in  the  town;  approved  by 
Conferenz. 

Oct.  18.  (Auf.  Col.)  Thirty-six  fire  buckets  are  needed  for  the  town. 
Br.  Herbst  was  appointed  to  see  Charles  Holder,  and  find  out  how  much 
leather  they  would  take,  and  what  it  would  cost. 

Oct.  25.  Br.  Herbst  reported  that  Charles  Holder  said  the  leather 
for  one  bucket  would  cost  6sh.  and  the  cost  of  making  would  be  6sh. 
if  made  in  ordinary  fashion,  but  8  sh.  if  they  were  made  as  they  ought 
to  be ;  so  the  cost  of  one  fire-bucket  would  be  12sh.  or  14sh.  not  including 
painting. 

Oct.  25.  (Congregation  Council)  The  price  of  meat,  from  cattle 
which  have  been  loose  in  the  woods,  shall  be: — beef,  2d.  per  pound, 
mutton,  2%d.  per  pound,  pork,  2]/2d.  per  pound.  A  gallon  of  brandy 
now  sells  for  4sh.  A  4d.  loaf  of  bread  weighs  3  lbs.  4oz.  at  present. 

Oct.  30.  (Helf.  Con.)  Br.  Bagge  is  appointed  Alms-giver  for  the 
wandering  poor  and  the  beggers;  he  shall  present  his  account  for  this, 
from  time  to  time,  to  Br.  Wallis. 

It  was  proposed  that  if  old  people  in  the  town  want  to  buy  candles 
from  Br.  Miksch  he  may  sell  them  for  lOd.  per  pound.  But  as  most 
persons  have  been  prepared,  from  the  beginning  of  Salem,  to  make  their 
own  candles  it  would  be  better  to  hold  the  price  at  lsh.  per  pound.  If 
Br.  Miksch  could  persuade  Br.  Bagge  to  send  candles  to  market  instead 
of  tallow  it  would  give  him  a  better  chance. 

Oct.  31.  (Aelt.  Conf.)  Br.  Fockel,  in  Bethabara,  has  been  offered 
some  of  the  new  paper  money.  He  refused  it,  not  knowing  what  it  was, 
but  it  dare  not  be  refused ;  our  Committee  will  meet  tomorrow  morning 
at  8  o'clock,  and  consider  what  is  best  to  be  done  in  the  matter. 

Br.  Fritz  yesterday  re-commenced  the  school  for  little  boys.  Br.  and 
Sr.  Bagge  have  taken  one  of  Melchoir  Schneider's  daughters,  from 
Friedland ;  she  can  attend  Sr.  Oesterlein's  school  for  one  hour  each  day. 

Nov.  8.  (Auf.  Col.)  It  is  time  to  re-commence  the  school  which 
we  are  accustomed  to  have  in  winter  in  the  Single  Brothers  House. 


900 


North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Nov.  22.  Br.  Heckewalder  will  begin  the  school  for  boys  in  the 
Brothers  House  next  Friday  evening,  and  will  hold  it  twice  a  week, 
Tuesday  and  Friday. 

Extract  from  Summary  in  Bethabara  Church  Booh,  1775. 

The  Indians  on  the  Ohio  made  peace  with  the  Indians  at  Pittsburg. 
One  chief  reason  that  the  Indians  were  willing  to  do  this  was  that  they, 
especially  the  Delawares,  had  heard  from  our  Brethren  the  word  of  God, 
which  enjoins  peace  with  every  man. 

Bethabara  Dairy,  1775. 
[Written  by  Rev.  Lorenz  Bagge.    Extracts  translated,] 

Jan  2.  Br.  Stach  has  been  ill,  but  today  was  able  to  again  begin 
the  school  for  boys. 

Jan.  9.  We  received  word  that  the  Indians  would  eat  dinner  in  Beth- 
abara, and  then  leave,  by  way  of  Bethania.  They  came  in  Col.  Hen- 
derson's company.  We  told  the  Colonel  that  we  would  like  to  talk 
with  him  and  with  the  Indians,  and  suggested  going  into  the  Gemein 
Saal,  to  which  he  assented.  In  the  Saal  the  organ  was  played,  which 
he  and  the  Indians  liked  very  much.  Then  we  told  Col.  Henderson  that 
we  would  like  to  have  the  question  put  to  the  Indians  whether  they 
wished  one  of  our  Brethren  to  come  to  them,  to  tell  them  of  their  Creator 
and  Saviour,  and  help  them  to  learn  to  know  Him  and  to  believe  on  Him  ? 
After  a  discussion  with  Col.  Henderson,  which  showed  that  he  was  not 
much  interested,  the  question  was  put  to  the  Indian  Chief,  Little  Carpen- 
ter, through  the  interpreter,  Mr.  Price,  and  the  answer  was  that  if  any 
one  would  come  and  teach  a  school  for  children  they  would  be  glad. 
They  were  quite  friendly,  especially  the  second  Indian,  who  is  a  cap- 
tain; the  Indian  woman  said  not  one  word,  did  not  even  give  a  pleasant 
smile,  which  is  the  usual  manner  of  the  Indian  women.  Leaving  the 
Saal  we  went  into  the  Tavern;  the  Colonel  was  cordial,  and  promised 
that  when  he  returned  in  August  or  September  he  would  talk  more 
with  us  as  to  what  he  had  done,  and  how  he  liked  it  there  among  the 
Indians. 

Jan.  13.  A  man  from  our  neighborhood,  who  left  Philadelphia,  Dec. 
26,  1774,  reported  that  store  goods  were  very  high  there ;  that  the  fleet 
lay  before  Boston;  that  troops  were  being  enlisted  in  Pennsylvania. 

Feb.  3.  A  large  company  of  people  passed  on  their  way  to  the  Indian 
country. 

Feb.  9.  The  man  who  is  going  to  make  the  mill-stones  came,  and  Br. 
Meinung  went  with  him  to  Br.  Kapp ;  they  agreed  as  to  terms  and  Br. 


Becords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  901 

Meinung  wrote  the  contract  for  them;  the  stones  are  to  be  finished  by 
the  middle  of  April,  and  are  to  cost  £17 :  6 : — .  It  rained  the  entire  day, 
but  in  spite  of  that  many  people  were  here,  as  in  recent  days ;  it  looks 
as  though  the  road  to  the  Indian  country  lay  through  Bethabara !  The 
tavern  and  the  store  attract  attention, — if  only  the  store  had  what 
the  people  want.  We  hear  that  Col.  Henderson  &  Company  will  prob- 
ably not  be  able  to  hold  their  land,  first  because  the  Indians  have  al- 
ready sold  it  twice,  secondly  because  Virginia  claims  it  by  right  of 
conquest,  and  besides  it  belongs  to  the  King. 

Feb.  11.  Threshing  is  finished.  Wheat  threshed  out  136  bushels, 
we  had  hoped  for  450  bushels.  Eye,  25  bu.,  we  had  hoped  for  240  bu. 
Barley,  100  bu.,  very  poor,  or  we  would  have  had  170  bu.  Oats  threshed 
out  140  bu.;  corn,  170  bu.,  buckwheat,  32  bu. 

Feb.  13.  A  beginning  was  made  in  breaking  hemp  and  flax.  Corn 
is  offered  for  sale,  daily,  at  2sh  2d.  per  bushel. 

March  10.  There  were  people  here  from  ~New  Kiver;  they  said  that 
our  Governor  has  issued  a  Proclamation  saying  that  whoever  bought 
land  from  Col.,  Henderson's  Company  would  be  fined  £8. 

March  27.  Col.  Armstrong  was  here ;  he  was  up  in  the  Indian  coun- 
try when  Mr.  Henderson  made  his  Treaty  with  the  Indians,  and  he  and 
other  gentlemen  who  have  recently  come  from  there  say  there  were 
about  1200  Indians  present. 

April  13.  The  Diener,  Dienerinnen,  and  the  players  on  wind  instru- 
ments, had  a  Lovefeast.  There  are  6  Diener,  5  Dienerinnen,  and  5 
musicians  of  whom  Stohr  and  Micke  are  also  Diener. 

April  18.  Jems  Klen  arrived  from  the  Assembly.  He  brought  for 
our  three  towns  a  copy  of  the  Governor's  letter  to  the  Assembly,  and 
the  answer  made  to  it.  From  the  reply  of  the  Assembly  to  the  Gov- 
ernor one  can  see  that  the  unrest  in  the  land  has  not  ceased. 

April  22.  Br.  Mis  Lund  came  to  fasten  the  locks  on  the  tavern 
doors.  The  sign  of  the  new  tavern,  a  star,  was  hung  out.  Br.  and  Sr. 
Schaub,  Jr.  moved  today  into  the  new  tavern. 

April  23.  As  Br.  Schaub  desired  a  formal  opening  of  his  new  house 
the  Arbeiter  took  dinner  there  today,  and  Br.  Graff  sang : 

Euren  Eingang  segne  Gott. 

May  ^.  The  home-going  of  Sr.  Mlson  was  at  once  announced  by  the 
musicians  with  the  French  horns. 

May  8.    Br.  Bonn  arrived ;  he  will  go  to  Court  tomorrow. 

May  9.    The  Brn.  Blum  and  Schaub  went  to  court  on  business. 


902  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


May  11.  The  Brn.  Blum  and  Schaub  went  to  Court  on  business,  tbe 
former  in  tbe  case  about  tbe  borse.  It  did  not  come  up,  but  they  say 
it  will  tomorrow. 

May  12.  Br.  Blum  returned  quite  late.  The  case  finally  came  be- 
fore the  Court;  it  was  not  tried  because  the  jury  could  not  be  gotten 
together  in  spite  of  all  the  efforts  put  forth.  It  was  conceded  by  most 
of  the  people  there,  who  knew  well  that  the  trouble  was  with  the  jury, 
that  we  had  won  the  case,  and  that  they  must  pay. 

May  20.  In  the  prayer  meeting  the  Brethren  and  Sisters  were  asked 
to  remember  the  land  in  their  petitions,  and  its  present  critical  con- 
dition ;  yet  they  should  beware  of  a  partisan  spirit,  and  remain  faithful 
subjects  to  those  in  authority. 

May  31.  The  Brn.  Kapp  and  Blum,  and  our  two  wagons,  went  today 
to  get  the  new  mill-stones,  which  are  some  forty  miles  from  here  on  the 
Hollow  Koad. 

June  19.  Two  families  coming  from  Pennsylvania  brought  a  package 
of  letters  for  Br.  Graff,  and  a  small  package  for  Br.  Lorenz.  They  said 
that  our  Brethren  on  their  way  to  Pennsylvania  had  had  three  or  four 
horses  stolen,  which  detained  them  three  days,  and  then  they  had  to  pay 
the  thief  $6.00  to  get  them  back. 

June  22.  A  man  from  Virginia,  who  called  himself  Capt.  Robert,  and 
who  lives  in  Pittsylvania,  had  a  quantity  of  counterfeit  money,  which 
he  showed  in  the  tavern. 

Mr.  Lanier  and  his  Ady,  whom  he  married  in  Orange,  came  on  their 
way  home ;  and  at  their  request  they  were  shown  around  the  village  by 
Br.  Fockel. 

June  2Jh  We  hear  that  yesterday  Jems  Klen  and  Lanier  were  elected 
Assembly-men. 

June  25.  Sr.  Aust  came  this  morning  and  lamented  with  sorrow  and 
tears  that  yesterday,  as  her  husband  was  going  for  the  cows,  he  was 
beaten  by  a  drunken  man,  so  that  he  could  scarcely  get  the  cows  home, 
and  at  first  could  hardly  speak ;  the  Brethren  soon  found  that  it  was 
probably  Vollier.  In  the  afternoon  two  of  the  Brethren  went  to  Aust's 
to  learn  all  the  circumstances,  which  he  was  able  himself  to  tell  them : — 
he  had  been  near  Holder's  fence  when  the  man  got  off  his  horse  and 
seized  him  by  the  throat  and  accused  him  of  many  things,  and  when 
Aust  did  not  understand  him  he  went  with  him  to  Heinrich  Schmidt's, 
where  he  again  took  him  by  the  throat,  and  gave  him  several  blows  on 
the  back,  which  were  still  very  painful. 

July  3.  The  Taxables  were  reminded  that  they  should  give  in  their 
taxes  to  Br.  Fockel,  who  would  give  a  list  of  them  to  Br.  Bonn  for  the 
Court. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  903 

July  11.  Philip  Vogler,  of  Friedland,  brought  his  Elizabeth,  a  child 
of  five  years,  to  Br.  and  Sr.  Micke ;  she  comes  as  child-nurse,  and  will  be 
for  a  time  on  trial. 

July  18.  Last  night  wolves  came  into  the  orchard  and  killed  and  ate 
two  lambs  and  one  grown  sheep.  We  hear  that  on  the  Town  Fork  and 
at  Shallow  Ford  there  are  Advertisements  calling  for  a  Day  of  Fasting 
and  Prayer;  they  asked  whether  we  knew  anything  about  it,  and  Br. 
Fockel  told  them  he  had  heard  nothing  of  it.  Mr.  Lanier  had  received 
the  Circular  and  had  posted  the  Advertisements. 

July  21.  Mr.  Benner  came  to  see  Br.  Aust  and  arrange  the  affair  of 
his  recent  beating;  Br.  Aust  agreed  to  accept  something  over  40sh. 
Either  Mr.  Benner  is  a  partner  of  the  man  who  is  trying  to  make  it 
good,  or  he  has  been  promised  money  for  so  doing. 

July  22.  Two  men  from  Maryland  visited  here,  Mr.  Padget  and 
Thami  Pitikard  [Tommy  Pettycoard], 

July  27.  Our  Committee  met,  chiefly  to  discuss  present  conditions. 
The  conclusions  of  the  Salem  Committee  were  reported  to  them  and 
were  approved. 

July  28.  A  wagon  came  from  Cross  Creek  with  several  bushels  of 
salt.  The  first  oats  were  brought  in  and  were  accepted  in  payment  on 
a  debt,  at  3sh.  per  bushel. 

July  29.  Our  neighbors  on  the  Town  Fork  had  a  meeting  today  to 
consider  what  they  should  do  under  present  circumstances.  Not  many 
persons  came.  It  was  agreed  that  if  the  Law  ceased  to  function,  they 
would  elect  several  men  to>  act  as  Justices. 

July  30.  Mr.  Laneer  and  Mr.  Williams,  and  their  wives,  spent  the 
night  here.  An  Advertisement  was  posted,  announcing  that  at  the  next 
Court  five  men  will  be  elected  from  this  County,  to  go  to  the  Congress  at 
Hillsburg;  that  means  the  beginning  of  another  disturbed  time  here, 
and  probably  means  a  Committee  for  this  County. 

Aug.  5.  A  man  from  Virginia  had  an  extract  from  a  letter  written 
in  Boston;  it  said  that  there  had  been  another  battle,  and  that  the  Gen- 
eral on  the  Boston  side  was  wounded.  Who  else  were  wounded  and 
killed  on  both  sides  was  not  stated.  There  were  several  men  from  the 
Town  Fork  in  our  tavern  over  night ;  people  are  becoming  excited,  and 
it  is  always  the  worst  men  from  our  neighborhood  who  are  most  restless. 

Aug.  7.  An  unusual  number  of  people  passed  through  on  their  way 
to  Court. 

Aug.  8.  The  Brn.  Bonn,  Meyer,  and  George  Bibighaus  came  from 
Salem. 


904  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Aug.  9.  Br.  Blum  went  with  them  to  Court,  to  take  part  in  the  case 
concerning  the  horse  that  was  ridden  to  death.  Lawyer  Martin  wanted 
to  try  the  case  at  once,  but  the  other  lawyer,  Dun,  was  not  there,  and 
Mr.  Hemden  [Hampton?]  refused  to  let  it  be  tried.  The  Brethren  re- 
ported that  the  Court  was  orderly. 

Aug.  11.  Br.  Triebel  came  from  Salem  bringing  letters  which  Br. 
Heinzmann  brought  from  Pennsylvania  by  way  of  Charlestown. 

From  the  election  of  Delegates  in  this  County  we  hear  that  all  was 
orderly  and  peaceful.  Concerning  us  they  resolved  that  we  should  our- 
selves elect  one  of  our  members  to  the  Provincial  Congress,  who  could 
so  hear  what  was  being  done,  but  if  we  did  not  wish  to  do  so  it  would  be 
all  right ;  they  would  like  to  have  Br.  Bagge  with  them  in  the  Congress. 

Aug.  12.  A  number  of  persons  were  here  returning  from  Court.  They 
brought  many  items  of  news  which  are  scarcely  to  be  believed. 

Aug.  13.  A  letter  came  to  Br.  Blum,  written  to  him,  Br.  Bagge,  and 
George  Hauser,  by  the  Delegates  from  this  County.  It  was  sent  to 
Salem,  to  Br.  Bagge,  by  the  first  opportunity. 

Aug.  l.!f.  The  Brethren  of  our  Committee  met.  Br.  Graff  laid  be- 
fore them  the  contents  of  the  letter  from  the  Delegates,  and  asked  their 
opinion;  the  matter  will  be  considered  by  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz  and 
the  Salem  Committee. 

Aug.  17.  Mr.  Lineer  and  Mr.  Williams  came  through  on  their  way 
to  the  Provincial  Congress  in  Hillsburg.  They  asked  no  questions,  and 
were  very  friendly.  From  Br.  Fockel  they  secured  something  over 
twenty  buck-tails,  which  they  took  with  them;  they  were  wearing  buck- 
tails  in  their  own  hats,  which  shows  they  are  for  freedom. 

Aug.  21.  The  Brn.  Bagge  and  Bonn  were  here  from  Salem  on  busi- 
ness. Our  Committee  met,  and  discussed  the  decisions  of  the  Salem 
Committee,  concerning  present  conditions ;  the  chief  point  was  that  the 
three  Brethren  who  were  called  to  become  members  of  the  County  Com- 
mittee should  make  their  own  answer  to  the  letter.  Brn.,  Bagge  and 
Blum  say  they  have  no  desire  to  serve  on  it,  and  that  they  do  not  think 
it  would  be  suitable  for  a  Brother  to  do  so. 

Aug.  25.  Capt.  Armstrong  came  from  Hillsburg,  and  brought  a 
letter  to  Br.  Bagge  from  Mr.  Williams.  We  hear  that  in  Congress  all 
are  anxious  for  peace,  and  are  seeking  to  reconcile  the  various  parties. 

Aug.  28.  A  delegation  was  here  from  the  County  Committee,  to 
meet  the  Brn.  Bagge  and  Blum.  At  first  they  were  not  satisfied  with  the 
answer  of  the  Brethren,  as  it  was  too  short,  but  when  all  their  ques- 
tions had  been  answered  they  were  well  content.  Their  chief  concern 
was  whether  we  would  help  pay  a  levy  which  might  be  made  for  the 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


905 


good  of  the  land;  the  answer  was  that  if  such  a  levy  was  made  we 
would  do  our  share,  as  others  did.  In  the  second  place  they  wanted 
powder  and  lead ;  we  cannot  furnish  the  powder  but  they  were  promised 
150  lbs.  of  lead;  they  say  they  want  it  for  use  against  the  Indians  if 
they  make  an  attack  on  the  Colony,  of  which  there  is  much  talk  at 
present. 

Aug.  29.  Mr.  Williams  came  from  the  Congress  at  Hillsburg.  He 
told  many  things  which  we  are  not  prepared  to  believe,  but  it  is  evi- 
dent that  not  much  has  been  decided,  it  appears  that  men  are  waiting 
for  the  answer  to  the  Petition  which  the  Congress  in  Philadelphia  sent 
to  the  King. 

Sept.  6.  Br.  and  Sr.  Kastner  were  both  sick.  She  had  such  a  hem- 
morhage  from  the  nose  that  it  was  necessary  to  bleed  her.  The  flow 
was  checked  for  several  hours,  then  began  again,  and  worse  than  before. 

Sept.  7.  Sr.  Kastner's  nasal  hemmorhage  still  continues,  so  Br.  Bonn 
was  sent  for,  and  a  messenger  was  sent  to  her  parents,  as  she  wanted 
her  mother  to  come  to  her.  Srs.  Rank  and  Bagge  watched  by  her 
last  night.  We  also  sent  to  Bethania  for  the  stone  which  is  said  to  be 
good  for  stopping  bleeding,  and  it  helped.  Sr.  Spach  reached  the  mill 
in  the  evening.   Br.  Kastner  was  so  ill  that  he  could  not  get  out  of  bed. 

Sept.  12.  Mr.  Williams  again  came  from  the  Congress  at  Hillsburg. 
He  had  much  to  say  about  what  they  had  done,  but  it  was  only  what 
was  in  the  newspapers  a  couple  of  months  ago,  that  is  the  premiums  on 
manufactured  goods. 

Sept.  15.  Br.  Johannes  Rank  came  this  morning  and  reported  that 
last  night  his  chestnut  mare  and  a  saddle  were  stolen  from  the  stable; 
this  is  a  great  inconvenience  and  loss  for  our  poor  Brother.  The  pre- 
ceding night  butter,  eggs,  bacon,  a  cane,  and  a  water  jug,  were  stolen 
from  his  house;  food  has  also  been  stolen  at  Kastner's,  Schaub's,  and 
Johannes  Krause's. 

Sept.  17.  Col.  Martin  has  written  to  Capt.  John  Armstrong,  in- 
structing him  to  enlist  soldiers  and  march  them  to  Salisbury. 

Sept.  18.  Br.  and  Sr.  Kastner  had  many  visitors  yesterday  and 
today;  they  are  beginning  to  improve.  Today  hop-picking  began,  and 
the  flax  was  spread  out. 

Sept.  26.  A  man  from  the  north  had  a  newspaper  of  Sept.  6th,  from 
which  we  see  that,  at  the  order  of  Congress,  the  ~New  Yorkers  had 
themselves  taken  away  the  cannon;  secondly,  that  the  troops  had 
marched  away  from  Boston;  but  on  the  other  hand  the  English  have 
placed  men-of-war  in  all  harbors,  so  that  no  other  nation  can  trade  with 
America. 


906  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Sept.  28.  Another  man  from  Pennsylvania  was  here.  He  brought  no 
letters  but  could  not  say  enough  about  the  feeling  of  the  Pennsylvanians 
against  the  English,  and  all  the  Indian  Nations  wish  to  help  them.  He 
also  said  that  in  Philadelphia  coffee,  sugar  and  rum  are  unusually 
cheap,  coffee  is  lOd  a  pound,  "West  India  Bum  is  3sh.  a  gallon,  etc. 

Oct.  3.  We  hear  that  the  troops  have  marched  from  the  Atkin  to 
Salisbury. 

Oct.  Jf.  Some1  of  the  Provincial  soldiers  were  here,  and  in  the  after- 
noon Col.  Martin  came  with  several  others.  He  wanted  certain  things 
from  the  store,  but  there  was  not  much  here,  so  he  went  to  Salem, 
hoping  to  get  them  there. 

Oct.  5.  Last  night  our  new  tavern  had  a  narrow  escape.  A  fire- 
brand rolled  out  into  the  living  room  and  burned  a  hole  in  the  floor. 
Br.  Schaub  dreamed  of  fire,  and  when  he  woke  there  really  was  the 
hole  in  the  floor,  and  had  he  not  awakened  the  whole  room  might  have 
burned.  This  shows  how  necessary  it  is  to  have  fire-dogs  in  the  fire- 
places, and  to  be  as  careful  as  possible. 

Oct.  15.  Yesterday,  while  out  grape-hunting,  Br.  Lorenz  lost  his 
watch.    Two  Brethren  went  to  look  for  it  but  did  not  find  it. 

Oct.  16.  Today  Brethren  went  out  across  the  three-acre  field  and  up 
the  Johanna,  gathering  grapes  for  community  use.  Br.  Lorenz  went 
along  to  look  for  his  watch,  and  found  it  hanging  on  a  dry  root. 

Oct.  17.  People  came  from  Hillsburg  driving  150  head  of  cattle  to 
the  new  land,  as  there  a,  cow  can  be  sold  for  £6.  Many  cattle  have  al- 
ready been  taken  there, — a  new  line  of  trade. 

Oct.  18.  The  general  Muster  set  for  these  days  in  Kichmond-town, 
amounted  to  nothing,  for  only  the  officers  went. 

Oct.  23.  A  drove  of  cattle,  belonging  to  Col.  Henderson,  passed 
through  on  the  way  to  Lewicy. 

Oct,  30.  Today  some  of  the  new  money  was  offered  in  our  store, — 
a  $10.00  bill,  or  £4.  Br.  Fockel  did  not  recognize  it,  and  refused  to 
take  it. 

Oct.  31.  A  man  who  owed  the  tavern  came  and  tendered  a  $1.00 
bill  of  the  new  money. 

Nov.  1.  Many  travelers  again  passed  through  the  town,  it  is  said 
that  all  roads  are  full  of  people  going  to  the  Indian  land.  No  new 
money  came  today. 

Nov.  If.  Toward  evening  there  came  a  company  of  20  men,  all  armed 
with  guns,  going  with  Col.  Henderson  to  Lewicy.  Later  he  himself 
arrived  with  more  men, — they  went  on  to  Bethania. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


907 


Nov.  6.  Much  of  the  new  money  came  into  the  town  today.  Mr. 
Linshy  brought  some  into  the  store  to  pay  his  debt,  and  in  the  still- 
house  he  bought  brandy  for  a  $10.00.  He  became  quite  wild  and  posi- 
tive over  the  reluctance  to  accept  this  money,  but  finally  said  that 
Br.  Foekel  was  quite  right,  and  promised  to  send  us  the  Kesolution  con- 
cerning this  money. 

Nov.  9.  Toward  evening  Mr.  Hill  and  Mr.  Grebeinem  [Gray  By- 
num?]  came  to  our  tavern,  the  former  a  strict  Boston  man  and  the 
latter  a  Royalist.  They  spent  the  evening  disputing  about  present  con- 
ditions. The  latter  said,  in  the  presence  of  Mr.  Hill,  that  we  ought 
not  to  accept  the  new  money,  for  it  would  come  to  us  because  we  had  the 
trade  of  the  country.  Br.  Foekel  had  told  him  so.  The  former  said  that 
the  Moravians  said  nothing,  but  were  friendly  and  polite  to  both  sides, 
that  being  to  their  best  interest,  that  is  they  held  with  both  parties, 
however  he  only  said  this  to  Br.  Schaub.  He  was  answered :  "If  Mr. 
Hill  expresses  his  opinion  concerning  the  present  circumstances  it  is 
only  said  'Mr.  Hill  says  so  and  so';  but  if  one  of  us  said  anything  at 
once  it  was  reported  'the  Moravians  say  thus  and  so';  and  so  we  say 
nothing  about  the  matter!"  Mr.  Hill  had  with  him  the  Journal  of  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Provincial  Congress,  of  North  Carolina,  Held  at 
Hillsborough  on  the  20th  Day  of  August,  1775,  and  we  borrowed  it  long 
enough  to  read  a  little.  We  finally  asked  him  to  sell  it  to  us,  he  would 
not  do  this,  but  agreed  to  leave  it  with  us  for  a  few  days. 

Nov.  1J/-.  ~N"ew  money  was  brought  into  our  store,  but  was  politely 
declined,  on  the  ground  that  the  bill  was  large  and  we  could  not  change 
it. 

Nov.  15.  Br.  Blum  went  to  Court,  with  Brn.  Bonn  and  Heinzmann. 
All  was  quiet  at  Court ;  there  were  not  many  people  there. 

Nov.  22.  The  Sisters  finished  hackling  flax  ;<  they  have  60  lbs.  clean 
flax. 

Dec.  1.  Br.  Heckewalder  brought  a  letter  from  Br.  Bagge,  from 
which  we  see  that  Royalist  troops  have  probably  landed  in  this  Province. 
From  our  hearts  we  wish  there  could  be  peace! 

Dec.  2.  Sr.  Spoenhauer  was  brought  from  Bethania  to  Sr.  Foekel, 
whose  little  daughter  was  born  about  eleven  o'clock  in  the  morning. 

Dec.  3±.  This  morning  between  three  and  four  o'clock  a  little  daugh- 
ter was  born  to  Dorrel  Stohr.  Sr.  Spoenhauer  went  home  in  the  after- 
noon; we  were  very  grateful  for  her  service  among  us. 

Dec.  5.  Yesterday  and  today  many  have  been  here,  with  differing 
feelings  as  to  present  conditions.  Mr.  Hill  was  also  here,  and  seemed 
much  concerned  as  to  what  might  happen;  he  has  been  very  active  in 
the  matter,  4and  said  he  would  keep  out  of  sight. 


908  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Dec.  6.  There  were  very  many  travelers  here,  from  Pennsylvania, 
Maryland  and  Virginia.    The  community  killed  hogs. 

Dec.  10.  At  three  o'clock  in  the  morning  Br.  Richter  and  Samuel 
arrived  with  the  wagon  from  Cross  Creek.  Trade  there  was  not  as  it 
was  four  weeks  ago,  they  paid  less  for  what  they  bought;  salt  was 
scarcer,  they  got  only  25  bushels. 

Dec.  11.  The  large  meadow  is  under  water,  it  has  hardly  been  so 
high  all  summer.  From  the  mill  we  heard  that  a  hole  had  been  broken 
through,  and;  a  large  stream  of  water  was  running  under  the  founda- 
tion; preparations  were  at  once  made  to  strengthen  the  mill. 

Dec.  15.    Many  people  were  here  on  business,  especially  to  buy  salt. 

Dec.  18.  Unusually  many  people  were  here  on  business,  especially 
to  buy  salt,  which  is  now  all  gone, 

Dec.  20.  Much  corn  was  bought  at  20d  a  bushel.  There  was  much 
complaining  because  people  could  not  get  salt. 

Dec.  28.  The  stormy  weather  continued,  and  snow  fell  l1/^  ft.  deep. 
In  spite  of  this  many  came  to  sell  corn,  taking  other  things  in  exchange. 

Dec.  26.  The  communicants  met  in  Congregation  Council.  *  *  * 
Then  they  were  reminded  to  be  very  careful  of  their  speech  in  these 
critical  times,  and  not  to  join  in  partisan  discussions,  as  there  are  many 
people  who  go  around  and  hear  and  then  repeat  what  we  think  or  say. 

[The  last  pages  of  the  Diary  are  badly  torn,  and  cannot  be  read  in 
full.  On  Dec.  28th  a  man  arrived,  and  reported  a  battle  in  which  500 
Loyalists  were  defeated  by  3000  of  the  other  party,  who  captured  a  fort, 
and  the  Loyalists  who  were  not  taken  prisoner  fled  to  the  Mountains. 
The  location  of  the  fort  was  evidently  on  the  part  of  the  page  which  is 
missing. 

On  Dec.  30th  the  water  was  again  very  high,  and  did  much  damage 
to  fences.] 

Bethania  Diary,  1775. 
[Written  by  Rev.  John  Jacob  Ernst.    Extracts  translated.] 

J  an.  9.  "We  received  word  that  Col.  Henderson,  with  six  wagons,  an 
Indian  Chief,  another  Indian,  and  an  Indian  woman,  were  on  their 
way  here.  We  went  to  meet  them,  and  met  them  not  far  beyond  Bear 
Creek;  Mr.  Henderson  liked  the  attention,  and  was  very  friendly. 
After  they  had  rested  for  a  short  while  in  the  tavern  we  invited  him, 
the  Indians,  and  the  interpreter,  into  the  Gemein  Saal  to  see  the  organ. 
Wilhelm  Grabs  played  for  them,  and  Col.  Henderson  and  the  Indians 
were  equally  surprised. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  IsTorth  Carolina  909 

Jan.  26.  During  these  days  very  many  people  have  passed  on  horse- 
hack  and  in  carts  going  to  the  land  certain  gentlemen  have  purchased 
from  the  Cherokees. 

Feb.  IJf.    Br.  Bonn  came  from  Court  and  spent  the  night  here. 

March  16.  The  Liturgy  could  not  be  held  on  account  of  stormy 
weather,  for  the  tiles  falling  from  the  roof  of  the  Gemein  Haus  made 
it  dangerous  to  enter.    The  wind  also  blew  down  several  fences. 

May  16.  Christian  Conrad  returned  from  Pennsylvania  bringing 
several  packages,1  which  will  be  sent  to  Bethabara  tomorrow. 

May  18.  The  Brethren  began  to  cover  the  walls  of  the  Gemein  Haus 
with  clapboards. 

June  23.  Several  Brethren  from  the  upper  town2  rode  to  Richmond- 
town  to  the  election  of  Assembly-men;  we  heard  later  that  Linier  and 
James  Clean  received  the  majority  vote. 

June  26.  In  this  and  the  following  day  all  took  part  in  harvesting. 
Fewer  outsiders  were  employed  than  usually,  but  in  spite  of  this  things 
went  disorderly  enough  with  the  young  people  of  the  upper  town,  and 
the  worst  of  it  was  that  one  knew  it  was  done  with  the  knowledge  and 
consent  of  their  parents. 

July  7.  In  the  speaking  preparatory  to  the  Communion  several 
Brethren  and  Sisters  expressed  their  disapproval  of  the  recent  disorder 
among  the  young  people  of  the  upper  town,  in  that  they  worked  in 
couples  in  cutting  the  grain,  but  the  parents  of  the  young  people  could 
see  no  harm  in  it. 

July  8.    We  heard  that  S  ,  whose  turn  it  was,  was  not  minded  to 

bake  the  buns  for  the  Lovefeast,  and  as  no  one  else  could  or  would  take 
it  in  hand  my  wife  and  I  decided  to  give  a  Lovefeast  to  the  other 
Communicant  members.  It  consisted  only  of  bread,  salt,  and  a  mug  of 
tea,  but  the  Saviour  was  present  in  our  midst,  and  we  felt  comforted 
as  we  looked  on  the  unusually  small  number  present.  Several  members 
said  afterwards  that  for  a  long  time  they  had  not  had  so  sweet  a  Love- 
feast, and  it  was  dearer  to  them  than  if  they  had  had  the  best  of  cake. 

Aug.  11.  Br.  Spoenhauer,  Sr.  asked  me  whether  I  did  not  think  it 
would  be  well  for  several  from  here  to  go  to  the  Election,  as  he  feared  it 
would  not  be  liked  if  we  kept  so  very  still.  I  answered  that  we  could 
keep  still  until  a  question  came  to  us  from  the  right  place,3  we  were 

1  They  contained  the  tidings  of  the  Battle  of  Lexington,  etc.     See  Salem  Diary,  May  17th. 

2  Those  refugees  at  the  Bethabara  mill,   (during  the  Indian  troubles  of  1759,)   who  helped 

to  found  Bethania,  settled  in  the  upper  town,  that  is  higher  on  the  slope  of  the  hill. 
The  Moravians  from  Bethabara  who  joined  with  them  in  the  establishment  of  Bethania 
built  in  the  lower  part  of  the  town.  It  was  quite  natural  that  the  opinions  of  those 
in  the  upper  town  should  sometimes  differ  from  those  of  the  lower  town,  their  training 
and  traditions  being  different. 

3  That  is,  from  someone  in  authority. 


910  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


not  obligated  to  go;  but  if  he  and  others  wished  to  attend,  more  as  ob- 
servers than  as  if  they  had  anything  to  do  there,  I  would  not  object, 
for  no  one  would  be  there  from  Salem  or  Bethabara.  It  appeared  that 
he  no  longer  cared  to  go.  However,  in  the  afternoon  six  decided  to 
attend;  and  returned,  in  the  evening,  wet  through. 

Aug.  14.  Br.  Michael  Hauser  asked  whether  he,  his  wife,  Michael 
and  Anna  Margaretha,  might  go  to  Heinrich  Hauser's  wedding  festivi- 
ties?   It  was  permitted  him  and  his  wife,  but  not  the  children. 

Aug.  28.  George  Hauser,  Kettner,  Johann  Miiller,4  and  Heinrich 
Blum,  the  last  two  from  Salem,  left  for  Pennsylvania. 

Sept.  2.  Toward  evening  some  of  our  neighbors,  who  had  been  to 
Muster,  passed  with  flag,  trumpets  and  fife. 

Sept.  16.  John  Armstrong  rode  through  with  the  news  that  he  was 
ordered  to  enlist  fifty  men  for  the  service  of  this  County. 

Sept.  20.  We  heard  that  Heinrich  Beroth  and  his  wife,  from  Salis- 
bury, had  come  to  his  brother  here;  they  left  again  at  noon  next  day. 

Nov.  3.  George  Hauser  returned  today  from  Pennsylvania.  Kett- 
ner's  wagon  will  come  tomorrow. 

Nov.  -4-  The  evening  service  was  attended  by  many  visitors,  among 
them  certain  gentlemen  who  are  going  to  the  new  land;  they  were  all 
quiet  and  orderly. 

Nov.  5.  Br.  Fockel  came  early  this  morning  to  speak  with  Col. 
Henderson,  who  arrived  late  last  evening.  However,  the  caravan  had 
set  out  for  the  new  land  about  8  o'clock. 

Nov.  11.  We  went  to  call  on  Br.  and  Sr.  Martin  Hauser,  and  by 
chance  met  his  tenant,  David  Ulmer,  and  his  wife,  near  his  fence;  they 
welcomed  us  in  friendly  fashion,  and  invited  us  to  visit  them  in  their 
little  house. 

Dec.  6.  Several  German  families  arrived  from  South  Carolina. 
They  said  people  there  were  not  only  divided  in  sentiment,  but  had 
taken  up  arms  against  each  other,  and  various  persons  had  been  killed; 
and  as  efforts  were  being  made  to  force  them  to  take  part  they  had 
fled,  and  were  on  their  way  to  the  new  land. 

Dec.  12.  Br.  Ranke,  Heinrich  Spoenhauer  and  Michael  Hauser, 
with  their  three  wagons,  returned  from  Cross  Creek,  bringing  salt.  Br. 
Ranke  could  get  only  10  bushels,  for  he  did  not  have  much  cash,  and 
he  had  to  take  other  goods  in  barter  for  his  wheat  and  flax. 

Dec.  27.  A  party  of  gentlemen,  who  passed  through  with  Col.  Hen- 
derson on  the  5th  of  last  month,  rode  by  this  morning. 

4  Son  of  Joseph  Miiller  of  the   Spangenberg  surveying  party  of   1752.     He  and  Blum 
remained  north. 


Eecokds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  911 


Dec.  28.  This  week  and  last  many  people  came  from  one  hundred 
and  more  miles  away  to  buy  salt;  it  gave  out,  so  we  were  not  able  to 
supply  the  later  comers  as  we  wished.    Some  went  away  weeping. 

Friedberg  Diary,  1775. 

[The  Diary  of  Eev.  Ludolph  Bachhof,  more  than  any  other  of  this 
period,  shows  the  Pastor  at  work  among  his  people.  He  and  his  wife 
made  frequent  visits  to  the  homes  of  the  Friedberg  settlers,  and  numer- 
ous conversations  are  recorded,  in  which  they  told  him  of  their  hopes 
and  fears,  their  trials  and  perplexities,  material  and  spiritual,  and  he 
pointed  them  to  the  Saviour  as  their  unfailing  hope  and  help.  His 
never-ceasing  concern  for  their  spiritual  welfare  had  its  effect,  and  by 
the  close  of  the  year  several  had  been  admitted  into  the  Society  and 
Congregation,  and  others  were  seriously  considering  the  step. 

Two  young  men,  who  left  Salem  during  this  year,  stopped  in  the 
Friedberg  neighborhood,  and  found  that  the  freedom  from  supervision 
which  they  had  sought  was  by  no  means  the  joyful  condition  they  had 
expected.  Moller  went  through  deep  waters  of  hard  times,  regret,  and 
sickness,  coming  now  and  again  to  Bachhof  for  advice,  comfort,  and  a 
good  word  with  the  authorities  at  Salem,  and  finally  received  permis- 
sion to  return  to  Salem  on  trial.  Weiss  was  less  confidential,  and  was 
more  successful  at  finding  work,  (he  was  a  weaver  and  dyer,)  but  he 
also  was  not  happy,  and  at  the  close  of  the  year  was  planning  to  go  to 
his  Pennsylvania  home  in  the  spring. 

The  glimpses  of  the  school  are  pleasing.  It  was  well  attended,  and 
often  when  the  lessons  in  spelling,  reading  and  writing  were  finished 
Bachhof  taught  the  children  Bible  verses,  and  hymns;  taught  them  to 
sing  the  hymns,  so  that  he  often  heard  them  singing  together  when  he 
was  not  by;  told  them  Bible  stories  and  showed  them  the  few  Bible 
pictures  he  possessed;  and  made  a  special  event  of  each  birthday  which 
occurred  among  the  little  scholars. 

Of  events  in  the  outside  world  there  is  very  little  recorded.  In  the 
few  paragraphs  now  to  be  translated  the  publication  of  the  Banns  is 
given,  because  when  the  marriage  was  performed  by  a  Justice  of  the 
Peace  after  publication  of  the  Banns  there  is  no  other  record  of  the 
marriage  than  that  in  these  Diaries.  To  these  are  added  the  very  few 
items  given  which  are  of  general  interest.] 

Jan.  3.  I  was  in  Salem,  and  returned  to  Br.  Graff  several  copies  of 
Gemein  ISTachrichten,  and  received  others ;  I  also  took  three  Text  Books, 
and  the  third,  fourth  and  fifth  parts  of  the  Life  of  Count  Zinzendorf. 
Also  paid  him  2sh.  8d.  which  Br.  Martin  Ebert  had  collected  for  the 
Widows  Fund,  for  the  term  ending  last  November.    After  dinner  I  at- 


912  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


tended  the  Conferenz.  When  that  was  over  Br.  Heinzman  gave  me  a 
letter  addressed  to  Mr.  Robert  Cochran,  merchant  at  Cross  Creek,  which 
he  wished  me  to  send  through  Henry  Miiller. 

/ an.  J/-.  As  Henry  Miiller  passed  our  house  I  gave  him  the  letter,  his 
brother  Michael  being  with  him. 

My  wife  visited  Br.  and  Sr.  Ebert,  and  reported  to  them  that  their 
son  Martin,  and  any  other  of  our  young  people  who  wished  to  marry, 
but  were  not  Communicant  members  of  the  Church,  would  be  obliged  to 
have  the  service  performed  by  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  [not  by  a  Mora- 
vian minister].  This  was  a  hard  blow  to  them,  and  they  were  much 
perplexed  thereby. 

Jan.  22.  Young  Martin  Ebert  came  to  me,  and  told  me  of  his  plans, 
and  asked  if  I  had  any  objections  to  his  marrying  Br.  George  Hart- 
mann's  daughter,  Hanna.  I  said  that  if  his  parents  were  willing,  and  if 
Br.  and  Sr.  Ebert  were  willing  to  give  their  daughter  to  him,  I  had 
nothing  to  say  against  it.  He  said  his  parents  were  content.  I  told 
him  to  ask  his  parents  to  come  to  me  tomorrow  evening. 

Jan.  23.  At  the  appointed  time  Br.  and  Sr.  Ebert  came,  and  having 
given  their  full  consent  to  the  marriage  I  told  them  that  I  would  send 
for  Br.  and  Sr.  Hartmann,  and  that  Martin  should  meet  them  here 
tomorrow  evening,  and  ask  them  for  their  daughter.  This  took  place 
Jan.  2J/-th,  and 

Jan.  25,  young  Martin  Ebert  and  Hanna  Hartmann  were  betrothed, 
in  the  School-House,  in  the  presence  of  their  parents. 

Jan.  29.  Sunday.  The  betrothal  of  young  Martin  Ebert  and  Hanna 
Hartmann  was  announced  for  the  first  time. 

Feb.  5.  Sunday.  After  the  preaching  the  betrothal  of  young  Martin 
Ebert  and  Hanna  Hartmann  was  announced  for  the  2nd  and  3rd  times. 

Feb.  19.  The  single  man,  George  Heb,  who  has  been  working  for  a 
year  for  Christian  Erey,  and  has  often  attended  our  public  services, 
brought  me  a  certificate  of  betrothal  from  the  elder  Jacoby,  to  whose 
daughter  he  is  engaged,  and  asked  me  to  announce  the  betrothal  after 
preaching  on  several  Sundays.  I  asked  him  why  he  did  not  have  the 
announcement  made  by  a  Lutheran  minister;  he  said  there  was  none 
there,  and  a  License  was  too  expensive.  I  hesitated,  then  told  him  it 
could  not  be  done  before  Easter,  as  the  Passion  season  began  next 
Sunday.    He  said  he  had  not  thought  of  that,  and  took  a  friendly  leave. 

Young  Martin  Ebert  came  for  the  certificate  of  the  publication  of  his 
intentions,  and  I  gave  him  a  little  present. 

Feb.  21.  At  Br.  Ebert's  home,  young  Martin  Ebert  was  married  to 
Hanna  Hartmann  by  Br.  Bonn,  Justice  of  the  Peace. 


Eecokds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


913 


March  16.  There  was  a  terrible  wind  storm,  and  half  the  roof  was 
blown  off  the  School-House,  the  fences  around  the  garden  and  God's 
Acre  were  ruined,  and  nearly  all  the  small  houses  on  the  place  were  un- 
roofed. Shingles  were  scattered  in  the  garden,  the  yard,  and  in  the 
woods  for  half  a  mile  around.  It  happened  all  in  a  minute,  probably 
through  a  cyclone,  and  on  account  of  the  terrible  roaring  we  in  the 
room  could  not  tell  what  was  happening  to  the  house.  Some  of  the 
windows  were  blown  in,  and  seeing  that  the  children  were  frightened 
I  began  to  sing  : 

As  little  birds,  all  safe  and  snug, 

In  hollow  trees  will  hide  them, 
When  dangers  show,  and  storm-winds  blow 

And  men  and  cattle  frighten, 
So  the  Lord  Christ  my  Refuge  is, 
etc. 

And  after  talking  to  them  a  little  while  of  the  love  of  the  Saviour  for 
children,  they  ceased  to  cry,  though  some  of  them  were  so  upset  that 
they  could  not  eat  their  dinner. 

In  the  afternoon  a  number  of  the  Brethren  came,  replaced  the  garden 
and  Graveyard  fences,  and  began  to  fell  trees  for  laths  and  shingles. 

March  18.    With  the  help  of  God  the  roof  was  safely  replaced. 

March  21.  Today  Sarah  Miiller,  daughter  of  our  John  Miiller,  was 
married  to  Heinrich  Miiller,  a  single  man  who  has  recently  come  from 
Pennsylvania. 

March  29.  We  visited  Martin  Walk.  He  told  me  that  there  is  a 
group  of  people  who  are  opposed  to  the  Brethren,  and  that  they  are 
planning  to  send  a  Petition  to  the  Governor,  through  Justice  Spurgeon, 
saying  that  the  Herrnhuter1  are  claiming  land  to  which  they  have  no 
Deeds. 

May  12.  Took  Br.  Graff  £1 :  2  :— ,  toward  the  collection  for  Sarepta ; 
paid  Br.  Wallis  2sh.  6d.  for  two  copies  of  the  short  History  of  the 
Brethren. 

May  29.  Talked  much  with  Br.  and  Sr.  Hohns,  Sr.  about  their  chil- 
dren. I  advised  him  not  to  go  to  Bethania  on  purpose  in  the  affair 
with  Heinrich  Hauser,  though  if  he  should  go  there  on  other  business 
he  could  give  George  Hauser  an  opportunity,  and  see  if  he  would  say 
anything  about  it.  George  Hauser,  as  father,  ought  to  make  the  first 
advance. 

xThat  is   the  Moravians     The  Brethren  have  often  been  called  Herrnhuter  because  of  the 
settlement  at  Herrnhut,  Saxony. 
26 


914  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


June  Jf.  Br.  George  Hauser,  of  Bethania,  spent  yesterday  with  Br. 
Ellroth,  and  today  visited  Br.  Marx  Hohns. 

June  13.    Paid  Br.  Wallis  lsh.  6d.  for  a  Text  Book. 

July  17.  Mistress  Badjed  (Padget),  visited  us;  she  told  us  that  she 
had  known  the  Brethren  in  Carolls  Manor,  and  she  hoped  they  would 
soon  have  an  English  minister  here. 

July  23.  Mr.  Fein,  the  son-in-law  of  Frederich  Daniel  Miiller,  who 
has  a  good  name  in  our  neighborhood,  and  often  attends  our  services, 
announced  the  birth  of  his  little  daughter  and  asked  for  baptism  for  her. 

July  30.  Sunday.  The  little  daughter  of  our  neighbors,  J ohann  and 
Louise  Fein,  was  baptised  into  the  death  of  Jesus  with  the  name  Anne 
Maria. 

Aug.  6.  In  a  meeting  of  the  house-fathers  I  communicated  the  Decla- 
ration of  the  Brethren  in  Bethlehem,  sent  to  Congress  through  the  elderly 
Mr.  Franklin,  and  to  the  County  Committee  through  John  Okly.  It 
stated  that  they  were  exempt  from  drill  and  the  bearing  of  arms,  that 
they  were  loyal  to  King  George  III,  and  that  they  would  bear  their 
share  of  the  taxes,  so  far  as  such  were  not  against  their  conscience. 

Aug.  16.  We  had  an  unexpected  visit  from  Br.  and  Sr.  Heinrich 
Schoor,  of  Bethania,  who  were  yesterday  at  the  wedding  of  Heinrich 
Hauser  [and  Catharine  Hohns]  and  had  spent  the  night  at  the  home 
of  Christian  Frey. 

Aug.  26.  Last  Sunday  Christian  Frey  attended  a  Dunkard  meeting, 
in  which  three  persons  were  baptised.2 

Sept.  7.  Ludwig  Moller  was  returning  from  Salem  when  he  met 
several  soldiers.  When  he  saw  them  he  ran  back,  they  called  to  him 
to  stop,  but  he  neither  answered  nor  obeyed,  and  they  fired  after  him, 
two  bullets  passing  his  head  and  landing  in  a  tree. 

Oct.  31.  We  visited  the  widow  Peddicoard,  to  her  great  joy.  Things 
are  going  well  with  her,  she  expects  to  make  40  barrels  of  corn  from 
seven  acres,  and  also  has  much  cotton. 

Dec.  8.  My  wife  visited  Liesel  Walk.  There  she  heard  that  day  be- 
fore yesterday,  in,  the  twilight,  there  was  a  curious  phenomenon  in  the 
sky,  a  flame  of  fire,  from  which  great  balls  of  fire  fell  at  various  places. 
One  of  these  fire-balls  fell  in  Peter  Frey's  yard,  near  his  pump,  just 
as  one  of  his  children  was  drawing  water ;  the  child  fainted  from  fear, 
and  was  nearly  beside  herself,  afterwards. 

Dec.  26.  The  single  man  Cornelius  Schneider  visited  me,  and  asked 
that  his  recent  betrothal  to  Anne  Maria  Ebert  might  be  announced  for 
the  first  time  next  Sunday,  and  the  second  and  third  times  on  the 
Sunday  following. 

2  «Ein  Tuncker  Versammlung  wobey  3  Personen  getunckt  worden." 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


915 


Marshall's  Visit  to  Georgia. 

Charlestown,  Feb.  25,  1775. 

My  tenderly  beloved  Br.  Graff, — 

As  Br.  Bagge  plans  to  set  out  on  bis  return  tomorrow  morning,  I 
take  advantage  of  tbe  good  opportunity  to  send  tenderest  greetings 
to  you  and  all  otber  Brethren  and  Sisters,  and  also  to  tell  you  some- 
thing of  our  journey  so  far,  since  I  feel  sure  of  your  interest  therein. 

It  was  wet  and  unpleasant  wben  we  left  Christian  Frey's,  but  as  we 
were  in  a  covered  wagon  our  concern  was  more  for  the  Brn.  TJtley  and 
Wallis,  who  had  to  return  home  without  protection.  The  first  and  the 
second  nights  we  slept  in  the  wagon,  as  we  did  also  the  last  three  nights 
before  reaching  Charlestown;  the  rest  of  the  time  we  slept  under  our 
tent.  Several  times  the  teamsters  suffered  a  good  deal  from  wet  and 
cold,  but  when  we  became  accustomed  to  the  gypsy  life  we  found  it  much 
more  endurable  than  we  had  anticipated.  Our  teamsters  showed  us 
all  love,  not  only  Adam  Elrod  and  Heinrich  Hauser,  who  were  our  com- 
panions, but  also  Heinrich  Spoenhauer  and  Schemel,  who  had  the  other 
wagon ;  and  I  must  say  that  they  did  all  in  their  power  to  serve  us,  as 
we  also  did  for  them. 

The  Santee  ford  was  difficult  to  pass,  dangerous  indeed.  Br.  Bagge 
went  by  the  new  ferry;  that  road  is  several  miles  longer,  but  good,  and 
has  fine  bridges. 

Yesterday  we  took  our  meals  with  Dr.  Eusebius,  who  was  most  affec- 
tionate. He  is  old,  and  expressed  the  wish  that  his  remains  might  rest 
among  the  graves  of  pious  Christians,  but  I  did  not  know  what  advice 
to  give  him.    Here  he  is  supplied  with  the  necessaries  of  life. 

I  also  called  on  Col.  Laurence,  who  received  us  kindly,  and  at  once 
offered  to  take  us  with  him  to  Georgia ;  but  he  is  going  to  Sunbury,  and 
it  would  take  longer  and  be  more  expensive  for  us  from  there  than  from 
here.  So  today  we  have  made  a  contract  with  the  Captain  of  the 
schooner  which  took  the  Brn.  Miiller  and  Wagner,  charging  them  £10 : 
apiece ;  he  will  land  us  on  the  South  Carolina  side  of  the  Biver,  for  the 
schooner  dare  not  sail  to  Savannah  itself.  The  Brethren  were  kindly 
received  by  J ohn  Graham,  Esq.,  who  was  sending  them  on  to  Knoxboro, 
where  a  house  has  been  cleared  out  for  them.  Their  last  letters,  how- 
ever, were  from  Savannah.  Mr.  Habersham  was  also  friendly.  It 
looks  as  though  they  would  be  permitted  to  preach  the  Gospel  on  many 
estates.  Mr.  Knox  has  selected  a  piece  of  land,  and  if  they  wish  they 
may  take  all  or  half  of  it,  and  build  there;  whether  they  shall  do  this 
will  be  decided  when  I  get  there. 


916  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Whether  we  sail  tomorrow  or  the  day  after  depends  on  wind  and 
weather,  for  they  do  not  sail  unless  the  wind  is  right,  and  then  can  make 
it  from  bar  to  bar  in  eight  hours,  as  the  last  company  did.  They  have 
to  spend  two  nights  on  board,  however,  in  order  to  go  up  the  river  and 
down  again.  The  distance  in  a  direct  line  is  120  miles,  but  by  land 
one  must  go  as  far  around  as  by  water. 

A  ship  is  scheduled  to  sail  for  London  the  10th  or  15th  of  March, 
but  whether  I  will  be  back  in  time  to  take  it  I  do  not  know. 

I  may  add  that  we  are  both  quite  well.  The  little  rest  here  is  wel- 
come, before  we  go  further,  but  it  is  the  kind  of  rest  we  do  not  want 
for  too  long,  as  my  wife  will  feel  particularly  while  I  am  away. 

Beyond  those  mentioned  I  have  called  on  no  one.  Mr.  Hawkins, 
a  merchant,  who  has  been  in  Bethlehem,  [Pa.]  and  in  Fetter  Lane 
Chapel  [London],  has  invited  me  to  visit  him.  He  has  a  real  love  for 
the  Brethren.    Br.  Bagge  does  much  business  with  him. 

I  know  nothing  else  to  add  this  time,  except  to  send  heartiest  greet- 
ings to  all  Brethren  and  Sisters  in  all  our  towns,  and  to  ask  for  their 
love  and  prayers,  even  as  we  remember  them.  We  send  special  greet- 
ings to  the  Aeltesten  Conferenz  and  those  who  live  in  our  house,  to  the 
ministers  and  Anna  Johanna,  to  thee  and  thy  dear  family. 

Your  truly  united  in  heart,  Brother  and  Sister, 

Friedrich  and  Elisabeth  Marschall. 

Our  good  Broesing  greets  all  the  Brethren,  and  especially  his  Choir. 

Mr.  Day  seems  to  have  no  desire  for  the  preaching  of  the  Gospel  to 
his  negroes  by  our  Brethren,  but  believes  it  should  be  done  by  ministers. 
I  think  we  should  do  nothing  more  in  the  matter  unless  the  Saviour 
opens  the  way. 

[Filed  with  the  next  letter  is  a  rather  full  report  sent  by  Marshall 
of  his  visit  to  Savannah.  To  prevent  repetition  a  few  items  are  in- 
serted in  the  letter,  as  indicated  by  brackets,  and  then  longer  para- 
graphs of  the  report  are  translated,  which  are  not  covered  by  the  letter.] 

Charlestown,  March  21,  1775. 

My  tenderly  beloved  Br.  Graff, — 

We  hope  within  the  next  days  to  again  see  wagons  from  your  neigh- 
borhood, and  my  visit  to  Georgia  is  happily  ended,  so  while  we  await 
the  sailing  of  a  ship  to  Europe  I  will  employ  the  time  in  sending  our 
greetings  to  the  dear  Brethren  and  Sisters  in  all  our  towns,  and  in 
giving  an  account  of  what  has  happened. 


Kecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  917 


I  have  already  reported  part  of  what  took  place  before  Br.  Bagge's 
departure,  and  the  rest  he  will  have  told  you.  On  March  3rd  we  went 
aboard  the  schooner,  and  landed  at  Savannah  at  noon  on  the  5th,  after 
a  quick  passage. 

I  at  once  called  on  Mr.  Graham,  who  is  Mr.  Knox's  attorney,  and 
also  a  member  of  the  Council,  and  he  presented  me  to  the  Governor. 
Then  I  went  to  see  President  Habersham.  [He  is  President  of  the 
Council,  and  for  a  while  was  Governor;  he  is  now  suffering  greatly 
from  gout.]  For  some  time  he  was  out  of  humor  with  the  Brethren, 
but  has  now  again  come  to  a  good  understanding.  He  is  very  fond 
of  Br.  Miiller,  [whom  he  calls  my  dear  son] .  He  is  a  fine  man,  and 
an  old  friend  of  the  Brethren ;  I  could  speak  with  him  as  with  a  brother 
or  father,  felt  quite  at  home  with  him,  and  when  I  was  in  town  I  spent 
the  evening  with  him.  He  has  three  plantations  on  the  Ogeechee,  and 
asked  insistently  that  a  Brother  be  sent  thither  to  his  more  than  two 
hundred  negroes,  and  before  I  left  the  city  the  Saviour  showed  us  that 
Br.  Wagner  should  be  sent  there.  Br.  Miiller  is  on  Mr.  Knox's  planta- 
tion, fifteen  miles  from  Savannah ;  most  of  his  people  are  new  negroes, 
some  of  whom  do  not  understand  a  word  of  English.  Br.  Miiller 
preaches  to  the  negroes  on  Sundays,  and  Sunday  afternoon  he  preaches 
to  such  white  people  as  come  in.  Many  Germans  live  there,  but  the 
name  of  Salzburger  is  lost,  for  many  have  died,  and  the  rest  have 
merged  themselves  with  others.  The  ministers  in  Ebenezer  are  at  outs 
with  each  other,  and  Mr.  Muhlenberg  had  to  come  from  Philadelphia  to 
make  peace  between  them.  They  have  tried  to  keep  our  Br.  Miiller 
from  preaching  in  the  church  near  Knox's  estate,  (which  was  built 
by  the  subscription  of  German  and  English,)  and  he  does  not  push 
himself  in,  though  he  is  much  esteemed  and  beloved  by  the  people. 

[Mr.  Habersham  was  much  annoyed  with  Mr.  Muhlenberg,  when  he 
was  there,  because  he  tried  to  persuade  Mr.  Piercy  not  to  allow  Br. 
Miiller  to  preach  in  the  Whitfield  Orphan  House.  Mr.  Piercy  is  an 
English  Minister,  appointed  by  Lady  Huntingdon  as  superintendent  of 
the  Orphanage;]  he  is  Br.  Miiller's  friend,  and  has  had  him  preach 
there  several  times.  Br.  Miiller  has  invitations  to  preach  on  a  number 
of  plantations,  also. 

Br.  Broesing  is  working  on  the  plantation  with  Br.  Miiller,  where 
his  trade  makes  him  very  welcome. 

We  have  decided  not  to  be  in  a  hurry  about  building,  which  would 
undoubtedly  cost  a  great  deal,  for  everything  in  Georgia  is  reckoned  in 
Sterling.  We  are  all  agreed  to  await  further  instructions  from  Europe. 

Georgia  is  a  great  field,  and  I  could  give  you  a  long  list  of  plantations 
where  Brethren  would  be  permitted  to  preach— from  Sunbury  to  forty 


918  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


miles  south  of  Savannah,  all  along  the  Ogeechee,  and  up  the  Savannah 
on  all  the  best  plantations. 

Mr.  Whitfield's  Orphan  House  has  been  burnt,  but  the  wings  and  out- 
houses are  standing.  Lady  Huntingdon  is  the  chief  benefactress,  and 
has  control  of  the  property.  Those  personally  in  charge  are  all  friendly 
to  Br.  Miiller.  It  would  be  well  for  you  to  send  a  certificate  to  Br. 
Broesing,  showing  that  he  is  a  Brother, — so  far  he  has  had  one  from 
Br.  Miiller,  who  is  accepted  as  a  minister. 

The  Brethren  are  well,  but  would  like  to  be  in  closer  connection  with 
Wachovia  fl  think  there  is  a  chance  that  letters  can  be  sent  by  way  of 
Pinetree  or  Augusta.  I  see  no  chance  for  getting  Gemein  Nachrichten 
except  from  Europe.  They  can  be  sent  here  to  the  care  of  Dr.  Eusebius, 
on  Church  Street. 

As  the  sailing  of  a  ship  was  so  uncertain  I  decided  to  take  a  horse 
and  return  [to  Charlestown]  through  the  country,  which  resembles 
Holland.  In  127  miles  there  were  two  ferries,  twelve  bridges  over  nav- 
igable streams  as  large  as  the  Main,  the  Multa  or  the  Weser,  and  several 
hundred  smaller  bridges  over  canals. 

When  I  returned  I  found  that  the  discomfort  from  which  my  wife 
had  suffered  had  turned  out  to  be  jaundice,  but  she  was  feeling  much 
better.    *    *    *  * 

In  spite  of  much  seeking  and  many  attempts  I  have  not  been  able  to 
secure  passage  to  Hamburg  or  Bremen,  and  have  been  forced  to  go  on 
a  ship  sailing  for  London,  and  to  accept  the  high  cost,  as  we  are  not  to 
furnish  our  own  supplies.  She  is  a  New  York  ship,  the  Duchess  of 
Gordon,  Captain  Campbell,  which  was  returning  from  Jamaica,  and 
was  forced  to  run  in  here  by  a  storm.  She  has  beautiful  accommoda- 
tions. It  is  said  that  she  will  sail  on  April  4th,  and  this  seems  proba- 
ble. While  I  should  have  preferred  to  sail  sooner  we  have  really  not 
lost  anything,  for  the  weather  has  been  stormy,  and  so  unusually  cold 
for  the  season  that  I  should  not  wonder  if  your  fruit  was  hurt,  or  com- 
pletely frozen.    *    *    *  * 

Your  affectionate  Brother  and  Sister, 
Eriedrich  and  Elisabeth  Marschall. 

Letter  finished  March  31st. 

P.  S.  I  have  a  small  account  to  add.  I  have  laid  out  for  Br. 
Broesing 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


919 


in  Charlestown  for  meals  in  the  tavern   9 :  — : — , 

for  taking  his  chest  on  board  the  boat   10 : — , 

expenses  on  board  the  schooner  10 :  — : — , 

for  bringing  his  baggage  on  shore  in  Savannah, 

food  at  the  tavern,  and  for  a  cart   5:16 : — , 


in  South  money    £25  :    6  : — . 
or  £6 :  5 :  1%  North  Carolina  currency. 

This  amount  shall  be  charged  against  the  Collection  for  the  Heathen, 
and  shall  be  credited  to  my  account  on  the  Administration  books,  which 
will  reduce  my  account  there  a  little.  Br.  Meinung  understands  how 
to  do  it. 

Extracts  from  Marshall's  Report. 

In  Savannah  there  is  an  old,  pious,  Swiss  preacher,  Dr.  Zubily,  who 
has  a  large  church,  and  preaches  both  in  German  and  in  English. 

Mr.  Habersham  freely  expressed  his  opinion  as  to  building  on  Mr. 
Knox's  estate.  He  was  Mr.  Knox's  attorney,  until  he  had  to  give  it 
up  on  account  of  ill  health,  so  he  knew  all  the  circumstances.  He  said 
Mr.  Knox  was  a  generous-hearted  man,  of  good  intentions,  but  what 
would  we  do  with  a  building  there?  We  had  two  adjacent  lots  in 
Savannah,  where  we  could  build,  and  a  handicrafts-man  could  easily 
find  work  in  the  city.  The  lots  are  valuable,  worth  about  £100 :  Sterl. 
each ;  and  a  man  would  like  now  to  build  on  one  of  them,  and  would  pay 
£10 :  SterL  rent.  He  had  refused  to  answer  the  man  until  he  had  order 
from  the  owner.  *  *  *  I  asked  Mr.  Habersham  to  hold  the  matter 
open  for  a  year,  so  that  I  could  get  instructions  from  the  owners.1 

On  the  7th  Br.  Broesing's  chest  was  sent  to  Mr.  Knox's  estate  in  a 
cart.  Br.  Miiller  came  for  us  with  a  couple  of  riding  horses,  and  we 
were  glad  to  see  each  other.  Mr.  Knox's  estate  lies  fifteen  or  sixteen 
miles  from  Savannah,  and  a  long  way  back  from  the  river;  it  can  be 
reached,  however,  through  a  wide  creek,  from  which  the  rice  fields  are 
watered,  for  the  tide  is  felt  some  miles  further  up  the  Savannah 
River;  though  it  is  no  longer  salt  water  at  the  city  of  Savannah,  which 
is  twelve  miles  from  Cocksmere,  and  that  is  quite  a  distance  from  the 
sea.  This  estate  was  the  land  formerly  known  as  Goshen,  and  occupied 
by  Germans,  of  whom  a  number  still  live  in  the  neighborhood.  There 
are  many  Germans  in  Savannah,  and  all  through  the  country  as  far  as 
Ebenezer,  which  is  fifteen  miles  from  the  Knox  estate.  The  Salzbu'rger 
name  is  quite  forgotten,  since  many  have  come  from  Wurtemberg,  and 
have  mixed  with  them.    Mr.  Knox  has  bought  his  entire  estate  in  fifty- 

1  The  story  of  these  Savannah  lots  is  given  in  full  in  The  Moravians  in  Georgia,  1735-1740, 
by  Adelaide  L.  Fries. 


920 


North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


acre  lots,  paying  £7 :  or  £8 :  Sterl.,  or  thereabouts,  apiece.  The  dwelling 
houses  have  fallen  into  ruins,  and  some  of  the  fields  have  been  aban- 
doned, the  rest  having  been  turned  into  rice  fields.  It  is  one  of  the 
newest  rice  plantations  (530  barrels),  and  has  more  than  100  negroes, 
mostly  recently  bought  Guinea  negroes,  some  of  whom  do  not  under- 
stand English,  or  even  the  language  of  the  other  negroes. 

The  dwelling-house  (40  by  19  feet)  contains  a  large  front  room  or  par- 
lor, and  two  small  rooms,  one  occupied  by  the  Overseer,  and  the  smaller 
by  Br.  Muller.  As  Mr.  Knox  only  owns  the  negroes  and  the  horses, 
and  everything  else  on  the  plantation  belongs  to  the  Overseer,  the 
Brethren  Muller  and  Wagner  could  not  do  their  own  housekeeping,  but 
must  board  with  the  Overseer,  and  the  attorneys  Graham  and  Hall  pay 
the  Overseer  7  shillings  Sterling  per  week.  Br.  Wagner,  Br.  Broesing, 
and  all  the  baggage  of  the  Brethren,  are  in  another  house,  of  which 
half  is  the  kitchen,  and  one  had  to  pass  through  the  store-room  to  get 
to  their  room.  Through  the  knot-holes  one  could  see  all  that  went  on 
in  the  kitchen.  I  slept  with  Br.  Muller.  Cramped  as  the  quarters  are, 
the  Overseer  has  given  up  more  than  he  could  well  spare,  and  we  had  to 
decide  whether  to  build  or  not.  We  discussed  it  for  an  entire  day, 
*  *  *  and  finally  decided  to  send  our  report  to  the  Brethren  in 
Europe,  and  meanwhile  make  the  best  arrangements  we  could. 

Before  leaving  the  subject  of  Mr.  Knox's  estate,  I  should  mention 
that  Br.  Muller  has  begun  to  preach  to  the  negroes  each  Sunday,  in  the 
sheds  near  the  rice  machine;  and  in  the  afternoon  he  preaches  to  white 
people  in  Mr.  Knox's  house,  and  is  beloved.  Br.  Wagner  reads  English 
well,  and  begins  bravely  to  speak  it,  right  or  wrong,  and  I  hope  he  will 
soon  master  it.  He  has  read  once  in  our  meeting,  and  is  beginning  a 
reading  school  for  the  children.  Br.  Broesing  understands  everything,  but 
is  shy  about  speaking.  The  Overseer  means  well,  and  likes  Br.  Muller, 
and  says  so  everywhere,  in  town  and  country.  As  the  horses  are  not 
busy  in  summer  the  attorneys  have  ordered  that  Br.  Muller  have  one 
whenever  he  wishes. 

As  we  had  nothing  to  do  in  town  on  Sunday  we  decided  to  use  our 
horses  and  go  to  see  Bethesda,  the  place  where  the  well-known  Orphan 
House  stands,  twelve  miles  south  of  Savannah.  We  passed  through 
the  plantation, — three  miles  from  Bethesda,  but  belonging  to  it, — where 
we  saw  seventy  negroes,  well  provided  with  houses,  food,  and  clothing. 
As  we  approached  Bethesda,  Mr.  Piercy  saw  us  through  a  window, 
recognized  Br.  Muller,  and  sent  his  brother  to  ask  him  to  come  in  and 
preach.  We  entered,  and  he  offered  a  prayer  and  gave  out  a  hymn, 
then  came  down  from  the  pulpit,  which  was  four  steps  high,  and  con- 
ducted Br.  Muller  thither;  and  Br.  Muller  preached  with  a  burning 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


921 


heart.  After  the  meal  I  went  with.  Mr.  Piercy  into  the  town  and  heard 
him  preach  in  the  German  Lutheran  Church.  He  is  an  able  man,  and 
preaches  with  feeling. 

On  the  13th  Br.  Wagner  came  to  the  city,  and  it  was  decided  that 
Br.  Wagner  should  go  to  Habersham's  plantation,  and  Br.  Miiller  and 
Broesing  remain  on  the  Knox  estate.  Br.  Miiller  will  preach  on  Sun- 
days to  the  negroes  and  to  the  whites,  and  sometimes  teach  school.  He 
will  have  free  board  and  lodging  from  Mr.  Knox,  but  is  not  bound  to 
remain  there  if  he  wishes  to  go  to  other  estates.  Br.  Broesing  will  work 
at  his  trade2  on  the  Knox  estate.  Br.  Miiller  will  preach  every  other 
week  on  Mr.  Habersham's  plantation,  which  is  sixteen  miles  from 
Knox's,  and  about  eight  from  Savannah.  Time  will  show  whether  he 
could  be  more  comfortably  quartered  than  at  Mr.  Knox's,  and  the  matter 
can  be  freely  discussed  with  Mr.  Habersham.  When  these  decisions 
were  reported  to  the  attorneys  they  appeared  to  be  well  satisfied. 

A  gentleman,  Mr.  Darling,  probably  a  Dane,  has  recently  come  from 
St.  Croix,  and  has  brought  three  Moravian  negro  carpenters  with  him. 
He  was  not  in  town,  so  I  could  get  no  further  particulars  from  him, 
but  it  is  reported  that  he  says  the  Moravian  negroes  are  sold  at  a  high 
price.  Forty  miles  from  Savannah  he  has  laid  out  a  new  plantation, 
on  which  he  intends  to  use  them.  When  Br.  Miiller  is  on  Habersham's 
plantation  he  will  make  a  visit  there  to  see  him. 

As  no  ship  was  sailing  I  had  to  hire  horses,  and  leaving  Savannah 
on  March  16th  made  an  expensive  trip  by  land,  which  gave  me  oppor- 
tunity to  see  the  country.    I  reached  Charlestown  on  March  19th. 

As  the  mission  in  Georgia  cannot  be  continued  without  married 
Brethren  and  Sisters  I  would  mention  that  before  we  left  Br.  and  Sr. 
Fritz,  of  Salem,  repeated  their  willingness  to  serve  the  Lord  among  the 
negroes.  It  seems  that  Georgia  will  have  to  be  a  separate  undertaking, 
for  it  is  too  far  from  Wachovia, — can  get  letters  more  often  from 
Europe. 

London,  May  30,  1775. 

My  tenderly  beloved  Br.  Graff, — 

I  hope  you  have  received  the  letter  I  sent  on  April  1st,  so  will  now 
continue  my  recital.  After  Matthew  Lock's  wagon  left  nothing  of  im- 
portance happened,  except  that  the  sailing  of  the  ship  was  postponed 
for  various  reasons,  and  not  until  the  11th  of  April  did  we  go  aboard. 
That  day  we  sailed  down  the  bay,  and  on  the  13th,  that  is  on  Maundy 
Thursday,  at  six  o'clock,  we  ran  into  the  sea. 

Our  host  and  his  family  in  Savannah  treated  us  well,  even  as  though 
we  were  relations,  and  his  charges  were  moderate,  and  tears  were  shed 


He  was  a  joiner. 


922  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


as  we  said  farewell.  I  spent  much  time  with  Eusebius.  Col.  Laurence 
was  excessively  polite,  but  it  amounted  to  nothing  more  than  that.  The 
merchant  Hawkins  is  not  without  spiritual  strivings,  and  loves  the 
Brethren,  and  served  me  in  several  ways.  Owen  is  courteous,  and  will- 
ing to  serve.  James  Laurence  is  much  like  Jacob  Boehmish,  not  without 
religion,  and  a  hypochondriac.  He  is  minded  to  take  a  trip  to  Salem, 
for  the  sake  of  his  health,  and  if  he  comes  I  ask  that  he  be  given 
friendly  notice. 

Now  concerning  our  ocean  voyage.  I  have  already  mentioned  that 
the  Saviour  led  us  to  take  passage  in  the  Duchess  of  Gordon,  Captain 
Campbell.  As  the  passengers  were  allowed  to  purchase  their  own  pro- 
visions we  saved  £6  :  10 : —  per  person  on  the  usual  charge  of  15  Guineas 
each.  Captain  and  passengers  carried  themselves  modestly,  and  the  ship 
itself  sailed  most  pleasantly,  without  great  motion,  so  that  we  had 
nothing  whatever  of  which  to  complain. 

My  wife  had  another  attack  of  jaundice,  worse  than  that  in  Savannah, 
which  was  still  in  evidence  when  we  reached  London,  but  she  did  not 
feel  sick  with  it. 

At  first  the  wind  was  favorable,  though  so  high  that  three  times  the 
deadlights  had  to  be  put  in  (that  is,  the  shutters  to  the  cabin  port-holes), 
and  in  broad  daylight  we  had  to  burn  lights;  but  there  was  no  accident, 
and  on  the  26th  day  we  took  soundings,  and  were  at  the  entrance  to 
the  Channel,  which  is  one  of  the  quickest  voyages  that  has  ever  been 
made.  From  there  on  the  wind  was  contrary,  in  the  Channel  and  up 
to  London,  which  city  we  reached  on  May  20th,  that  is  in  five  weeks 
and  two  days.  The  ship  on  which  we  first  thought  to  sail,  and  which 
left  before  we  did,  has  not  yet  arrived;  indeed  we  passed  every  ship 
we  sighted.    *    *  * 

We  found  a  Hamburg  ship  preparing  to  sail,  and  plan  to  go  with  her 
today  or  tomorrow.  *  *  *  We  found  here  Br.  David  Zeisberger,  of 
Nazareth,  [Pa.],  a  Deputy  [to  Synod],  and  also  Br.  Barth,  so  the 
coloring  of  Turkey  Red  yarn  has  come  to  an  end  in  America.  They 
have  gone  across  with  the  packet  boat,  and  others  will  soon  follow. 
*  *  *  The  Single  Sisters  in  Bethlehem  have  sent  a  beautifully  made 
gift,  to  be  presented  in  the  name  of  their  leaders  to  the  Queen  and 
Princesses ; — Br.  Hutton  will  attend  to  the  presentation.  *  *  * 
Your  tenderly  affectionate  Brother  and  Sister, 

Friedrich  and  Elisabeth  Marschall. 


SPECIAL  BONDS,  1772-1776 

[Editorial.] 

The  following  Special  Bonds  were  given  to  James  Hutton  and  his 
Attorney,  Frederic  William  Marshall,  as  guarantee  that  the  land  cov- 
ered by  their  fee  simple  Deeds,  of  even  date,  would  not  be  sold  without 
giving  Hutton  and  Marshall  the  option  of  buying  it  for  the  Unity  of 
Brethren. 

1772,  June  17th,  Philip  Bothrock,  of  Manchester  Township,  York 

County,  Pennsylvania,  Yeoman,  2001/2  acres  and  20  poles. 
June  18th,   Peter  Bothrock,  Yeoman   of   "Wachovia,  Bowan 

County,  2ST.  C,  265  acres,  deeded  to  him  by  Philip  Bothrock. 
Dec.  7th,  James  Douthid,  of  Wachovia,  in  Bowan  Co.,  1ST.  C, 

Yeoman,  216%  acres  and  21  poles. 

1773,  March  5th,  Jacob  Greter,  of  Wachovia,  in  Surry  County,  "N.  C, 

Planter,  310  acres. 
March  25th,  Jacob  Schott,  of  Wachovia,  Planter,  200  acres. 
March  25th,  George  Prey,  of  Wachovia,  Blacksmith,  200  acres. 
May  28th,  Jacob  Beroth,  of  Wachovia,  Joiner,  216  acres. 
June  1st,  Martin  Ebert,  of  Manchester  Township,  York  County, 

Pa.,  Yeoman,  964  acres. 
June  3rd,  Martin  Ebert,  of  Manchester  Township,  York  Co.,  Pa., 
Yeoman,  640  acres. 

1774,  Sept.  29th,  Traugott  Bagge,  of  Salem,  1ST.  C,  Merchant,  2000 

acres. 

Sept.  29th,  Jacob  Hine,  of  Wachovia,  Planter,  150  acres. 
Sept.  29th,  John  Jacob  Kapp,  of  Wachovia,  Grist-miller,  300 
acres. 

Sept.  29th,  John  Frederic  Kiintzel,  of  Wachovia,  Planter,  200 
acres. 

Sept.  29th,  Elisabeth  Wolf,  widow,  and  John  Adam  Wolf,  her 
son,  Administrators  of  the  Estate  of  the  late  William  Adam 
Wolf,  of  Wachovia,  Carpenter,  200  acres. 

1775,  Sept.  29th,  John  Schaub,  Jr.  of  Bethabara,  Planter,  200  acres 

deeded  to  him  by  Lewis  Leinbach. 

1776,  Sept.  28th,  Benjamin  Leinbach,  of  Wachovia,  Planter,  200  acres 

deeded  to  him  by  Lewis  Leinbach  and  Anna  Barbara,  his  wife. 
Sept.  28th,  Michael  Bank,  of  Bethania,  Planter,  400  acres, 
deeded  to  him  by  Benjamin  Leinbach. 


924  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


There  is  also  a  Contract  between  John  Leinbach  and  Jacob  Dietz, 
dated  Sept.  4,  1775,  which  arranges  for  the  exchange  of  the  lands 
owned  by  the  two  parties.  John  Leinbach  sold  Dietz  his  400  acre 
tract  on  Muddy  Creek,  two  miles  above  Bethania,  valued  at  £400 :  law- 
ful money  of  North  Carolina.  In  exchange  Dietz  sold  Leinbach  the 
tract  on  which  he  was  living,  on  Ellis  Creek,  valued  at  £115 :  together 
with  certain  "catties  and  sheeps,"  which  "two  honest  men"  were  to  ap- 
praise after  Dietz  had  cared  for  them  over  winter,  also  a  black  mare, 
six  years  old,  also  one  iron  stove,  and  the  remainder  was  to  be  paid  on 
time.  On  the  cover  of  the  Agreement  is  a  note  to  the  effect  that  pos- 
session of  the  paper  meant  that  the  heirs  of  Jacob  Dietz,  when  grown, 
were  obligated  to  give  a  proper  Bond. 

The  above  Bonds  show  the  way  in  which  control  was  kept  over  the 
type  of  men  who  might  own  land  in  Wachovia. 


PART  IV 


THE  BAGGE  PAPERS 


[In  the  year  1912  the  Salem  Archives  were  being  moved  to  other 
rooms,  and  one  day  the  Editor  of  this  volume  came  across  a  package, 
tied  up  in  newspaper,  which  looked  as  though  it  had  not  been  opened 
for  many  years.  On  examination  it  proved  to  be  a  collection  of  letters 
and  papers  relating  to  the  Eevolutionary  War,  no  doubt  collected  by 
Traugott  Bagge  at  the  time,  and  certainly  used  by  him  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  his  Sketch  of  the  war  years  to  1779.  The  newspaper  wrapper 
was  a  copy  of  the  Pennsylvania  Journal  and  the  Weekly  Advertiser, 
number  1717,  Nov.  1,  1775,  containing  as  its  first  page  article  the 
Proclamation  of  Gov.  Josiah  Martin,  of  Aug.  8,  1775,  referring  among 
other  things  to  the  "infamous  publication  in  the  Cape  Fear  Mercury 
importing  to  be  resolves  of  a  set  of  people  stiling  themselves  a  Commit- 
tee for  the  County  of  Mecklenberg" ;  containing  also  "A  Proclamation, 
by  the  King,  for  suppressing  Rebellion  and  Sedition" ;  extracts  from  the 
proceedings  of  the  Provincial  Congress  at  Hillsborough,  N,  C. ;  and 
letters  and  war  news  from  a  number  of  other  places,  together  with  a 
number  of  advertisements  of  the  usual  type  of  that  day,  though  odd 
enough  when  read  now.  The  letters  and  papers  in  this  package  throw 
so  much  light  on  the  men  and  incidents  of  the  Revolution  that  they  are 
here  printed  in  full,  except  the  few  of  which  copies  were  kept  in  the 
Provincial  Archives  and  which  have  therefore  been  printed  in  the 
Colonial  Records  of  North  Carolina.] 

I. 

PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE  FOR  THE  TOWN  OF 
NEWBERN,  AND  COUNTY  OF  CRAVEN,  MAY  31,  1775. 

[Printed  in  English.] 

Circular  Letter  to  the  several  Committees  of  this  Province. 
Gentlemen, 

We  herewith  transmit  you  a  Copy  of  the  Proceedings  of  our  Com- 
mittee, hoping  they  will  meet  with  your  Approbation,  and  that  you  will 
think  it  necessary,  in  these  Times  of  general  Danger,  to  adopt  some- 
thing of  the  like  Nature  for  our  common  Safety  and  Defence.  We 
think  it  necessary,  upon  this  Occasion,  to  inform  you,  that  Association 
Papers  have  been  circulated  through  this  County  (supposed  under  the 
Direction  of  the  Governor,  as  they  are  in  the  Hand- Writing  of  his 


928  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Private  Secretary)  with,  a  direct  View  to  draw  off  the  People  from  the 
Cause  of  Liberty,  and  to  create  in  them  Suspicions  and  Jealousies 
of  all  those  who  openly  declare  in  Favour  of  Freedom.  Some  few  very 
ignorant  People  in  this  County  were  by  the  Artifice  of  our  Enemies 
drawn  in  to  subscribe  such  Association;  but  we  have  the  Pleasure  to 
acquaint  you  that  they  have  been  since  convinced  of  their  Error,  with 
indignation  tore  off  their  Names,  and  now  look  with  Horror  on  the 
Trap  that  was  laid  for  them.  If  any  such  Papers  have  been  circulated 
in  your  County,  we  doubt  not  they  will,  through  your  Vigilance,  be 
easily  and  suddenly  put  a  Stop  to. 

We  also  transmit  you  a  letter  from  Charlestown  Committee,  which 
was  sent  to  the  several  Committees  in  that  Province,  for  the  better 
Information  of  the  People  at  large;  which  explains  and  sets  in  a  clear 
Light  the  real  State  and  Nature  of  the  present  Disputes  between  Great- 
Britain  and  America,  in  which  this  Province  is  involved  as  well  as  the 
rest.  It  is,  we  think,  the  Duty  of  the  several  Committees  to  inform  the 
People  of  their  Danger.    We  remain  most  respectfully,  Gentlemen, 

Your  obedient  Servants,  etc. 


In  the  Committee  at  Newbern,  May  31,  1775. 

Whereas  it  appears  by  Letters  from  the  Committees  of  Correspond- 
ence in  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  and  by  the  Public  Papers,  that 
all  Exportation  to  Quebec,  Nova  Scotia,  and  Newfoundland,  or  any 
part  of  the  fishing  Coasts  or  Islands,  is  suspended: 

Resolved,  That  the  above  Measure  be  recommended  by  the  Committee 
to  the  Merchants  and  Inhabitants  of  this  Town  and  County;  and  that 
from  this  Time  no  Provisions,  or  any  other  Necessaries,  be  sent  from 
this  Port  to  the  Army  or  Navy  at  Boston,  unless  otherwise  directed  by 
the  Continental  Congress. 

Whereas  having  received  certain  Intelligence  that  a  most  bloody 
and  barbarous  Action  hath  lately  been  committed  by  the  Army  under 
General  Gage  on  the  Inhabitants  near  Boston,  whom  they  unmercifully 
fell  upon  and  murdered  in  cool  Blood,  and  without  Provocation,  as  they 
marched  through  the  Country,  having  no  regard  to  Age,  Sex,  or  In- 
firmity; at  the  same  time  ravaging  the  Country,  burning,  destroying, 
and  laying  all  waste  wherever  they  came,  until  at  length  they  were  met 
by  a  few  Companies  of  Provincials,  who  then  thinking  themselves  justi- 
fied by  all  the  Laws  of  God  and  Nations,  took  up  Arms  in  the  immediate 
Defence  of  their  Lives,  and  by  a  manly  Exertion  of  that  brave  Spirit 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


929 


which  a  good  Cause  never  fails  to  inspire,  they,  though  greatly  their 
Inferiors  as  to  Numbers,  providentially  put  a  Stop  to  their  destructive 
Career,  and  forced  them  to  retreat  with  Precipitation  and  much  Loss, 
for  near  20  Miles,  to  their  fortified  City  of  Boston,  which  unhappy 
devoted  Place  the  Army  now  consider  as  their  own  Property,  in  open 
exclusion  of  the  right  Owners. — From  all  which  it  manifestly  appears 
that  the  British  Ministry  mean  no  longer  to  receive  the  peaceable  Ad- 
dresses of  the  much  injured  People  of  America,  on  the  Subject  of  their 
invaded  Eights;  but  are  determined,  since  they  will  not  voluntarily 
make  a  total  Surrender  of  their  Freedom  and  Constitution,  to  wrest 
it  from  them  by  the  brutal  Hand  of  Violence.  The  People  of  America 
are  therefore  now  driven  to  this  fatal  Extremity — either  they  must 
tamely  submit  to  Slavery,  and  agree  for  themselves  and  their  Posterity 
forever,  to  work  for  and  maintain,  with  the  Sweat  of  their  Brows, 
their  proud  Masters  and  Overseers,  the  ministerial  Pensioners,  Place- 
men, and  Hirelings,  of  every  Denomination  whatever;  or  they  must 
resolve  firmly  and  manfully  to  maintain  those  Rights,  which  God  gave, 
and  the  Constitution  warrants.  The  latter  Resolution  our  Sister  Colo- 
nies have  unanimously  adopted,  and  accordingly  have  now  in  the  field 
not  less,  from  the  best  Accounts  we  have  received,  than  25,000  Men, 
well  disciplined,  and  equipt  with  a  large  Train  of  Artillery  and  every 
Kind  of  military  Implement  necessary  for  immediate  Action. 

And  whereas  there  is  much  Reason  to  fear,  in  these  Times  of  general 
Tumult  and  Confusion,  that  the  Slaves  may  be  instigated  and  encour- 
aged by  our  inveterate  Enemies  to  an  Insurrection,  which  in  our  present 
defenceless  State  might  have  the  most  dreadful  Consequences ;  we  there- 
fore, induced  by  these  most  weighty  considerations,  do  think  it  our  indis- 
pensible  Duty  to  take  every  Precaution  that  Prudence  and  Forethought 
can  possibly  suggest,  so  as  to  be  prepared  in  Time  against  the  worst 
Event  that  may  happen.  We  therefore  recommend  it  strongly  to  our 
Constituents,  the  Inhabitants  of  Newbem  and  Craven  County,  that  they 
form  themselves  immediately  into  Companies,  and  nominate  proper 
Officers  to  each  Company;  that  such  Officers,  when  nominated,  use  un- 
wearied Diligence  in  instructing  their  respective  Companies  in  the  Use 
of  Arms ;  and  from  Time  to  Time,  as  they  shall  judge  expedient,  that 
they  shall  send  out  Detachments  to  patrol  and  search  the  Negro  Houses, 
and  all  other  suspected  Places  within  their  several  Districts,  giving 
strict  Orders  to  the  Officer  of  such  Detachment  to  seize  all  Arms  and 
Ammunition  found  in  their  Possession,  and  to  apprehend  and  carry 
before  the  next  Magistrate  all  such  Negroes  as  they  shall  find  under 
Circumstances  of  Suspicion,  to  be  dealt  with  according  to  Law. 
27 


930  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


The  following  Persons  are  appointed  for  the  present  to  summon  to- 
gether the  several  Companies,  viz.  Abner  Nash,  Lovick  Jones,  Richard 
Blackledge,  Charles  Crawford,  Moses  Almond,  John  Gray  Blount, 
Lemuel  Hatch,  Nathan  Bryan,  Levi  Dawson,  Frederick  Hargett,  Francis 
Dillamar,  Samuel  Smith,  Richard  Nickson,  and  Thomas  McLin.  And 
in  order  that  the  most  perfect  Union  and  good  Understanding  may  pre- 
vail amongst  the  good  People  of  this  County  and  Town  on  Subjects  of 
such  Importance  it  is  further  recommended  that  the  several  Companies, 
so  to  be  formed  as  aforesaid,  do  meet  in  their  several  Districts  twice  ^rt'  v 
a  Month,  if  convenient,  to  advise  and  consult  together  how  they  .may 
best  act  with  united  Force,  in  case  of  any  sudden  and  dangerous  Emer- 
gency. 

Resolved,  That  the  Proceedings  of  this  Committee  be  printed  and 
made  public,  with  the  printed  Letter  from  the  Committee  of  South-Caro- 
lina to  the  Inhabitants  of  their  Province,  explaining  the  real  State  and 
."Nature  of  the  present  Disputes  between  Great  Britain  and  America. 


A  CIRCULAR  LETER  to  the  COMMITTEES  in  the  several  Districts 
and  Parishes  of  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Charlestown,  April  27,  1775.  * 
GENTLEMEN, 

The  General  Committee  thinking  it  of  the  highest  Importance  that  the 
Committees  in  the  interior  Parts  of  the  Colony,  and  that,  through  them, 
the  People  at  large,  should  from  Time  to  Time  be  informed  of  all  such 
Affairs  and  Transactions  as  have  any  Relation  to  the  American  Cause ; 
they  have  for  the  Management  of  so  necessary  a  Service  nominated  a 
Committee  of  Intelligence. 

We  are  very  sorry  that  at  our  entering  upon  that  Service  we  are  to 
announce  to  you  that  there  is  but  little  Probability  of  deciding  the  pres- 
ent unhappy  Public  Disputes,  by  the  pacific  Measures  we  have  hitherto 
pursued.  However,  even  this  Circumstance,  we  hope,  will  be  of  Service 
to  our  Cause ;  for  we  have  no  Doubt,  but  that  the  Ministry  having  thus 
turned  a  deaf  Ear  to  the  Complaints  of  the  Colonies,  these  will  be  con- 
firmed in  their  Resolution  to  complain  in  a  louder  Tone,  and  be  ani- 
mated to  meet  those  Difficulties  and  Dangers  they  can  now  no  longer 
avoid,  with  Honour  to  themselves,  and  Safety  to  their  Liberties. 

On  the  9th  of  February  the  two  Houses  of  Parliament  addressed  the 
King.  In  Substance,  they  declared  to  His  Majesty  that  America  was 
in  a  State  of  actual  Rebellion;  they  desired  the  King,  by  all  possible 


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931 


Means,  to  enforce  the  late  Acts  of  Parliament  against  America;  and 
they  assured  him  that  in  such  a  Measure  they  would  support  him  with 
their  Lives  and  Fortunes.  The  King  acquiesced,  and  some  Days  after 
desired  from  Parliament  an  Addition  to  his  military  Forces — it  was 
granted  without  Hesitation.  In  consequence  of  these  Measures,  Rein- 
forcements of  Troops  and  Ships  are  ordered  to  Boston;  where,  when 
they  shall  be  arrived,  General  Gage  may  have  under  his  Command  about 
10,000  Men.  But  what  are  10,000  Men  against  the  united  Powers  of 
America  ! 

Amidst  this  Gloom,  some  Rays  of  Light  break  in,  and  cheer  us  in  this 
Extremity  of  Affairs.  The  City  of  London  has  declared  in  our  Favour: 
in  a  few  Hours,  some  of  her  Merchants  subscribed  26,000  1.  Sterling  for 
the  Relief  of  America,  and  public  Subscriptions  for  the  same  Purpose 
are  industriously  promoted.  London,  and  other  considerable  Towns,  have 
petitioned  Parliament,  and  continue  to  exert  themselves  vigorously  in 
our  Behalf.  The  most  illustrious  Noblemen,  and  the  most  eloquent 
Orators,  are  loud  in  our  Defence.  The  Friends  of  Liberty  in  England 
look  with  Horror  upon  the  late  Address  to  the  King;  they  term  it  a  cruel 
and  unjust  Declaration  of  War  against  America.  In  short,  the  whole 
People  of  England  are  alarmed  at  such  a  Measure,  and  look  to  the  Vir- 
tue of  the  Americans,  to  preserve  even  the  Liberties  of  England  herself, 
now  almost  annihilated  by  Corruption.  The  Ministry  are  irresolute, 
and  nothing  can  be  more  fluctuating  than  their  Counsels;  they  resolve 
oi]  e  Thing  one  Day,  and  the  contrary  the  next.  But,  from  such  a  Con- 
duct, this  evident  Truth  results;  they  are  utterly  at  a  loss  what  Measure 
to  pursue— a  Dilemma,  without  Doubt,  arising  from  a  Consciousness  of 
the  Iniquity  of  their  Schemes.  Hence,  we  may  still  justly  entertain 
flattering  Expectances ;  for,  where  there  is  not  any  regular  and  connected 
System  of  Operations  formed,  Artifices  fabricated  for  the  Purposes  of 
the  Day,  must  from  Time  to  Time  afford  Circumstances  improvable  to 
our  Advantage. 

The  Ministry  themselves  seemed  frighted  at  their  own  Declaration 
of  War;  they  grew  doubtful  of  the  Event  of  military  Operations;  and 
fearing  the  combined  Force  of  America,  they  turned  their  Thoughts  to 
Strategem.  In  a  few  days  they  formed  a  Plan,  calculated,  as  Lord 
North  openly  declared,  to  disunite  the  Americans;  and,  on  the  20th 
of  February,  only  eleven  Days  after  the  Declaration  of  War,  his  Lord- 
ship suddenly  introduced  it  into  the  House  of  Commons.  He  termed 
it  a  conciliatory  Plan,  and  it  is  to  the  following  Purpose:  "That  if  the 
Colonies  will  tax  themselves  in  such  Proportions,  as  shall  come  up  to 
the  Idea  that  a  venal  Parliament  may  choose  to  entertain  of  their  re- 
spective Abilities;  and  also  tax  themselves  to  such  an  Amount,  and  at 


932  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


such  Times  as  shall  be  agreeable  to  Parliament ;  and  consent  that  this 
general  American  Tax  shall  be  entirely  at  tine  Disposal  of  a  corrupt 
Parliament;  and  also  provide  for  their  civil  Government  in  such  Manner 
as  shall  be  satisfactory  to  Parliament;  that  is,  to  make  permanent  and 
profitable  Establishments  for  all  the  ministerial  Tools  Administration 
may  chuse  to  send  among  us;  then,  while  the  Americans  shall  be  thus 
servile,  Parliament,  that  is  the  Minister  will  "FORBEAR"  to  lay 
any  Tax  upon  them. 

But,  Gentlemen,  surely  all  this  is  nothing  more  or  less,  than  lying  at 
the  Mercy  of  Parliament  equally  as  before.  For  you  must  have  ob- 
served, every  Particular  is  to  depend  entirely  upon  the  Pleasure  of 
Parliament;  that  is,  in  FACT,  upon  the  PLEASURE  of  THE  MIN- 
ISTER. 

Of  late  Years  they  taxed  us  to  what  Amount,  and  at  what  Time  they 
pleased;  and  this,  to  raise  a  Revenue  in  order  to  preserve  themselves 
from  paying  so  large  a  Tax  as  otherwise  they  would  be  obliged  to  con- 
tribute; and  also  to  be  able  to  give  comfortable  Salaries  to  their  De- 
pendents, sending  them  to  America,  without  the  least  care  of  examining 
whether  or  not  they  are  proper  Men  to  fill  those  Offices  which  they  are 
destined  to  hold.  However,  at  length  Administration  finding  that  such  a 
Mode  of  Taxation  is  no  longer  practicable;  the  Minister  changes  his 
Ground,  in  Hopes  of  imposing  upon  and  over  reaching  the  Americans. 
He  comes  into  Parliament,  and  "demands'  that  we  consent  to  tax  our- 
selves at  such  Times,  in  such  Sums,  and  for  such  Purposes  as  shall  be 
agreeable  to  Parliament— that  is  to  himself.  Without  Delay,  the  Par- 
liament register  the  Ministerial  Edict,  they  presume  not  to  alter  one 
Word  of  it :  How  much  happier  are  the  People  of  France  in  their  Parlia- 
ments— they  are  only  required  to  register  the  Royal  Edicts !  Gentlemen, 
this  Demand  alone  is  an  Affront  to  our  Understanding ;  it  is  adding  new 
Insult  to  old  Injuries;  indeed  it  comprehends  Terms  to  which  America 
never  can  submit,  until  her  united  Counsels  shall  decree,  that  it  is  no 
longer  practicable  to  resist  the  iron  Hand  of  Oppression.  And  remem- 
ber, Gentlemen,  that  even  at  the  Time  the  Administration  offers  such 
humiliating  Terms  to  us,  they  do  it  with  the  Musket  and  Bayonet  at  our 
Breasts.  For  Lord  North  declares  that  this  Offer  must  be  looked  upon 
as  "a  Demand"  ;  and  that  he  does  not  "mean  in  the  least  to  suspend  his 
military  Operations  by  Sea  and  Land,  until"  the  Americans  shall  "sub- 
mit  to  his  Laws."  Is  there  any  Difference  between  this  Conduct,  and 
that  of  a  Robber,  who,  with  a  Pistol  at  your  Head,  demands  your  Purse, 
with  a  blustering  Threat — deliver,  or  I  will  blow  your  Brains  out?  The 
Magnitude  of  the  Crime  constitutes  the  ONLY  Difference. 


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933 


You  will  observe,  Gentlemen,  that  although  America  may  tax  her- 
self, yet  Parliament  does  not  by  any  Means  give  up  the  Point  of  Taxa- 
tion, the  Object  of  our  ten  Years  Struggle.  No,  they  have  determined, 
that  so  long  as  America  will  tax  herself  at  such  Times,  in  such  Sums, 
and  for  such  Purposes,  as  shall  be  agreeable  to  their  Pleasure;  so  long 
only  will  they  graciously  "FORBEAR"  to  tax  her.  Lord  North,  in  his 
Speech  upon  this  Occasion,  declares,  "the  Exercise  of  the  Right  of 
taxing  every  Part  of  the  British  Dominions,  must  by  no  Means  be 
given  up/'  He  said,  he  did  not  mean  to  give  up  a  single  Point.  He 
confessed,  that  he  did  not  believe  his  conciliatory  Plan  would  be  agreeable 
to  the  Taste  of  the  Americans,  nor  did  he  know  "whether  any  Colony 
would  come  in  upon  these  Terms" ;  but  added  his  Lordship,  if  only  one 
of  them  consents,  "A  Link  of  the  great  Chain  is  broken/' 

Here,  Gentlemen,  fix  your  Attention.  The  Minister  confesses,  he  does 
not  think  his  conciliatory  Plan  is  calculated  to  compose  the  American 
Troubles  and  to  restore  the  wonted  Harmony  between  the  Mother  Coun- 
try and  the  Colonies,  which  ought  to  be  the  grand  Objects  in  a  Minister's 
Contemplation;  but  his  Lordship  hugs  himself  in  the  Idea,  that  it  is 
calculated  to  disunite  the  Americans,  and  to  break  a  Link  in  the 
great  Chain  on  this  Continent  now  formed,  happily  for  us,  as  dread- 
fully for  him,  in  Defense  of  American  Liberties,  and  as  a  Barrier  against 
Ministerial  Tyranny,  influencing  and  inducing  Parliamentary  Ex- 
actions. 

The  Minister's  Politics  evidently  point  out  the  Means  of  our  Safety. 
Let  us  unite  every  Effort  to  preserve  this  Chain,  and  above  all,  let  us 
with  the  utmost  Circumspection  guard  that  Link  entrusted  to  our 
Care;  let  us  maintain  it  not  only  unbroken,  but  let  us  preserve  it  un- 
sullied by  the  Breath  of  Treachery. 

But  should  the  American  Combination  be  unfortunately  broken, 
of  which  we  have  not  the  slightest  Apprehension,  by  this  conciliatory 
Plan  of  Divison;  behold,  Gentlemen,  the  probable  Consequences.  Each 
Province  must  then  enter  into  a  separate  Negociation  with  a  distant 
Administration.  A  Province  must  send  and  make  a  Proposition,  which, 
in  all  Probability,  will  receive  no  Answer  until  all  the  Provinces  snail 
have  made  theirs.  Then,  after  a  long  Negociation  with  our  Agents,  the 
Minister  will  tell  this  and  that  Province,  their  Quotas  of  the  Tax  they 
olfer  are  not  equal  to  their  Abilities;  and  that  their  Propositions  for  the 
Support  of  civil  Government  are  not  satisfactory,  in  this  and  in  that 
Article.  These  Answers  must  be  returned  to  the  Respective  Provinces ; 
much  Time  will  be  requisite  to  form  new  Terms  to  undergo  a  new 
Course  of  long  Negociation  in  London,  and  to  be  exposed  to  new  Ob- 


934  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


jections.  Perhaps,  the  Demands  may  be  erroneously,  or  designedly, 
made  above  the  real  Abilities  and  Proportions  of  the  respective  Pro- 
vinces. When,  Gentlemen,  can  we  expect  a  satisfactory  Adjustment  of  our 
respective  Quotas  of  a  Tax,  which  it  will  be  the  Study  of  Parliament 
to  screw  up  as  high  as  possible,  because,  the  more  they  pan  make  us  pay, 
the  less  will  be  their  Burden:  Nay,  when  can  we  expect  even  an  End 
of  a  Negociation,  which  it  will  be  the  Interest  of  Administration  to 
procrastinate  as  long  as  possible!  For,  in  the  mean  Time,  having  dis- 
united the  Colonies  after  such  a  Struggle  as  the  present,  they  will  be 
sensible  there  will  not  be  any  Danger  of  a  new  Resistance,  and  they  will 
continue  to  tax  us;  they  having  only  promised  to  "forbear"  "WHEN 
cur  respective  Propositions  "shall  be  approved  by  his  Majesty  and  the 
two  Houses  of  Parliament."  In  short,  if  we  DIVIDE,  our  Liberties  are 
LOST;  we  shall  lie  totally  at  the  Mercy  of  Administration,  and  be 
obliged  to  pay  such  a  Tax  as  they  please;  and  that  too,  in  the  most  igno- 
minious Manner,  because  we  should  do  it  under  evident  Compulsion. 
Such  a  Conduct  would  prove  our  Minds  to  be  weak ;  it  would  demonstrate 
that,  Heroes  in  Words,  we  shrink  at  but  the  Appearance  of  Danger. 
We  should  be  more  abject  than  the  most  abject  People  we  read  of; 
Ave  should  be  deemed  unworthy  of  the  Name  of  Men:  History  could 
not  give  an  Example  of  so  base  a  Conduct.  The  Inhabitants  of  Europe, 
A  frica  and  Asia,  have  at  various  Times  signalized  their  Love  of  their 
Rights  and  Liberties.  There  is  scarce  a  State  among  them,  but  has 
declared  this  in  Characters  written  with  her  own  Blood;  and  whole 
Cities  have  voluntarily  perished,  rather  than  resign  their  Liberties. 
The  Ruins  of  Saguntum  in  Europe,  Carthage  in  Africa,  and  Xanthus  in 
Asia,  are  glorious  Monuments  of  Nations  preferring  Death  to  Slavery; 
and  this  is  the  Hour  in  which  the  Virtue  of  America  is  to  be  tried. 
And  are  the  Americans  less  virtuous,  less  Lovers  of  Liberty,  than  the 
Rest  of  Mankind ! — Three  Parts  of  the  World  are  now  looking  on,  to  see 
if  the  Americans  are  as  bold,  as  heroic,  as  great  in  Deeds,  as  they  have 
experienced  them  to  be  in  Words.  But  if  at  this  Time  of  Trial,  three 
Millions  of  Americans  shall  hide  their  Heads  because  of  the  Appearance 
of  ten  Thousand  Soldiers,  an  American  must  ever  be  a  Term  of  Re- 
proach among  all  Nations. 

Shameful  to  our  Reputation,  and  ruinous  to  our  Affairs,  as  such  a 
Conduct  would  be ;  we  have  the  Pleasure  to  assure  you  that,  from  every 
Appearance  on  this  Continent,  we  do  not  see  any  Room  to  think  we 
run  any  risk  of  being  exposed  to  such  Consequences.  Every  Advice 
from  the  Northward  informs  us  that  their  People  are  training  to  Arms. 
The  neighboring  Provinces  of  North- Carolina  and  Virginia  have  em- 


Kecoeds  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  935 

bodied  very  considerable  Forces,  that  are  ready  to  march  on  the  shortest 
Notice;  and  we  have  it  from  good  Authority,  that  the  four  New  Eng- 
land Governments  alone  have  25,000  Men  in  actual  Pay,  and  ready  for 
Action  at  a  Moment's  Warning,  besides  20,000  more  who  are  inlisted 
without  Pay,  and  prepared  to  take  the  Field  when  called  upon;  and  all 
this  Force,  exclusive  of  a  well-trained  Militia,  who  are  resolved  to  defend 
their  Liberties  at  the  Hazard  of  their  Lives.  The  Inhabitants  of  this 
Capital,  and  the  neighboring  Country,  are  equally  determined ;  and  are 
happy  in  finding  that  a  similar  Purpose  prevails  throughout  the  Pro- 
vince. In  short,  from  every  Appearance,  we  have  the  most  sanguin 
Expectations  that  America  will  not  be  guilty  of  any  Conduct  in  her 
youth,  that  she  will  be  ashamed  of  in  her  maturer  Age. 

Notwithstanding  Lord  North's  conciliatory  Motion,  which  we  have 
so  fully  observed  upon,  and  upon  the  Principles  of  which  his  Lordship 
means  to  ground  an  Act  of  Parliament ;  yet,  having  already  punished 
the  Province  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  by  the  Violation  of  their  Charter 
and  the  military  Blockade  of  her  Capital,  the  Town  of  Boston,  Lord 
North  proceeds  in  extending  the  Effects  of  his  Vengeance.  On  the  8th 
of  March  a  Bill  passed  the  House  of  Commons,  restraining  the  Pro- 
vinces of  Massachusetts  Bay,  New  Hampshire,  Connecticut,  and  Rhode 
Island,  from  fishing  on  the  Banks  of  Newfoundland;  and  from  export- 
ing to  any  Part  of  the  World,  but  "to  Great  Britain,  or  some  of  the  Brit- 
ish Islands  in  the  West  Indies/'  Thus,  as  these  four  Provinces  have 
by  the  American  Association  contracted  not  to  export  to  those  Places, 
their  Exports  are  totally  stopped.  And  the  Act  further  says,  that 
into  those  Provinces  shall  not  be  imported  any  "Sort  of  Wines,  Salt,  or 
any  Goods  or  Commodities  whatsoever  (except  Horses,  Victual,  and 
Linen  Cloth,  the  Produce  and  Manufacture  of  Ireland,  and  Goods  for 
the  victualling  of  his  Majesty's  Ships,  and  for  his  Majesty's  Forces  and 
Garrisons,  or  the  Produce  of  the  British  Islands  in  the  West  Indies) 
upon  any  Pretence  whatsoever,  unless  such  Goods  be  shipped  in  Great- 
Britain,  and  carried  directly  from  thence."  Thus,  as  those  Provinces 
are  bound  by  the  Association  not  to  import  from  Great  Britain,  Ireland, 
or  the  W est  Indies,  it  is  evident  that  their  Importation  in  the  Way  of 
Trade  is  totally  prevented.  If  the  Blockade  of  Boston  alone  roused 
the  whole  Continent  to  their  Eescue  and  Support,  HOW  VIGOE- 
OTJSLY  ought  we  to  exert  ourselves,  now  that  four  entire  Provinces 
are  blockaded  by  an  Act  of  Parliament,  and  cut  off  from  all  Manner 
of  Trade!  And,  Gentlemen,  remember,  this  violent  Measure  has  been 
executed  since  the  Introduction  of  Lord  North's  conciliatory  Motion. 

This  arbitrary  Conduct  on  the  other  Side  of  the  Water  has  driven  the 
People  of  this  Capital,  and  the  neighboring  Country,  to  despair  of  a  Be- 


936  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


dress  of  American  Grievances,  without  an  Effusion  of  American 
Blood — of  this  they  are  virtuously  willing  to  contribute  their  Quota, 
and  even  more  than  their  Proportion,  to  procure  this  invaluable  Relief. 
These  Advices  arrived  on  the  14th  and  19th  Days  of  this  Month;  and 
on  the  Night  of  the  21st  Inst,  the  Public  Armory  and  Magazines  were 
opened,  and  a  considerable  Quantity  of  Arms  and  Ammunition  were 
taken,  without  Doubt,  for  the  Ends  for  which  they  were  originally  pro- 
cured— the  Public  Safety. 

Last  Wednesday,  the  26th  Instant,  the  General  Committee  passed  a 
Vote,  that  the  Provincial  Congress  be  summoned  to  meet  in  Charlestown 
on  Tuesday  the  20th  Day  of  June.  We  make  no  Doubt  but  that  you 
will  exert  yourselves  to  give  a  general  Notification  of  it,  that  the  Con- 
gress may  be  as  full  as  possible,  as  it  is  expected  Affairs  of  the  HIGH- 
EST Importance  will  be  the  Subject  of  Deliberation. 


ASSOCIATION. 

"We  the  Subscribers,  Freeholders  and  Inhabitants  of  the  County  of 
Craven  and  Town  of  Newbern,  being  deeply  affected  with  the  alarm- 
ing State  of  this  Province,  and  of  all  America,  do  resolve  that  we  will 
pay  all  due  Allegiance  to  his  Majesty  King  GEOKGE  the  Third,  and 
endeavour  to  continue  the  Succession  of  his  Crown  in  the  illustrious 
House  of  Hanover,  as  by  Law  established,  against  the  present  or  any 
future  wicked  Ministry  or  arbitrary  Set  of  Men  whatsoever.  At  the 
same  Time  we  determine  to  assert  our  Eights  as  Men ;  and  sensible  that 
by  late  Acts  of  Parliament  the  most  valuable  Liberties  and  Privileges  of 
America  are  invaded,  and  endeavoured  to  be  violated  and  destroyed,  and 
that  under  God,  the  Preservation  of  them  depends  on  a  firm  Union  of  the 
Inhabitants,  and  a  steady  spirited  Observation  of  the  Kesolutions  of 
the  General  Congress;  being  shocked  at  the  cruel  Scene  now  acting  in 
the  Massachusetts.  Bay,  and  determined  never  to  become  Slaves  of  any 
Power  upon  Earth,  WE  do  hereby  agree  and  associate,  under  all  the 
Ties  of  Religion,  Honour,  and  Regard  for  Posterity,  that  we  will  adopt, 
and  endeavour  to  execute,  the  measures  which  the  General  Congress, 
now  sitting  in  Philadelphia,  may  conclude  on,  for  preserving  our  Consti- 
tution, and  opposing  the  Execution  of  the  several  arbitrary  and  illegal 
Acts  of  the  British  Parliament;  and  that  we  will  readily  observe  the 
Directions  of  our  General  Committee  for  the  Purposes  aforesaid,  the 
Preservation  of  Peace  and  good  Order,  and  Security  of  Individuals  and 
private  Property. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


937 


IL 


IN  CONGRESS 

Monday,  June  12,  1775. 

As  the  great  Governor  of  the  World,  by  his  supreme  and  universal 
Providence,  not  only  conducts  the  course  of  nature  with  unerring  wisdom 
and  rectitude,  but  frequently  influences  the  minds  of  men  to  serve  the 
wise  and  gracious  purposes  of  His  providencial  Government;  and  it 
being,  at  all  times,  our  indispensible  duty,  devoutly  to  acknowledge  His 
superintending  Providence,  especially  in  times  of  impending  danger, 
and  public  calamity,  to  reverence  and  adore  his  immutable  Justice,  as 
well  as  to  implore  his  merciful  Interposition  for  our  deliverance. 

This  Congress,  therefore,  considering  the  present  critical,  alarming 
and  calamitous  state,  of  these  Colonies,  do  earnestly  recommend,  that 
THURSDAY,  the  Twentieth  day  of  July  next,  be  observed  by  the 
Inhabitants  of  all  the  English  Colonies  on  this  Continent,  as  a  day 
of  public  HUMILIATION,  FASTING,  and  PRAYER,  that  we  may, 
with  united  hearts  and  voices,  unfeignedly  confess  and  deplore  our  many 
sins,  and  offer  up  our  joint  supplications  to  the  All-wise,  Omnipotent 
and  Merciful  Disposer  of  all  events,  humbly  beseeching  Him,  to  forgive 
our  iniquities,  to  remove  our  present  calamities,  to  avert  those  desolating 
judgments  with  which  we  are  threatened,  and  to  bless  our  rightful 
Sovereign  King  GEORGE  the  Hid.  and  inspire  him  with  wisdom  to 
discern  and  pursue  the  true  interest  of  all  his  subjects,— that  a  speedy 
end  may  be  put  to  the  civil  discord  between  Great-Britain  and  the 
American  Colonies,  without  further  effusion  of  blood— and  that  the 
British  nation  may  be  influenced  to  regard  the  things  that  belong  to  her 
peace,  before  they  are  hid  from  her  eyes— -that  these  Colonies  may  be 
ever  under  the  care  and  protection  of  a  kind  Providence,  and  be  pros- 
pered in  all  their  interests— that  the  divine  Blessing  may  descend  and 
rest  upon  all  our  civil  Rulers,  and  upon  the  Representatives  of  the  people 
in  their  several  Assemblies  and  Conventions,  that  they  may  be  directed 
to  wise  and  effectual  measures  for  preserving  the  Union  and  securing 
the  just  Rights  and  Privileges  of  the  Colonies,— that  virtue  and  true 
religion  may  revive  and  flourish  throughout  our  land— that  America 
may  soon  behold  a  gracious  interposition  of  Heaven  for  the  redress  of 
her  many  grievances,  the  restoration  of  her  invaded  Rights,  a  reconcili- 
ation with  the  parent  State,  on  terms  constitutional  and  honourable  to 
both,— and  that  her  civil  and  religious  Privileges  may  be  secured  to  the 


938  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


latest  posterity.  And  it  is  recommended  to  Christians  of  all  Denomina- 
tions to  Assemble  for  public  Worship,  and  to  abstain  from  servile  Labour 
and  Eecreations  on  said  day. 

By  Order  of  the  Congress, 
JOHN  HANCOCK,  President. 

(A  true  Copy,) 
Charles  Thompson,  Secretary. 

PHILADELPHIA :    Printed  by  William  &  Thomas  Bradford. 


hi. 

To  the  COMMITTEES  of  the  several  Towns  and  Counties  of  the 
Province  of  NORTH  CAROLINA,  appointed  for  the  purpose  of  carry- 
ing into  execution  the  Resolves  of  the  Continental  Congress; 

Gentlemen, 

[The  text  of  this  circular  can  be  found  in  the  "Colonial  Records 
of  North  Carolina,"  and  need  not  be  reprinted  here.] 

We  are,  Gentlemen, 
Philadelphia,  June  19,  1775.  Your  most  obedient,  and 

very  Humble  Servants, 
Wm.  Hooper 
[Autograph  signatures.]  Joseph  Hewes 

R.  Caswell 

IV. 

[Original  Letter.] 

To 

Mr.  Traugott  Bagge, 
Merch*. 
Care  Salem. 
Mr.  Shobe. 

Bethabara,  10th  July,  1775. 

Sir. 

I  reed,  yesterday  a  Letter  to  the  Committee  of  this  County  from  Sam1 
Johnson  Esq.  (Moderator),  wherein  he  requests  the  Committee  to  sum- 
mon the  Freeholders  to  meet  and  choose  five  Delegates  for  sd  County  to 
attend  a  General  Convention  to  be  held  at  Hillsborough  the  20th  of 
next  Month. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


939 


I  therefore  as  there  is  no  Committee  in  our  County  have  thought  it 
would  be  proper  that  the  People  should  be  acquainted  with  what  is 
Requested  of  them  &  have  Inclosed  an  Advertisement,  &  hope  you  will 
make  it  as  public  as  Possible. — 

You  will  I  hope  be  kind  Enough  to  Inform  Doctor  Bonn  of  the  same 
not  Doubthing  but  it  will  be  agreeable  to  you  both  to  Comply  with  the 
Request  &  that  you  will  give  your  Attendance  agreeable  to  the  Adver- 
tisement. 

I  Recd  your  Letter  some  time  ago  &  shall  Comply  as  fair  as  is  in 
my  Power  at  Court  but  hope  if  I  should  not  at  that  time  pay  you  as 
much  as  you  Expect  you  will  be  Easy  a  little  Longer  as  I  am  now  on  my 
way  home  from  making  a  Purchase  of  the  Clerks  place  of  this  County 
which  will  take  near  or  Quite  all  the  money  I  then  can  Command. 
If  it  suits  I  could  furnish  your  Town  with  any  Quantity  of  Beef  at 
[illegible]  hind  Quarter  &  at  l^d  the  Rest. 

I  am  Yrs 

Jo.  Williams. 

V. 

[MS.  Circular.] 
Surry.  11th  Aug.  1775. 

Gent: 

The  present  alarming  distresses  of  America  have  induced  the  inhab- 
itants of  this  County  to  chuse  us  their  Deligates  And  the  same  distresses 
have  induced  us  to  nominate  a  Committee  to  meet  and  consult  for  our 
common  peace  liberty  &  safety. — You  Gentlemen  are  nominated  and  we 
hope  you  will  set  in  said  Committee  &  Serve  the  Publick  until  the  good 
people  at  large  shall  chuse  others  at  least  Two  out  of  every  Capt. 
Company 

Our  Bleeding  Countrymen  demand  the  utmost  attention  of  every 
friend  to  this  province  and  Continent 


K.B.    The  Committee  must 
meet  for  the  first  time  on  the 
25th  Instant 

To  Traugott  Bagge 
Jacob  Blume  & 
George  Houzar 


J  Williams 
Ro  Lanier 
William  Hill 
Jo  Winston 
Martin  Armstrong 


Delegates 


940  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


VI. 

[Copies  of  the  replies  to  the  above  are  filed  with  it;  they  are  in 
Traugott  Bagge's  handwriting.] 

Dobbs  Parish,  August  the  24th  1775. 

Gentlemen, 

By  a  Letter  from  the  Delegates  of  this  County,  bearing  date  the  11th 
instant,  we  have  been  desired  to  sit  in  the  Committee  apointed  by  those 
Gentlemen  for  the  County,  and  are  much  obliged  to  them  for  the  Confi- 
dence placed  in  us. 

We  and  each  of  us  will  gladly  serve  the  Public,  whenever  we  can  do 
it  according  to  our  Consciences;  however  beg  leave  to  inform  you, 
that  taking  Seats  in  the  Committee  is  against  our  Consciences,  as  we  do 
not  carry  Arms,  and  have  had  that  Privilege  granted  us,  previous  to 
our  settling  here. 

We  shall  nevertheless  be  found  at  all  times  bearing  due  allegiance  to 
our  sovereign  Lord  king  George  the  Third ;  to  be  Well-wishers  &  Pro- 
moters of  the  Wellf are  of  the  Province  and  County  we  live  in,  and  never 
do  any  thing  which  shall  hurt  the  Country. 
We  are  with  much  Esteem 

Gentlemen 

Your  very  humble  Servts. 
To  the  Committee  Traugott  Bagge 

apointed  for  Surry  Jacob  Blum 

County   George  Hauser 

Salem  August  24th  1775. 

Dear  Sir, 

Your  favour  of  the  10th  instant,  I  duly  recd  &  noticed  the  Contents. 
Shall  give  Mr.  Kershaw  notice  thereof  by  first  oportunity. 

Inclosed  a  Letter  to  the  Committee  apointed  for  this  County,  wch  I 
make  f rete  to  desire  you  to  deliver,  and  wherein  I,  J acob  Blum  &  George 
Hauser  decline  being  Members  thereof.  I  doubt  not  but  our  reason  for 
it,  will  justify  itself,  &  meet  with  yours  and  every  Persons  aprobation, 
who  knows  me  &  my  Brethren  as  well  &  as  long  as  you  do,  &  I  request 
your  friendship  in  this  &  other  similar  Cases  wch  may  occurr,  remain 
wth  much  regard 

Dr  Sir 

To  Col  Martin  Armstrong  Your  very  hble  Serv* 

T.  B. 


Recoeds  of  the  Moeavians  in  £Toeth  Caeolina 


941 


VII. 

[Original  Letters.] 

Dan  River  Sepr.  22d  1775. 

Sir, 

I  am  favored  with  yours  by  Mr  Brooks  and  observd  the  Inhabitants 
&c  are  dissatisfied  at  being  called  &  stationed  at  Salisbury,  that  the  men 
do  not  list  for  that  purpose —  I  am  sincerely  sorry  that  you  have  listed 
any  person  only  to  remain  in  Surry  and  not  inform  them  that  they 
belong  to  the  Continental  Army  and  may  be  called  to  Virginia  South 
Carolina  or  even  Boston,  that  they  are  not  to  be  stationed  at  Salisbury, 
that  they  are  to  be  embodied  and  to  march  to  the  Frontiers  in  the  first 
place  to  learn  the  Motions  of  the  Indians,  that  during  this  time  they  are 
to  be  trained  in  Arms,  if  no  Danger  to  remain  somewhere  in  Salisbury 
District  until  it  is  necessary  to  march  elsewhere  and  not  at  Salisbury 
Town 

As  to  a  Commissary  Mr  Lanier  is  appointed,  &  Application  must 
be  had  to  him  or  Mr  Joseph  Williams  but  I  do  not  think  it  necessary 
to  keep  the  men  you  list  in  Richmond  untill  you  compleat  the  Company 
they  may  go  on  Forlow  untill  the  1st  of  Octr  when  I  expect  you  will 
be  ready  to  march  to  Salisbury,  if  Mr  Lanier  and  Williams  decline 
acting  victual  then  your  own  Company  untill  further  Orders —  As  to 
Waggons  Mr  Lanier  is  obliged  to  find  his  own  Waggons —  and  as  to 
Baggage  Waggons  a  Baut  Horse  must  be  sufficient  for  yourself,  I  shall 
make  use  of  no  more,  as  the  Congress  allowed  none  the  men  must  carry 
their  Blankets  on  their  Backs —  Should  the  men  want  any  Necessaries 
please  to  apply  to  the  Moravian  Stores  and  you  or  I  will  see  the  pay- 
ment when  the  money  comes  up — 

I  am  much  pleased  with  Mr  Brooks,  and  will  do  anything  in  my  power 
to  serve  him —  I  wish  he  would  accept  the  Ensign's  Commission 
should  your  Committee  recommend  him  to  the  provincial  Council,  how- 
ever the  either  of  the  other  Gentlemen  is  agreeable —  Mr  Samuel 
Hunter  of  Beaver  Island  in  this  County  is  already  appointed  Sutler 
should  he  decline  I  shall  have  it  in  my  power  to  oblige  Mr  Brooks — 

Those  men  who  cannot  get  guns  cannot  go  without  them,  the  extra- 
ordinary Sum  of  53/4  p  month  was  to  encourage  those  to  figt  who  had 
guns,  they  are  to  borrow  if  possible  on  the  Terms  I  wrote  to  you.  I 
am  pleased  to  hear  you  recruit  your  Company  fast  I  know  not  what 
hand  your  Lieut,  here  has  made,  however  I  shall  attend  at  Campbell's 
on  Monday  next  to  meet  a  number  of  Recruits  for  you  &  Davison  and 
shall  inform  you  after  that  time —  Your  Brother  Col.  Armstrong  de- 


942  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


sires  to  know  when  the  District  Committee  sits — I  really  cannot  tell  but 
I  believe  when  the  Minute  Men  are  raised  which  Col.  Wade  will 
certify —  I  hope  your  County  is  going  on  with  Expedition  in  that 
Service,  two  Companies  of  Minute  Men  may  be  raised  in  Surry. — 
enclosed  I  send  you  the  Copy  of  a  test  which  please  to  propose  to  the 
two  Wrights,  as  I  mean  to  shew  as  much  Indulgence  as  possible  to 
ignorant  people  I  would  have  no  man  used  ill —  but  Col.  Wright  &  his 
Bror  appear  to  be  obstinate  Enemies  to  their  Country  and  its  Liberties— 
if  they  sign  this  Test  it  is  well,— if  not  I  should  be  very  sorry  to  treat 
either  of  them  ill  which  I  must  be  obliged  by  my  Duty  to  do—  on  their 
Kefusal  please  to  certify  to  me-  also  some  others  whom  you  know  to 
be  obstinate  Enemies— but  use  every  gentle  measure  with  them.— 

I  am  dear  Captain 
Captain  John  Armstrong  Your  most  obedient  servant 

Alex.  Martin 

Sir 

Capt.  John  Armstrongs  Company  is  in  want  of  Sundry  Articles  to 
acquip  themselves  as  Soldiers  to  serve  under  him,  If  you  think  it  safe 
to  furnish  them  with  such  things  as  they  may  want  &  take  me  as  pay. 
I  do  hereby  oblige  myself  to  pay  for  the  same  as  soon  as  the  money 
now  in  making  shall  be  sent  up  If  the  above  meets  with  your  Appro- 
bation send  me  an  acco1  of  the  same 

I  am  yrs  &c. 

rp0  Rob.  Lanier 

Mr  Jacob  Euckle  26  Sept*  1775 

[Notation  across  eud  of  page.] 

Mr  Bagge. 

Dr  Sir,  I  received  this  Order  of  Mr  Lanier,  but  had  not  the  Quality 
required,  I  thought  proper  to  sent  it  to  you. 

I  am  Sir  Yours  &c 
Sept  27th  1775.  Fockel. 

[Postscript  on  reverse  side  of  sheet.] 
I  am  also  in  want  of  a  Barrel  of  Whiskey  for  my  own  use  If  it  should 
be  apply'd  for.    Please  send  it  &  you  shall  have  the  money  as  soon  as  I 
return,  &  I  hope  to  be  obliged  by  you 

I  am  Yours  &c 

rp0  R  Lanier 

M'  Jacob  Fuckle.  26'"  Sept'  1775. 


Records  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina  943 


Salem,  Septbr  27th,  1775. 
Delivered  to  me  by  Traugott  Bagge  for  Col1.  Alex  Martin  &  myself 
70  yd  Osnabrugs   a  2/  £7 


1%  j*  russia  Drill  a  4/  , 

12  yd  russia  Duck  a  3/3 

1  String  button  Moulds   , 

10  Ounces  Thread  a  6d  , 


£9;12;— : 
Jo.  Armstrong. 

VIII. 
[Copy.] 

Surry,  3rd  December  1775 

Gen1 

Immediately  on  the  reseption  of  your  order  for  Lead  I  went  to  the 
Moravians  Towns  &  after  some  time  prevailed  on  them  to  let  me  have 
200lb  which  I  was  under  the  necessity  of  paying  for  at  the  rate  of  10d 
per  lb,  amountg  to  £8:6:8.  The  Lead  will  be  sent  by  Mr  Laniers 
Waggon 

I  am  Gen1  yours  &c 

Jo  Williams 

[directed  on  the  outside] 

To  Messrs  Osborne  &  Rutherford 
Rowan 

A  true  Copy 
Matthew  Lock 

IX. 

[Preliminary  draft,  in  English.    A  copy  in  German  is  filed  with  it.] 

To  the  Honourable  the  House  of  Delegates  apointed  for  a  General 
Convention  in  the  Province  of  North  Carolina. 
Or 

To  the  Gentlemen  Delegates  apointed  for  Surry  County  in  North 
Carolina. 
Or 

To  the  Gentlemen  of  the  Committee  apointed  for  Surry  County  in 
North  Carolina. 


944  North  Cakolina  Historical  Commission 


The  Declaration  of  The  United  Brethren  settled  in  Wachovia  and 
Dobbs  Parish  in  Surry  County  North  Carolina  (most  humbly)  sheweth, 

That  the  said  United  Brethren  have  been  and  will  remain  faithfull 
and  loyal  Subjects  to  our  Sovereign  Lord  King  George  the  Third,  and 
bear  due  Allegiance  to  him. 

That  we  love  the  Province  of  North  Carolina  in  which  we  are  settled, 
wish  well  unto  it,  and  will  in  our  small  degree,  as  hitherto,  endeavour 
to  promote  its  "Welfare  at  all  times. 

That  we  are  a  quiet  conscientious  People,  and  have  settled  in  this 
Province,  as  others  of  our  Denomination  have  done  in  Pennsylvania,  and 
other  American  Provinces,  upon  the  Strength  of  certain  Privileges  pre- 
viously granted  to  the  Unitas  Pratrum  or  the  United  Brethren,  which 
insure  to  them  Quietness  and  Liberty  of  Conscience. 

That  one  of  the  said  Privileges  is  the  Exemption  from  bearing  Arms, 
[written  in  ink  hut  crossed  out  in  pencil, — and  which  to  do  the  Con- 
science of  any  Member  of  our  Community  will  not  allow  him.]  That 
we  the  said  United  Brethren  therefore  can  not  burthen  our  Consciences 
with  bearing  arms  in  the  present  calamitous  Circumstances  of  North 
America;  but  (humbly  sollicit  and)  expect  to  be  consider'd  in  this 
Province  of  North  Carolina  with  the  same  tender  and  brotherly  Regard, 
which  not  long  ago  and  in  the  like  Circumstances  the  Honourable 
House  of  Assembly  in  Pennsylvania  has  earnestly  recommended  to  the 
People  of  that  Province,  and  with  the  contents  whereof  we  most  heartily 
close. 

That  we  in  no  case  whatever  shall  or  will  do  anything  that  shall  be 
detrimental  to  the  good  Province  we  inhabit. 

That  we  will  not  cease  to  implore  the  Mercy  of  God  Almighty  to  put 
a  speedy  Stop  to  the  present  Calamities,  and  make  our  and  every 
Province  in  North  America  prosper  by  restoring  a  general  Peace. 

Signed  this  Day  of  August,  1775,  by 

Your  very  humble  &  most  obedient  Servants 


GLOSSARY 


Administration:  the  local  office  for  the  business  of  the  Unity  as  a 
whole,  in  contradistinction  to  the  business  of  Wachovia  and  of  the  in- 
dividual congregations. 

Aeltesten  Conferenz:  the  Board  of  Elders.  Originally  the  governing 
Board  of  Wachovia,  but  later  concerning  itself  more  particularly  with 
the  spiritual  side  of  supervision. 

AJcoluthe:    a  layman  or  woman  formally  set  apart  for  Church  service, 

but  not  ranking  with  the  regularly  ordained  ministry. 

Arbeiter:  literally  "the  workers,"  that  is  the  ministers  and  their  wives. 

Armen  Pfleger:    the  official  charged  with  the  care  of  the  poor. 

Aufseher.  Collegium:    Supervising  Board,  that  is  the  Board  that  cared 

for  the  material,  the  financial,  interests  of  the  congregation. 

Beylagen:    a  manuscript,  weekly,  publication  containing  reports  from 

the  various  Congregation  of  the  Unity  of  Brethren.    Its  name  indicates 

that  it  supplemented  the  Wochentlichen  Nachrichten. 

Branches:   Business  carried  on  for  the  benefit  of  Salem  Congregation 

Diaconie. 

Choir:  a  division  of  the  Congregation,  which  consisted  of  the  Choirs 
of  Married  People,  Single  Brethren,  Single  Sisters,  Widowers,  Widows, 
Older  Boys,  Older  Girls,  Little  Boys,  and  Little  Girls.  Also  used  in 
the  modern  sense  for  a  company  of  singers ;  and  for  a  group  of  players 
on  wind  instruments. 

Daily  Word:    Old  Testament  Text  for'  each  day  of  the  year. 
Diaconie:    the  business  organization  of  a  Congregation  or  Choir. 
Diaspora:    a  Greek  word  meaning  "the  dispersed/'— compare  John 
VII,  35.    Used  to  signify  members  and  closely  associated  friends  living 
outside  the  Moravian  towns. 
Diener:    see  Saal  Diener. 

Doctrinal  Text:    the  New  Testament  Text  for  each  day. 

Fremden:  literally  "strangers";  in  general  all  non-Moravian  visitors. 

Fremden  Diener:    the  Brother  appointed  to  look  after  visitors. 

Oemein  Eaus:    usually  translated  Congregation  House.    It  contained 

the  meeting-hall,  rooms  for  the  minister,  etc. 

Gemein  Heifer:    the  Pastor  of  the  Congregation. 

Gemein  Nachrichten:  Unity  News,  the  manuscript  Moravian  Church 
Newspaper  of  the  period.  The  term  included  the  Wochen,  the  Beyla- 
gen, and  a  little  later  the  Reden,  which  see. 

Gemein  Ort:    a  Congregation  Town,  in  which  both  religious  and  civil 
matters  were  under  the  control  of  the  Congregation. 
28 


946  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission 


Gemein  Saal:  the  Meeting-hall  in  the  Gemein  Haus,  used  by  the  Con- 
gregation. 

Gemein  Tag:  Unity  Day.  There  were  generally  several  services  given 
to  the  reading  of  the  Gemein  Nachrichten,  which  kept  the  Congregation 
in  touch  with  the  central  Boards  and  with  other  Congregations  of  the 
Unity  throughout  the  world., 

Grosse  Heifer  Conference:    an  advisory  Board  of  ex-officio  and  elected 
members;  see  Salem  Diary,  April  26th  and  27th,  1772. 
J  linger:    "disciple,"  sometimes  used  for  a  certain  officer  in  the  Choirs, 
but  often  specifically  for  Count  Zinzendorf. 

Lovefeast:  a  religious  service,  founded  on  the  "Agape,"  the  "meal  in 
common,"  of  the  early  Christians.  It  is  largely  a  song  service,  during 
which  the  members  share  a  simple  meal,  usually  buns  and  coffee.  The 
idea  is  that  all  Christians  are  members  of  one  family,  of  which  Jesus 
Christ  is  the  head,  in  token  of  which  they  break  bread  together,  and 
sing  and  pray  together.  It  is  not  limited  to  Communicants. 
Ode:  a  series  of  appropriate  hymns  arranged  for  a  special  service. 
Oeconomie:  the  common  housekeeping  and  community  of  interest  that 
made  possible  the  remarkable  achievements  of  the  pioneer  days  in 
Wachovia. 

Oeconomus:  head  of  the  Oeconomie;  the  chief  executive  of  the  Set- 
tlement. 

Ordinarius :  generally  used  as  the  equivalent  of  Presbyter  or  Priest,  the 
second  rank  in  the  ordained  ministry,  and  therefore  usually  the  leading 
minister  of  the  Congregation.  Sometimes  applied  specifically  to  Count 
Zinzendorf. 

Pfleger:   (feminine  Pflegerin)  literally  "one  who  takes  care  of"  an- 
other, therefore  the  Pastor  of  a  Congregation  or  the  leader  of  a  Choir. 
Proc:    Proclamation  Money.    See  article  on  the  Colonial  Currency  of 
North  Carolina. 
Psalm:    see  Ode. 

Reader:  In  the  Church  of  England  (and  the  American  Episcopal 
Church)  a  layman  authorized  to  read  the  Services  for  a  Congregation 
in  the  absence  of  an  ordained  minister.  The  term  was  used  by  the 
Moravians  only  while  Wachovia  was  Dobbs  Parish  and  the  Church  of 
England  was  the  State  Church  of  North  Carolina, 
Received,  Reception:  men  and  women  were  "received"  into  the  Congre- 
gation, considered  as  an  organization,  sometimes  quite  a  long  time  before 
they  became  Communicant  members.  See  Minutes  of  Grosse  Heifer 
Conferenz,  Nov.  16,  1772. 

Reden:    copies  of  sermons  sent  out  by  the  central  Boards. 


Kecords  of  the  Moravians  in  North  Carolina 


947 


Saal:  a  hall  in  which  religious  services  were  held,  either  in  a  Choir 
House,  Gemein  Haus,  or  Church. 

Saal  Diener:    Church  ushers,  sextons,  sacristans.    Both  men  and  wo- 
men servedy  as  the  sexes  sat  on  opposite  sides  of  the  Saal. 
Senior  Civilis:    a  Moravian  minister,  ranking  as  a  Bishop,  but  espe- 
cially charged  with  the  oversight  of  material  interests  of  the  Unity. 
The  office  no  longer  exists. 

Singstunde:  a  Church  service  which  consisted  largely  of  singing. 
Society:  an  association  affiliated  with  the  Brethren,  and  served  by  a 
Moravian  minister,  but  not  fully  organized  as  a  Moravian  Congregation. 
Speaking:  the  personal  interview  between  pastor  and  member  which 
preceded  the  Communion.  It  is  no  longer  practiced. 
Stundenbeter:  members  of  the  organization  for  Hourly  Intercession, 
that  is  continuous  prayer. 

Syndic:  a  Minister  of  the  Unity  who  represented  it  in  negotiations  with 
high  officials  of  Government.    The  term  is  no  longer  used. 
Texts:    see  Daily  Word  and  Doctrinal  Text.    Together  they  consti- 
tuted the  Texts  for  the  day. 

Unitas  Fratrum:  the  "Unity  of  Brethren."  The  official  title  of  the 
Brethren's  Church,  though  the  title  "Moravian  Church"  is  officially 
recognized  also  in  England  and  America. 

Vorsteher  (feminine  Vorsteherin)  :  the  business  manager  and  treasurer 
of  a  Congregation  or  Choir. 

Wochen,  Wochentlichen  Nachrichten:  reports  sent  out  weekly,  in 
manuscript,  by  the  central  Boards  of  the  Unity  to  the  congregations  in 
all  parts  of  the  world. 


INDEX 


INDEX 


A 

Abbotts  Creek,  665,  731,  763,  776,  784, 
795,  796,  798. 

Acts  of  Parliament,  650,  840,  843,  844, 
854,  873,  931,  936. 

Adam,  Daniel,  537. 

Advertisements,  838,  848,  862,  865, 
868,  869,  876,  879,  898,  903,  939. 

Aeltesten  Conferenz,  556,  589,  594, 
604,  660,  669,  672,  673,  674,  677, 
679,  682,  683,  685,  713-718,  744,  748, 
755,  760,  761,  763-776,  819,  824-829, 
830,  854,  858,  867,  894-900,  947. 

Affirmation,  527. 

Akoluthie,  690,  760,  853,  864,  947. 
Alamance,  800. 

Alamance,  Battle  of,  619,  653,  735, 
799. 

Allen's  Settlement,  791. 

Allen,  William,  762,  763,  775,  817. 

Allis,  520. 

Allison,  James,  520. 

Almond,  Moses,  930. 

Altem,  520. 

American  Oeconomie  Conference,  526, 
551. 

Andreas,  Rudolph,  799. 
Angels,  747,  776,  856,  860. 
Anson  County,  516,  534,  535. 
Antes,  Henry,  515,  517,  521-524,  759, 
773. 

Apothecary  Shop,  602,  684,  770,  826, 
830. 

Apprentices,  607-609,  695,  709,  714, 
717,  743,  765,  766,  768,  830,  858, 
887,  896. 

Archives,  Bethlehem,  vii,  515,  600, 

688,  873,  878. 
Archives,  London,  Eng.,  529. 
Archives,  Salem,  vii,  515,  534,  541, 

545,  587,  622,  671,  729,  758,  829, 

883,  927. 

Armstrong,  John,  Captain  and  Major, 
634,  642,  643,  644,  645,  646,  647, 
738,  848,  849,  868,  883,  884,  886, 
904,  905,  910,  941,  942. 


Armstrong,  Martin,  Sheriff  and  Col- 
onel, 634,  643,  644,  645,  647,  714, 
718,  729,  733,  738,  772,  773,  774,  778, 
833,  841,  845,  848,  869,  870,  875,  881, 
882,  893,  901,  939,  940,  941. 

Arrarat  Mountains,  557. 

Ascension  Day,  681. 

Ashe,  John,  878. 

Ashe,  Samuel,  642. 

Assembly  of  North  Carolina,  621,  629, 
630,  631,  634,  654,  730,  753,  754,  755, 
778,  808,  833,  843,  846,  864,  871,  883, 
901. 

Associations,  842,  844,  927,  935,  936. 

Atkin,  see  Yadkin. 

Aufseher   Collegium,   660,  674,  675, 

676,    678,   679,   683,    693^710,  713, 

748,  763-776,  824-829,  830,  857,  870, 

877,  887,  894-900,  947. 
August  Seventeenth,  545. 
August  Thirteenth,  683,  684. 
Aust,  Felicitas,  m.n.  Grosh,  679,  680. 
Aust,  Gottfried,  676,  679,  749,  759, 

762,  763,  764,  768,  771,  772,  824. 
Aust,  John  Friedrich,  738. 
Aust,  John  George,  664,  686,  717,  738, 

739,  777,  902,  903. 
Aust,  John  Leonard,  738. 
Aust,  Maria  Margaretha,  738,  777,  902. 
Avery,  883. 

B 

Bachhof,  Rev.  Ludolph  Gottlieb,  612, 
657,  680,  681,  682,  716,  736,  742,  747, 
761,  766,  772,  781,  783,  837,  911. 

Bachhof,  Rosina,  m.n.  Kaske,  widow 
Biefel,  681,  747,  760,  761. 

Backis,  520. 

Bagge,  Anna  Elisabeth,  667,  699,  827. 
Bagge,  Elisabeth,  m.n.  Burstler,  750, 

759,  761,  779,  905. 
Bagge  Manuscript,  viii,  650-654,  753- 

755,  808,  843,  844,  846-852. 
Bagge,  Maria  Rahel,  750. 
Bagge,  Rev.  Nicholas  Lorenz,  603,  613, 

657,  662,  672,  685,  688,  690,  714,  749, 

750,  752,  759,  769,  779,  831,  837,  859, 

900,  906,  946. 


952 


Index 


Bagge  Papers,  844,  846,  927-946. 
Bagge,  Rahel,  676. 

Bagge,  Traugott,  viii,  604,  618,  619, 
621,  622,  643,  644,  657,  667,  668, 
673,  674,  676,  677,  678,  681,  682,  684, 
693,  694,  706,  707,  718,  726,  727,  737, 
738,  741,  755,  757,  762,  772,  776, 
820,  821,  828,  831,  833,  842,  844, 
845,  847,  848,  850,  862,  865,  868, 
872,  873,  876,  877,  879,  880,  881, 
882,  883,  885,  887,  893,  894,  897, 
898,  899,  904,  916,  923,  927,  938, 
939,  940,  942,  943,  945,  946. 

Bailie,  Major  Andrew,  643,  645,  868. 

Bakery,  674,  698,  830. 

Baldwin,  John,  534,  536. 

Ballinger,  Henry,  536. 

Bamfield,  593. 

Bange,  Captain,  810,  815. 

Bankson,  Danniell,  535. 

Banner  (Benner),  Henry,  704,  776, 
801,  803,  835,  903. 

Banns,  769,  824,  825,  827,  831,  836, 
837,  839,  911,  912,  914. 

Baptists,  665,  680,  729,  785,  786,  790, 
794,  795,  797,  798,  800,  802,  803, 
816,  832,  848. 

Barclay,  William,  534. 

Barker,  Dr.,  520,  521. 

Barnet,  Hugh,  535. 

Barnet,  Thomas,  535. 

Baumann,  795. 

Baumgarten,  John  George,  613,  704, 

707,  894. 
Beals,  John,  Jr.,  537. 
Beals,  John,  Sr.,  537. 
Beaver  Creek  of  Alamance,  537. 
Beck,  Ann,  m.n.  Leinbach,  676,  680, 

688. 

Beck,  Friedrich,  872,  896. 

Beck,  Valentine,  671,  676,  688,  690, 

695,  699,  711-713,  716,  752,  772,  813, 

815,  869. 
Bees,  580,  583,  631. 
Beesly,  Henry,  537. 
Beilagen,  viii,  545,  546,  674,  947. 
Belews  Creek,  534,  535,  665,  688,  704, 

752,  756,  776,  784,  798,  801,  835. 
Bell,  in  Salem,  677,  678,  679,  682,  723. 
Belvin,  Robert,  537. 
Benezet,  Daniel,  526,  527. 
Benton,  Jesse,  874. 


Beroth,  Anna  Eva,  m.n.  Hoehns,  749, 
758. 

Beroth,  Heinrich,  910. 
Beroth,  Johann  Jacob,  758,  834,  839, 
923. 

Berries,  532,  562,  564,  736. 

Berry,  Samuel,  821,  822. 

Bethabara,  529,  532,  539,  540,  541, 
552,  553,  589,  594,  595,  598,  599, 
601,  605,  606,  607,  617,  618,  619, 
620,  652,  653,  657,  660,  661,  689, 
694,  704,  716,  726-742,  769,  776-780, 
827,  831-836,  861,  869,  874,  890, 
900-908. 

Bethabara  Brand,  615. 

Bethabara  Committee,  664,  717,  736, 

750,  778,  882,  903,  904. 
Bethabara  Memorabilia,  663,  664,  750, 

751,  783,  812,  858,  859. 
Bethania,  539,  540,  541,  598,  600,  606, 

618,  621,  645,  657,  661,  689,  704, 
716,  735,  740,  751,  769,  779,  827, 
831,  836,  861,  908-911. 

Bethania  Committee,  739,  882. 

Bethania  Land,  601. 

Bethania  Memorabilia,  664,  665,  751, 

752,  783,  812,  859,  860. 
Bethesda,  Ga.,  920. 

Bethlehem,   Pa.,   vii,  515,   521,  525, 

526,  539,  541,  551,  596,  841,  876, 

878,  888,  922. 
Bibighaus,  George,  667,  668,  880,  882, 

887,  889,  891. 
Bible   Reading,   530,   592,   658,  668, 

672,  673,  683,  860,  885. 
Biggelson,  Secretary,  684,  737,  753, 

754. 

Billingley,  796. 

Bills  of  Exchange,  527. 

Binkele,  Peter,  621,  622. 

Binkley,  John,  Jr.,  718,  757. 

Birkhead,  John,  590. 

Birds,  579,  580,  818. 

Bishoff,    Anna,    667,   676,   819,  857, 

858,  872,  873. 
Bishoff,  Rev.  David,  540. 
Bishop,  William,  535. 
Biackledge,  Richard,  930. 
Blacksmith,  602,  684,  870. 
Blar,  Magdalena,  673,  676,  897. 
Blew  Wing  Creek,  535. 
Blanket  Bottom  Creek,  763. 


Index 


953 


Blanket  Bottom  School  House,  792, 

820,  828,  862,  866,  867. 
Blount,  John  Gray,  930. 
Blue  Ridge,  515. 
Blum,  Franz,  515. 
Blum,  Heinrich,  768,  910. 
Blum,  Jacob,  733,  741,  750,  757,  774, 
778,  832,  833,  834,  845,  848,  855, 
871,  881,  882,  902,  904,  939,  940,  946. 
Boeckel,  Anna  Maria,  782. 
Boeckel,  Amma  Rosina,  671,  672,  826. 
Boeckel,  Friedrich,  744. 
Boeckel,  Johann  Nicholas,  744,  781, 

782,  837. 
Boehler,  Rev.  Francis,  719. 
Boehler,  Rev.  Peter,  853. 
Boemish,  Jacob,  922. 
Bogin,  Patrick,  518. 
Bohannon,  Duncan,  Jr.,  537. 
Bohannon,  James,  833,  835. 
Bohannon,  John,  536. 
Bohannon,  Joseph,  537. 
Bonner     (Booner,    Boner),  Joseph 

Wilhelm,  782,  813. 
Bonds,  Special,  596,  608,  616,  621-623, 

713,  724,  726,  923,  924. 
Bonn,  Anna  Elisabeth,  664. 
Bonn,  Anna  Maria,  m.n.  Brendle,  675, 

676,  680,  731,  825. 
Bonn,  Dr.  Jacob,  618,  620,  675,  676, 
681,  684,  688,  695,  699,  702,  711, 
723,  729,  732,  733,  735,  737,  739^ 
740,  746,  757,  765,  769,  770,  774, 
777,  814,  817,  819,  821,  822,  826, 
833,  834,  848,  849,  862,  865,  866, 
869,  870,  874,  877,  880,  882,  883, 
887,  889,  896,  897,  898,  939. 
Bonn,  Jacob,  Jr.,  675,  731. 
Books,  682,  691,  707,  716,  717,  763, 
769,  820,  829,  830,  911,  913,  914. 
Boone,  Daniel,  787. 
Boone  (Buhn),  George,  804. 
Boone  (Buhn),  John,  791,  794. 
Boone,  Jonathan,  789. 
Boone,  Mary,  m.n.  Carter,  789. 
Boone,  Nathaniel,  794. 
Boone,  "old  mother,"  794. 
Boote,  Benjamin  Booth,  879,  880. 
Boston,  808,  840,  843,  844,  869,  873, 
875,  878,  879,  888,  900,  903,  905, 
907,  928,  929,  931,  935. 
Boues,  Christoph,  891. 
Boyd,  John,  536. 


Boyd,  John,  Jr.,  536. 

Branches,  694,  695,  698,  701,  707, 
770,  947.  See  also  under  separate 
names. 

Brantly,  Joseph,  537. 

Brantly,  Lewis,  537. 

Brashear,  Bazil,  536. 

Brashear,  Jesse,  535. 

Brashear,  Otho,  535. 

Brashear,  Robert,  536. 

Bread,  522,  652,  732,  733,  734,  735, 
736,  899. 

Brendle,  758,  769,  782. 

Brewery,  697,  767,  771,  899. 

Breyel,  Conrad,  797. 

Brezel,  see  Praezel. 

Brickyard,  705,  828. 

Broadbay,  Settlers  from,  609-612,  613, 
616,  665,  742,  780,  784,  804,  866. 

Broessing,  Andreas,  705,  706,  763, 
765,  766,  829,  853,  858,  863,  864,  865, 
867,  916,  917,  918,  919,  920,  921. 

Brooks,  John,  537. 

Brooks,  Matthew,  848,  941. 

Brooks,  Thomas,  537. 

Brother  Joseph,  see  Spangenberg. 

Brotherly  Agreement,  Friedland,  866. 

Brothers  House,  Salem,  620,  661,  681, 
684,  685,  695,  706,  723,  771,  774, 
784,  800,  814,  826,  827,  828,  829, 
830,  856,  867,  872,  893,  897,  899, 
900. 

Brown,  David,  537. 

Brown,  Thomas,  536. 

Brushy  Fork,  688. 

Brushy  Mountains,  790. 

Bryan,  Nathan,  930. 

Bryant,  James,  794,  803,  894. 

Bryant,  John,  803. 

Bryant,  Joseph,  793,  794,  880,  885. 

Bryant,  Morgan,  792,  794,  803. 

Bryant,  Samuel,  793,  804,  880. 

Bryant  Settlement,  686,  794,  828,  864. 

Bryant,  Thomas,  794,  803. 

Bryant,  William,  792,  794,  803. 

Bryel  Curtel,  798. 

Bube,  Christoph,  793. 

Bube,  Heinrich,  792,  793. 

Bub,  Jacob,  867. 

Bucker,  Catharine,  m.n.  Soelle,  792. 
Bucker,  Heinrich,  792. 
Buckwaters,  527. 
Bues,  William,  534. 


954 


Index 


Buffalo  Island  Creek,  538. 
Buffalo  Settlement,  799. 
Bullitschek,   Joseph,   669,   690,  729, 

739,  763,  772,  777,  779,  780,  812, 

866,  884. 
Bunch,  William,  535. 
Bunker  Hill,  Battle  of,  879. 
Butter,  533,  771,  820,  822,  828,  835, 

865,  897. 
Bynum,  Gray,  907. 

C 

Canada,  888,  928. 

Cape  Fear,  533,  540,  850. 

Care,  David,  799. 

Carraway,  519,  798,  800. 

Carroll,  Charles,  Esq.,  719. 

Carroll's  Manor,  Md.,  Settlers  from, 
665,  691,  717,  718-723,  742,  776,  810, 
817,  819,  820,  821,  822,  828,  829, 
914. 

Carter,  Benjamin,  537. 

Carter,  James,  534,  535,  536. 

Cartie's,  519. 

Cary,  Archibald,  945. 

Caswell,   Judge,   Richard,   630,  631, 

641,  758,  808,  847,  876,  938. 
Catalogs  of  Wachovia,  771,  818,  828. 
Catawba  River,  519,  551,  682,  710. 
Cattle,  530,  531,  532,  533,  539,  580, 

615,  682,  700,  727,  771,  780,  821, 

828,  835,  884,  899,  906. 
Charlestown,  S.  C,  593,  594,  603,  614, 

654,  690,  738,  742,  747,  761,  762, 

808,  822,  844,  846,  851,  853,  864, 

865,  870,  872,  874,  879,  880,  889, 

928,  930,  936. 
Charlotte  Town,  N.  C,  844. 
Charter  for  Salem,  597,  599,  672. 
Cheeter,  William,  520. 
Chief  Elder,  517,  542,  660,  690,  748, 

811.   See  also  November  Thirteenth. 
Chief  Elder,  545. 
Chief  Eldress,  545,  547. 
Childs,  596,  598. 
Child,  Thomas,  639. 
Children's  Hour,  677,  685,  829. 
Chiltron's  Tavern,  520. 
Chimney-sweeping,  705,  894,  895,  896. 
Choir  Festivals,  554,  659,  679;  685, 

687,  688,  739,  751,  759,  852. 
Choir  Houses,  589,  600,  605,  606,  663, 

673,  710,  716. 


Choir  of  Boys,  659,  663,  667,  669, 
681,  682,  686,  716,  749,  750. 

Choir  of  Children,  659,  663,  677,  705, 
750,  759,  771. 

Choir  of  Married  People,  539,  605, 
659,  662,  663,  668,  688,  730,  732, 
739,  749,  750,  826. 

Choir  of  Older  Girls,  659,  663,  685, 
686,  734,  750. 

Choir  of  Single  Brethren,  529,  539, 
589,  601,  605,  657,  659,  662,  663, 
669,  675,  681,  687,  749,  750,  759, 
763,  809,  818,  825,  826,  882.  See 
also  Brothers  House,  Salem. 

Choir  of  Single  Sisters,  542,  545, 
601,  602,  657,  659,  663,  673,  674, 
679,  685,  730,  750,  768,  829.  See 
also  Sisters  House,  Salem. 

Choir  System,  556,  600,  607,  659,  660, 
666,  676,  734,  748,  776,  852,  877,  947. 

Christiansbrunn,  664. 

Christmann,  Catharina,  670,  671,  715, 
799. 

Christmann,  Jacob,  Jr.,  735,  799. 
Christmann,  Jacob,  Sr.,  799. 
Christ,  Peter,  671. 
Christmas,  663,  692,  744,  747,  783. 
Christmas  Eve,  691,  692,  742,  894. 
Church  of  England,  796,  802. 
Church  Services,  530,  661,  666,  672, 

678,  679,  681,  689. 
Church,  Thomas,  536. 
Church  Wardens,  677,  689,  716,  774, 

855,  871. 

Churton,  William,  517,  518,  520,  521, 

524,  526,  527,  534,  535,  536,  537, 

538,  551,  760,  763. 
Circulars,  843,  844,  845,  847,  875,  876, 

877,  879,  881,  897,  937,  938,  939. 
Clemmons,  N.  C,  828. 
Climate  of  North  Carolina,  515,  531. 

See  also  Weather. 
Clinch  River,  834. 
Clocks,  724. 
Cochran,  Robert,  912. 
Collet,  Captain  John,  760. 
Collins,  John,  534. 
Cole,  Temple,  790. 
Colonial  Records  of  North  Carolina, 

627,  632,  760,  842,  844,  927,  938. 
Colver,  Johanna  Elisabeth,  673,  779. 
Conch-shell  Horn,  723. 


Index 


955 


Conferences,  European,  545,  551,  552, 

553,  588,  596-602. 
Conferences  in  Pennsylvania,  552,  554. 
Confirmation,  545,  688,  690,  725. 
Congaree,  824. 

Congregation  Cash  Account,  Salem, 
702,  707,  857. 

Congregation  Council,  660,  661,  662, 
674,  679,  682,  683,  689,  707,  756, 
815,  819,  830,  857,  872,  898. 

Congregation  Day,  see  Gemein  Tag. 

Congregation  Store,  604,  607. 

Congress,  Continental,  822,  840,  843, 

844,  848,  852,  873,  876,  879,  881, 
882,  885,  888,  897,  905,  936,  937,  938. 

Congresses  of  North  Carolina,  631, 

845,  849.  See  also  New  Bern  Con- 
vention and  Hillshoro  Congress. 

Committees  of  Safety,  840,  841,  845, 

846,  849,  875,  938. 

Committee  of  Safety,  Rowan,  889, 
890. 

Committee  of  Safety,  Surry,  845,  848, 
877,  878,  879,  881,  882,  883,  888, 
889,  892,  903,  904,  938,  939,  940. 

Communion,  529,  530,  531,  532,  544, 
548,  555,  556,  659,  668,  669,  676, 
679,  681,  685,  747,  751,  825,  852, 
859,  885. 

Conrad,  Christian,  714,  831,  843,  870, 

873,  909. 
Conrad,  Jacob,  646,  648. 
Continental  troops,  847,  849,  850,  883, 

885,  905,  906,  929,  935,  941. 
Corbin,  Francis,  516,  517,  518,  526, 

527,  551. 

Corpse  House,  773,  820,  857,  877. 
Cossart,  Henry,  515,  527,  598,  760, 
773. 

Council  of  Safety,  892. 
Counterfeiting,  628,  630,  631,  632,  773, 

818,  820,  832,  850,  865,  869,  902. 
County  Line  Creek,  535. 
County,  Separate  for  Wachovia,  518, 

526. 

Court,  County,  527,  621,  634,  642,  729, 
738,  808,  810,  816,  818,  821,  834, 
835,  836,  845,  846,  849,  865,  872, 
875,  880,  883,  889,  901,  902,  903, 
904,  907. 

Court  of  Admiralty,  518. 

Court,  Superior,  808,  837,  883. 

Court,  Supreme,  518,  642,  731,  816. 


Cox,  Herman,  535. 

Craven  County,  927,  929,  936. 

Crawford,  Charles,  930. 

Cremser,  Johann  Andreas,  608,  670, 

728,  834. 
Crisson,  Abraham,  788. 
Crooked  Run  of  County  Line,  536. 
Cross  Creek,  616,  690,  706,  747,  758, 

762,  815,  818,  820,  825,   842,  846, 

851,  875,  884,  885,  887,  889,  891, 

892,  908,  910,  911. 
Cruden,  887. 

Cummings,  Samuel,  645,  647. 

Cunigan,  John,  536. 

Cup  of  Covenant,  681,  691,  749,  852, 
853,  859. 

Cupples,  William,  642. 

Curator,  674,  694,  749,  829. 

Currency,  Colonial,  of  North  Caro- 
lina, viii,  613,  614,  616,  627-633, 
697,  702,  773,  841. 

Currency,  Continental,  884,  885. 

Currency,  Pennsylvania,  613,  616. 

Currency,  South  Carolina,  850,  919. 

Currency,  State  of  North  Carolina, 
631,  841,  849,  850,  887,  889,  899, 
906,  907,  919,  941. 

Currency,  Virginia,  628,  850. 

Curry,  Malcom,  645,  647,  777,  836. 

D 

Dailie,  Abraham,  535. 

Daily  Word,  see  Texts. 

Danielson,  Robert,  535. 

Dan  River,  535,  801,  876,  884. 

Darling,  921. 

Davie  County,  788. 

Davis,  797. 

Dawson,  Levi,  930. 

Day,  681,  716,  762,  765,  775,  916. 

Day,  Henry,  520. 

Day  of  Humiliation  and  Prayer,  843, 

848,  876,  877,  879,  897,  903,  937. 
Death,  523,  542,  543,  664,  675,  741, 

749,  750,  757,  776,  807,  819,  886. 
Declarations  by  Brethren,  851,  876, 

878,  881,  888,  914,  943,  944,  945. 
Deeds,  528,  770,  820,  889,  923. 
Deep  Creek,  537,  784,  788,  791,  792, 

803,  854,  862,  864. 
Deep  Creek  Meeting-House,  790. 
Deep  River,  535. 


956 


Index 


Deer  Lick  Branch,  791. 

Deer  skins,  631,  700,  729,  741,  778, 

822,  824,  865,  868. 
Denke,  Robert,  833. 
Diaconie  of  Bethabara,  694,  717,  728. 
Diaconie  of  Single  Brethren,  698,  701, 

702,  776,  826,  885. 
Diaconie  of  Single  Sisters,  698. 
Diaconie  of  Salem  Congregation,  660, 

661,  683,  694,  706,  710,  770,  774, 

775,  824,  826,  827,  857. 
Diaconie  of  Wachovia,  600,  601,  602. 
Dial,  John,  865,  869. 
Diaspora,  541,  547,  548. 
Diener,  see  Saal  Diener. 
Dietrich,  Albrecht,  544. 
Dietz,  Jacob,  780,  923. 
Dillamar,  Francis,  930. 
Directorium,  588,  590,  594,  661. 
Discipline,  Church,  708,  709,  714,  724, 

751,  759,  765,  766,   774,   775,  814, 

857,  859,  865,  886,  887,  909. 
Distillery,  697,  899. 
Dixon,  Christiana,  m.n.  Orchard,  541, 

613,  671,  728. 
Dixon,  Christine,  659,  673. 
Dixon,  Elisabeth,  659,  673,  677,  779. 
Dixon,  John,  672,  858,  896. 
Dixon,  Joseph,  675,  822. 
Dixon,  William,  541. 
Dobbin,  Hugh,  537. 
Dobbs,  Governor  Arthur,  527,  541. 
Dobbs  Parish,  516,  518,  557,  654,  657, 

672,  677,  678,  684,  731,  732,  734, 

746,  756,  757,  759,   760,   772,  773, 

774,  778,  810,  871,  879,  948. 
Doctrinal  Texts,  see  Texts. 
Doctrine,  vii,  545,  663,  665,  669,  681, 

749,  772,  780,  785,  797,  826,  852,  866, 

889,  892. 
Doff,  727. 

Dogs,  532,  580,  897. 
Donaldson,  Colonel,  614. 
Douthit,  James,  819,  824,  923. 
Douthit,  John,  863. 
Douthit,  John,  Sr.,  665,  704,  760,  787, 
788,  792,  803,  804,  819,  862,  863,  866. 
Douthit,  Mary,  m.n.  Scott,  788. 
Douthit,  William,  863. 
Duckitt,  widow,  722. 
Dulany,  Daniel,  719. 
Duncan,  Marshall,  701,  710,  780. 


Dunkards,   670,   744,   758,   795,  799, 

837,  914. 
Dunmore,  Governor,  893. 
Dunn,  John,  643,  879,  880,  904. 
Durham,  Thomas,  536. 
Dutchman's  519. 

Dutchman's    Creek,    784,    788,  791, 

793,  794,  854,  863,  867. 
Dutchman's    Creek  Meeting-House, 

793. 

Dyeing,  559,  563,  568,  817,  827,  873, 
922. 

E 

Early  Easter  Service,  677,  743,  836, 
870. 

Earthquake,  816,  832. 

Easter,  675,  677,  680,  781,  806,  825. 

Easter  Monday,  716,  733,  745,  855. 

Ebenezer,  Ga.,  917,  919. 

Ebert,  Anna  Maria,  914. 

Ebert,  Johann  George,  838. 

Ebert,  Martin,  Jr.,  838,  866,  894,  912. 

Ebert,  Martin,  Sr.,  758,  760,  782,  813, 

817,  838,  866,  894,  911,  912,  923. 
Edcock,  John,  518,  519. 
Edenton,  N.  C,  515,  516,  517,  521. 
Edwards,  Secretary,  731. 
Eisele,  Ludwig,  799. 
Elections,  596,  833,  843,  848,  868,  875, 

879,  880,  881,  898,  903,  904,  909,  938. 
Elk  River,  792. 
Ellrod,  Adam,  915. 
Ellroth  (Ellrod,  Elrod),  Aaltje,  752, 

757,  781,  792,  825. 
Ellroth,  Christoph,  686,  752,  757,  781, 

792,  803,  825,  828. 
Elrod,  Adam,  803,  804,  863. 
Elrod,  Mrs.  Robert,  m.n.  Scott,  788, 

789. 

Elrod,  Robert,  788,  789,  794,  803. 

Elrod,  William,  535. 

Elrod,  William,  Jr.,  535. 

Enerson,  Enert,  662,  669,  691,  706, 

710,  718. 
Enerson,  Maria,  673,  731. 
Engel,  Maria  Elisabeth,  673. 
English  School  House,  810,  820,  821, 

828,  829,  854,  867. 
English  Settlement,  810,  854,  860,  863, 

871. 

Enox,  Gabriel,  793. 
Episcopal  seal,  529. 


Index 


957 


Episcopate  of  Unitas  Fratrum,  vii, 
747. 

Ernst,  Juliana,  m.n.  Carmel,  747,  761, 
766. 

Ernst,  Rev.  John  Jacob,  657,  682,  727, 
736,  747,  760,  761,  766,  836,  908. 

Ettwein,  Rev.  John,  540,  549,  551, 
552,  603,  612,  878,  888. 

Evan's  School  House,  867. 

Even,  Attorney,  845,  882. 

Everit,  Elisabeth,  671,  672. 

Eusebius,  Dr.,  864,  875,  915,  918,  922. 

F 

Faber,  Sarah,  743. 
Fanning,  Col.  Edmund,  620. 
Fant,  Dewald,  795. 
Farm,  Bethabara,  531,  539,  606,  614, 
859. 

Farm  in  Salem,  602,  661,  669,  715,  830. 
Farm  near  Salem,  661,  684,  741,  811, 

830,  856. 
Fearnly,  876. 
Fehr,  Bernard,  798,  803. 
Fein,  Anna  Maria,  914. 
Fein,  Johann,  914. 
Fein,  Louise,  914. 
Feiser,  Peter,  751. 
Fergerson,  John,  537. 
Festal  Psalm  or  Ode,  759,  783,  818, 

948. 

Fever,  Malarial,  521,  522,  523,  524, 

525,  612. 
Fever,  Yellow,  616,  889. 
Fields,  Captain,  891,  892. 
Finances  of  Salem,  602,  661,  674,  678, 

689,  693,  830,  853. 
Fire  Regulations,  705,  756,  763,  764, 

765,  822,  835,  894,  895,  896,  899,  906. 
Fischer,  Casper,  664,  740,  741. 
Fischer,  Melchior,  813. 
Fisch,  Peter,  519. 
Fiscus,  Sr.,  727. 
Fisher,  William,  535. 
Fisher's  Mountain,  535. 
Fishing  Creek,  536. 
Fish,  580. 
Flax,  532. 

Flinn,  Laughlin,  641. 

Flowers,  see  Plants. 

Fockel,  Hannah  (Johanna),  811,  827. 


Fockel,  Gottlieb,  653,  718,  730,  736, 
765,  776,  778,  822,  827,  832,  833, 
899,  902,  903,  904,  906,  907,  942,  946. 

Fockel,  John  Christian,  664. 

Fogler,  see  Vogler. 

Food,   530,  531,  532,  533,  660,  681, 

735,  744,  789,  818,  828,  837,  856. 
Fooshe,  Charles,  536. 

Forbes  Creek,  535. 

Forbes,  George,  535. 

Forbis,  William,  538. 

Forbush,  James,  803. 

Forestry,  660,  699,  700,  825,  899. 

Forsyth  County,  635,  642. 

Fort  Dobbs,  877. 

Fort  Johnston,  843,  846,  875,  878,  891, 
894. 

Foullas,  James,  537. 

Fowls,  domestic,  532,  533,  580. 

Fox  Snap  (Fox  Nobbs),  665,  690,  791. 

France,  650,  657. 

Franke,  525. 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  914. 
Franklin,  Enoch,  647,  648. 
Franklin,  James,  647. 
Frazier,  Edward,  892. 
Frederick,  Md.,  520,  719. 
Free,  737. 

Freeholders,  597,  706,  711,  716,  757, 

820,  879,  898,  938. 
Freehold  title  to  Wachovia,  596. 
Free  Masons,  796,  798. 
Fremden  Diener,  681,  706. 
Frey,  Catharine,  813. 
Frey,  Christian,  540,  732,  743,  794, 

837,  865,  914,  915. 
Frey,  George,  758. 
Frey,  George,  744,  782,  838,  923. 
Frey,  Heinrich,  836,  837. 
Frey,  Margaret,  838. 
Frey,  Michael,  831,  836. 
Frey,  Peter,  704,  743,  782,  813,  892, 

914. 

Frey,  Peter,  803. 
Frey,  Sarah,  540. 
Frey,  Valentine,  Jr.,  836. 
Frey,  Valentine,  Sr.,  792,  793,  837,  838. 
Friedberg,  657,  665,  673,  680,  685,  687, 
688,  689,  716,  717,  719,  726,  730, 

736,  742-745,  752,  756,  765,  766,  767, 
769,  780-783,  813,  817,  827,  831,  836- 
839,  847,  860,  861,  869,  911-914. 


958 


Index 


Friedland,  616,  617,  657,  665,  668,  669, 
670,  672,  680,  682,  685,  686,  689, 
690,  716,  717,  752,  756,  757,  772,  780, 
784,  796,  806,  813,  815,  858,  861, 
863,  865,  866,  898. 

Friedrich,  728. 

Fries,  Francis,  648. 

Friis,  Rev.  John  Jacob,  529-533,  822. 

Fritz,  Christine,  m.n.  Loesch,  widow 
Van  der  Merk,  811. 

Fritz,  Johann  Christian,  662,  681,  700, 
716,  752,  762,  810,  811,  820,  835, 
857,  865,  869,  872,  897,  899,  921. 

Frohock,  John  A.,  639. 

Frontier  of  North  Carolina,  518,  539. 

Fruit  trees',  561,  562,  564. 

Fulkerson,  Frederick,  536. 

Fuller,  Joseph,  537. 

Fundinburg,  Henry,  535. 

Funeral  Chorales,  776,  819. 

G 

Gage,  General,  840,  928,  931. 
Galloway,  876. 
Gamble,  James,  536. 
Game,  531. 

Gammern,   Abraham  von,   549,  603 
707. 

Gammern,  Juliana  von,  604,  607,  873. 

Gaunt,  Israel,  534,  537. 

Gaunt,  Zabuland,  534. 

Gemein  Haus,  Salem,  617,  660,  671, 

672,   674,   683,   684,   694,  698,  767, 

779,  817,  857,  898,  947. 
Gemein  Nachrichten,  543,  599,  659, 

661,   667,  669,   671,   689,  703,  706, 

747,  815,  835,  852,  860,  871,  873, 

875,  911,  947. 
Gemein  Ort,  516,  602,  606,  661,  671, 

706,  724,  725,  748,  756,  947. 
Gemein  Saal,  Salem  (1st),  601,  604, 

689,  690,  761,  948;    (2d)   661,  669, 

676,  774,  819,  821. 
Gemein  Tag,  532,  548,  659,  673,  677. 

686,  689,  747,  821,  852,  871,  948. 
Gemein  Vorsteher,  674,  823,  829,  858, 

949. 

Gentry,  Samuel,  791. 

Gentry,  William,  682,  701,  708. 

George  III,  657,  660,  760,  810,  842, 

845,  848,  854,  868,  873,  876,  878, 

914,  931,  936,  937. 


Georgia,  824,  841,  853,  864,  917,  918. 

Germanton,  648. 

Germany,  527. 

Gibson,  520. 

Ginn,  Moses  537. 

Glapp,  George,  519. 

Glenn,  see  Klen. 

Glockmann,  Friedrich  Reinhold,  659, 
677. 

Glotz  (Klotz),  Andreas,  662,  690,  705 
740. 

God's  Acre,  Bethabara,  737,  777. 
God's  Acre,  Bethania,  836,  844. 
God's  Acre,  Friedberg  743,  781,  839. 
God's  Acre,  Salem,  662,  675,  749,  757, 

819,  894,  896. 
God  the  Father,  517,  542,  594,  658, 

685,  783,  833,  852,  879,  887,  891. 
Good  Friday,  676,  680,  743. 
Goodson,  William,  537. 
Gopfert,  George,  670. 
Goshen,  Ga.,  919. 

Goslin,  Elisabeth,  720,  721,  776,  804, 
813. 

Goslin,  Ezekial  Jr.,  720,  776,  837. 
Goslin,  Ezekial,  Sr.,  720,  722. 
Goslin,  John,  720,  776,  837. 
Graff,  Gertrude,  m.n.  Jacke,  657,  688, 

714,  732,  756,  761,  824,  826. 
Grabs,  Gottfried,  757,  812,  836,  946. 
Grabs,  William,  764,  836,  908. 
Graceham,  Md.,  719. 
Graeter    (Greter),   Jacob,   742,  772, 

782,  923. 

Graff,  Anna  Johanna,  673,  679,  750, 
780. 

Graff,  Bishop  John  Michael,  549,  554, 
599,  603,  613,  650,  657,  664,  667, 
688,  690,  714,  726,  732,  737,  739, 
741,  747,  749,  756,  759,  760,  761, 
769,  779,  780,  814,  819,  825,  828, 
829,  841,  862,  863,  946. 

Graham,  John,  915,  917,  920. 

Grain,  532,  533,  574,  575,  576,  630, 
697,  699,  701,  727,  730,  731, 
734,  736,  737,  816,  818,  827,  833, 
838,  884,  910,  914. 

Grant,  William,  790,  791,  794. 

Granville  County,  534,  538. 

Granville,  John,  Earl,  515,  517,  518, 
527,  528,  596,  598,  644. 

Granville  Land  Office,  516,  517,  534, 
621,  635,  643,  652,  763. 


Index 


959 


Granville,  Robert,  644. 

Grapes,  562,  564,  576,  586,  740,  906. 

Grassy  Bottom  Creek,  535. 

Great  Alamance,  537. 

Great  Lick  Creek,  537. 

Great  Sabbath,  676. 

Great  Troublesome  Creek,  536. 

Green  Briar,  835. 

Gregor,  Christian,  660,  670,  685,  688, 
695. 

Grosse  Heifer  Conferenz,  660,  661, 
679,  681,  682,  683,  723-726,  748,  763- 
776,  820,  830,  857,  894-900,  948. 

Grube,  Rev.  Bernard  Adam,  529,  530. 

Guilford  County,  653,  665,  796,  836, 
885,  891. 

Gunpowder,  818,  835,  875,  897,  898, 
905. 

Gunsmith,  602,  698. 

H 

Hahn,  Priedrich,  866. 
Hahn,  George,  813,  866. 
Hall,  Major  William,  883,  892. 
Haidt,  Valentine,  719. 
Hallum,  John,  536. 
Hamilton,  777. 

Hampton,  Anthony,  643,  731,  904. 

Hampton,  James,  801. 

Hampton,  Jr.,  779. 

Handicrafts,  Trades  and  Professions, 
531,  540,  589,  605,  606,  667,  668, 
695,  705,  706,  715,  724,  727,  768, 
769,  771,  779,  782,  816,  820,  824, 
825,  827,  828,  829,  830,  831,  842, 
850,  857,  891,  895,  896,  897,  899, 
905,  945. 

Harding,  803. 

Hargett,  Frederic,  930. 

Harnett,  Cornelius,  878. 

Harrison,  731,  869. 

Harrison,  Thomas,  537. 

Harris,  Joseph,  535. 

Harris,  Rev.  Samuel,  665,  802. 

Harris,  Thompson,  536. 

Hartford,  Nicholas,  535. 

Hartmann,  Adam,  758,  782,  837. 

Hartmann,  Catharine,  827. 

Hartmann,  Christian  Daniel,  752,  781. 

Hartmann,  Elisabeth,  811,  825,  827. 

Hartmann,  George,  681,  716,  743,  744, 
781,  782,  825,  838,  866,  912. 


Hartmann,  Hannah,  866,  894,  912. 

Hartmann,  John,  781. 

Harvey,  Speaker,  869. 

Hasel,  James,  Chief  Justice,  541,  630, 

754,  755. 
Hatch,  Lemuel,  930. 
Hauser,  Anna  Margaretha,  910. 
Hauser,  Elisabeth,  825. 
Hauser,  George,  Jr.,  635,  667. 
Hauser,  George,  Sr.,  729,  741,  747, 

845,  848,  881,  882,  887,  904,  910, 

913,  914,  939,  940,  946. 
Hauser,  Heinrich,  759,  769,  874,  875, 

910,  913,  914,  915. 
Hauser,  Isaac,  648. 
Hauser,  Jacob,  793. 
Hauser,  John,  769. 
Hauser,  Margaret,  860. 
Hauser,  Martin,  714,  788,  910. 
Hauser,  Michael,  Jr.,  910. 
Hauser,  Michael,  Sr.,  741,  747,  817, 

822,  825,  836,  855,  871,  874,  910, 

946. 

Hauser,  Peter,  870,  946. 
Hauser,  Sarah,  659,  836. 
Hauser,  Tim,  648. 

Haversham,  James,  Sr.,  862,  863,  915, 

917,  919,  921. 
Hawfield,  882. 
Hawkins,  858,  868,  916,  922. 
Haw  River,  519,  534,  536,  537,  617, 

735,  797. 
Haywood,  Shery,  537. 
Heb,  George,  912. 
Heckedorn,  Johann,  682. 
Heckewalder,  Christian,  668,  758,  820, 

829,  832,  865,  869,  874,  875,  885,  892. 
Hege,  Anna  Maria,  659. 
Heidelberg,  Pa.,  782. 
Heinele,  793. 

Hein  (Heyn,  Hine),  Jacob,  866,  923. 

Hein,  John,  742,  811,  827,  834. 

Heinzmann,  Johann  Casper,  749,  762, 
822,  824,  825,  829,  857,  872,  885, 
889,  894,  946. 

Henderson,  Michael,  791. 

Henderson,  Richard,  Judge  and  Col- 
onel, 678,  731,  835,  836,  863,  868, 
870,  871,  874,  885,  887,  900,  901, 
906,  908,  910. 

Henly,  John,  867. 

Henn,  794. 


960 


Index 


Herbst,  Maria  Magdalena,  m.n.  Natt- 

ermann,  676,  680,  688. 
Herbst,  Johann  Heinrich,  667,  671, 

675,  676,  677,  682,  688,  694,  701, 

731,  821,  858,  876,  896,  897,  946. 
Hermann,  George,  704,  797,  798,  801. 
Hermann,  John,  789,  790. 
Herrnhut,  vii,  541,  544,  598,  680,  682, 

684. 

Herrnhuter,  913. 
Herzer,  John  Henry,  719. 
Hewes,  Joseph,  847,  876,  938. 
Highlanders,  891. 
Hightown,  Austin,  536. 
Hill,  776. 

Hill,  Thomas,  537. 
Hill,  William,  845,  848,  881,  892,  907, 
939. 

Hillsboro,  N.  C,  652,  688,  731,  842, 

845,  848,  849,  906. 
Hillsboro  Congress,  849,  850,  875,  879, 

881,  882,  883,  885,  887,  889,  894, 

898-903,  904,  905,  907,  927,  938. 
Hirt,  Maria  Magdalena,  673,  817. 
Hogst,  Johannes,  777,  780. 
Holms,  Catharine,  914.  * 
Hohns,     (Hoens,    Haehns,  Hanes), 

Marcus,  613,  621,  622,  758,  782,  813, 

817,  913,  914. 
Hopfner,  Maria  Magdalena,  673,  691, 

692,  718. 
Hofmann,  Jr.,  835. 
Hoggans  Creek,  537. 
Hogin,  519. 

Hogs,  533,  559,  580,  710,  837,  908. 
Holder,  Charles,  667,  688,  711,  729, 

771,  772,  775,  777,  817,  868,  899. 
Holder,  George,   661,  668,  677,  685, 

690,  698,  707,  740,  741,  742,  757, 

771,  811,  831,  832,  835,  945. 
Holder,  Heinrich,  884. 
Holder,  John,  822. 
Holder,  Joseph,  704,  831. 
Holland,  John,  763. 
Holleday,  John,  520. 
Hollow,  The,  704,  832,  881. 
Holston  River,  614. 
Holy  Ghost,  555,  658,  676,  747,  748, 

752,  783,  852. 
Hooper,  William,  847,  876,  938. 
Hope,  N.  C,  792,  820. 
Hopper,  William,  535. 
Hordin,  William,  520. 


Horsefield,  Timothy,   517,   520,  521, 

522,  523,  524,  525. 
Houses  in  Bethabara,  532,  540,  589, 

606. 

Houses  in  Salem,  589,  601,  602,  604, 
606,  620,  660,  661,  683,  694,  695, 
699,  707,  708,  710,  711,  724,  769, 
770,  771,  773,  775,  811,  816,  827, 
828,  857,  885. 

Hourly  Intercession,  748,  750,  751, 
811,  854,  881,  893,  949. 

Howe,  Col.  Robert,  731,  883. 

Howlet,  William,  536. 

Hughes,  Joseph,  794. 

Hughlett,  William,  647. 

Hughs,  John,  535. 

Hugh  Warren,  see  Uharie. 

Hunt,  Andrew,  789. 

Hunt,  Colonel,  686,  789,  794,  803,  804. 

Hunter,  James,  821,  822. 

Hunter,  Samuel,  941. 

Hunting  Creek,  790,  791. 

Huntington,  Lady,  917,  918. 

Hurst,  James,  590,  873. 

Husbands,  Herman,  653. 

Hus,  John,  vii,  682. 

Hutton,  James,  527,  528,  588,  592,  596, 
622,  711,  724,  922,  923. 

I 

Indians,  522,  539,  540,  553,  594,  605, 
614,  627,  630,  718,  812,  815,  832, 
834,  835,  836,  855,  863,  868,  870, 
871,  874,  888,  890,  900,  905,  906, 
908,  941. 

Innes,  James,  516. 

Insects,  582,  583,  584,  871. 

J 

Jack,  Captain,  843,  844,  845,  876. 

Jackson,  Andrew,  642. 

Jackson,  Nathan,  534. 

Jacoby,  Sr.,  912. 

James  River,  520. 

James,  William,  535,  536. 

Jay,  William,  537. 

Jersey  Settlement,  794. 

Jesus  Christ,  517,  541,,  543,  590,  594, 

658,  666,  691,  748,  783,  807,  852, 

879,  948. 
Johann  Samuel,  678,  821. 
Johnson,  Elisabeth,  720,  721,  742. 


Index 


961 


Johnson,  Joseph,  719. 
Johnson,  Samuel,  848,  879,  938. 
Jones',  David,  787,  792. 
Jones,  David,  821,  822. 
Jones,  John,  789,  792,  803. 
Jones,  Lovick,  930. 
Jones,  William,  535. 
Jordan,  William,  519. 
Jorde,  Christina,  672,  750. 
Joseph's  Creek,  535. 
Jourdan,  858,  866,  867,  868,  869,  896. 
Journey  Cakes  (Johnny  Cakes),  530, 
531. 

Journeymen,  724,  762,  763,  768,  830, 

867,  899. 
Joyce,  Michael,  536. 
Jiinger,    948,    see    also  Zinzendorf, 

Count. 

Jiingerhaus  Diarium,  539,  543. 

Jiingerin,  see  Nitschmann,  Anna. 

Justices  of  the  Peace,  527,  621,  634, 
706,  729,  737,  777,  814,  817,  820, 
821,  822,  834,  836,  845,  846,  869, 
875,  883,  903,  912. 

K 

Kalberlahn,  Dr.  Hans  Martin,  530, 
532. 

Kapp,  John  Jacob,  716,  727,  728,  768, 
780,  833,  834,  900,  902,  923. 

Kastner,  Anton,  716,  728,  742,  812, 
824,  831,  837,  905. 

Kastner,  Gottliebe,  750. 

Kastner,  Maria,  m.n.  Spach,  905. 

Keowee,  614. 

Kennebec  River,  611,  612. 
Kenniday,  William,  536. 
Kennon,  Colonel,  684,  737,  880,  881. 
Kerby,  Jesse,  646,  648. 
Kern,  Leonard,  795. 
Kershaw,  940. 
Kettner,  887,  910. 
Killgore,  William,  535. 
Kimborough,  Bradley,  796,  797,  798. 
Kimborough,  John,  680,  796,  797,  798, 
801. 

Kimborough's  Meeting  House,  796. 
King,  Peter,  Jr.,  535. 
King,  Peter,  Sr.,  535. 
Kirby,  Edmund,  646,  648. 
Kiss  of  Peace,  677,  693,  757,  781,  864, 
866. 

29 


Kittel,  519. 
Klein,  880. 

Klein,  Johann,  614,  662,  690. 
Klein,  Peter,  837. 
Klein,  Sara,  837. 

Klen  (Clan,  Glenn),  James,  833,  843, 
869,  870,  871,  875,  876,  878,  896, 
901,  902,  909. 

Knowls,  Benjamin,  536. 

Knox,  915,  917,  919,  920,  921. 

Koffler,  Adam,  670,  676,  679,  681,  723, 
732,  772,  774,  824. 

Konigsdorffer,  Gottlob,  529. 

Kramer,  520. 

Kraus,  Anna  Johanna,  659,  673,  690. 
Krause,  Anna  Maria,  670,  671,  672, 

699,  714,  874. 
Krause,  Gottlob,  612,  613,  896. 
Krause,  Johannes,  809,  811,  822,  831, 

872,  894,  905. 
Krause,  Maria  Elisabeth,   659,  671, 

672,  690. 

Krohn  (Kroen,  Kreen,  Grohn,  Griin, 
Green),  Peter,  677,  756,  815,  863, 
866. 

Krogstrup,  530. 

Kiihnast,   Christoph,   727,   736,  760, 

780,  831,  832,  946. 
Kiihnast,  Rosina,  m.n.  Arndt,  760. 
Kiihn,  Peter,  798. 

Kiinzel,  John  Friedrich,  677,  742,  923. 
L 

Laden,  871,  872. 
Laer,  691. 

Lang  (Long),  Friedrich,  790,  791, 
803. 

Lang,  George,  790,  791,  803. 
Lambert,  Andrew,  519. 
Lamb  of  God,  529. 
Lancaster,  Pa.,  521,  525,  530. 
Land,  803. 

Land  sales,  613,  621,  670,  758,  819, 

822,  838,  883,  923,  924. 
Lane,  802. 

Langford,  James,  538. 
Lanier,  Ady,  902. 

Lanier,  Robert,  729,  731,  732,  733, 
778,  792,  833,  843,  845,  848,  868, 
869,  870,  875,  881,  902,  903,  904, 
909,  939,  941,  942. 

Lanius,  John,  717,  740,  866. 


962 


Index 


Lanmann,  686. 
Large,  Robert,  537. 
Lau,  David,  799. 
Lauer,  Henrich,  717. 
Lauer,  Sr.,  717. 

Laurence  (Laurens),  Col.  Henry,  915, 
922. 

Laurence  (Laurens),  James,  922. 
Lawlessness,  684,  730,  762,  815,  817, 

818,  824,  832,  833,  835,  845,  856, 

859,  863,  866,  873,  874,  877,  885, 

893,  902,  904. 
Leases,  596,  614,  616,  621,  706,  708, 

710-712,  724,  737,  828. 
Leather-dresser,  778,  824,  857. 
Lech,  688,  756. 

Leinbach,  Anna  Barbara,  923. 
Leinbach,  Anna  Johanna  (Hannah), 

663,  673,  685,  750,  767,  769. 
Leinbach,  Benjamin,  622,  923. 
Leinbach  heirs,  621. 
Leinbach,  John,  924. 
Leinbach,  Joseph,  769. 
Leinbach,  Lewis,  622,  733,  923. 
Lemon,  801. 

Lenoir,  Gen.  William,  634. 

Lent,  Season  of,  671,  674,  852,  912. 

Lewis,  Daniel,  793,  794. 

Lexington,  Battle  of,  840,  843,  844, 

847,  872,  873,  909,  928. 
Liberty  Men,  843,  845,  851,  869,  904. 
Lick  Branch  of  New  Hope,  536. 
Lick  Fork  of  Reedy  Creek  of  Haw 

River,  536. 
Lightfoot,  John,  536. 
Linch,  845,  883,  907. 
Lindsay,  House,  592. 
Lindsay,  Major,  877. 
Linvall,  David,  535. 
Linvall,  Thomas,  Jr.,  534,  535. 
Linvall,  Thomas,  Sr.,  534. 
Linvall,  William,  534,  535. 
Lischer,  Johann,  526,  528. 
Lisenby,  Daniel,  536. 
Lititz,  878. 
Little  Creek,  538. 
Little  House  Creek,  538. 
Little  River,  519. 
Little  Yadkin,  704. 
Liturgies,  666,  667,  668,  669,  673,  674, 

675,  676,  677,  683,  684,  686,  689, 

757,  770,  776,  777,  819,  829,  852,  890. 
Lock,  Matthew,  868,  880,  921,  943. 


Loesch,  Adam,  554. 
Loesch,  George,  554,  715,  788,  865. 
Loesch,  Herman,  517,  522,  528. 
Loesch,  Jacob,  515,  526,  528,  531,  532, 

552,  553,  603,  618,  889. 
Long,  see  Lang. 
Long,  Felix,  864. 
Longino,  John  T.,  647. 
London,  515,  592,  931. 
Lords  Proprietors  of  Carolina,  629. 
Lord's  Supper,  see  Communion. 
Loretz,  Johannes,  602,  660,  695. 
Lot,  The,  551,  555,  588,  589,  597,  675, 

714,  718,  739,  767,  824,  827,  854, 
857,  881,  887,  895. 

Louisa  Land  Company  (Lewicy),  863, 
885,  887,  894,  900,  901,  906,  909,  910. 

Lovejatty,  Marshal,  536. 

Lovefeasts,  523,  531,  605,  661,  667, 
668,  673,  674,  676,  677,  678,  679, 
681,  685,  688,  689,  691,  692,  755, 
761,  779,  783,  819,  861,  866,  901, 
909,  948. 

Lowell,  802. 

Loyalists,  see  Tories. 

Lucus,  John,  535. 

Lucus,  William,  535. 

Luck,  Magdalena,  671,  672,  673. 

Luck  (Lick),  Martin,  659,  667,  668, 
896. 

Lund,  Niels,  758,  873,  892,  896,  901. 
Lung,  Jacob,  529,  732,  740,  741,  750, 

769,  778,  874. 
Lutherans,  719,  790,  804,  889,  912,  920. 

M 

Maguntsche,  Pa.,  525. 
Maibun,  Captain,  882. 
Makerute,  520. 

Manakosy,  Md.,  525,  621,  718,  719, 

789,  839,  865. 
Maps  of  North  Carolina,  684,  689,  760. 
Maps  of  Salem,  601,  771. 
Maps  of  Wachovia,  549,  588,  788. 
Marell,  John,  874. 
Markland,  Matthew,  819,  829. 
Marks  Creek  Fork  of  New  Hope,  536. 
Marriages,   600,   662,   671,   692,  714, 

715,  717,  718,  729,  732,  742,  750, 
759,  767,  769,  774,  813,  814,  817, 
819,  824,  825,  826,  827,  831,  837,  860, 
894,  895,  910,  912,  913,  914. 


Index 


963 


Marrill,  widow,  795. 

Marshall,  Elisabeth,  600,  607,  690, 
714,  732,  756,  853,  865,  916,  922. 

Marshall  (von  Marschall),  Frederic 
William,  551,  552,  554,  588,  589, 
596,  600,  602,  603,  620,  622,  657, 
660,  670,  672,  673,  674,  681,  684, 
688,  694,  697,  706,  711,  714,  718, 
724,  737,  755,  756,  761,  772,  819, 
825,  853,  863,  865,  867,  875,  915- 
922,  923. 

Marsh,  Robert,  536. 

Martin,  Col.  Alexander,  634,  643,  734, 
841,  880,  883,  884,  885,  886,  890, 
904,  905,  906,  941,  942,  943. 

Martin,  George,  536. 

Martin,  Job,  647. 

Martin,  Governor  Josiah,  634,  654, 
657,  660,  684,  685,  737,  753,  760, 
808,  810,  828,  843,  846,  847,  849, 
851,  864,  868,  869,  870,  871,  875, 
878,  891,  894,  896,  901,  927. 

Martin,  Moses,  777,  801,  803. 

Martin,  Peter,  537. 

Martin,  William,  536. 

Martin,  Zachariah,  536. 

Maryland,  517,  613,  838,  854,  903,  908. 

Massachusetts,  840,  935,  936. 

Masters,  Margaret,  720,  722,  742. 

Masters',  Nodley,  720,  722,  742. 

Mathis  Creek  of  Deep  River,  537. 

Mathis,  Daniel,  537. 

Matrimony  Creek,  535. 

Matthews,  Walter,  537. 

Maundy  Thursday,  676,  779. 

Maur,  519. 

Mau,  Samuel,  768. 

Maxwell,  William,  535. 

Mayo  Road,  535. 

McAdow,  John,  537. 

McClintock,  John,  536. 

McCoy,  Abiga,  535. 

McCullom,  John,  536. 

McDonald,  General,  743. 

McDonnel,  John,  537. 

McElower,  Thomas,  537. 

McGowin,  John,  537. 

McKnight,  672,  682,  685,  789,  890. 

McLin,  Thomas,  930. 

McMillion,  Stephen,  537. 

McNally,  832,  892. 

Mear's  Creek,  535. 


Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, 844,  845,  852,  876. 

Mecklenburg  County,  652,  754,  843, 
852,  875,  876,  879,  880,  891,  927. 

Mecklenburg  Resolves,  843,  844,  845, 
852,  875,  876,  927. 

Medicine  and  Surgery,  522,  523,  557, 
562,  563,  564,  576,  731,  732,  740, 
743,  776,  778,  781,  783,  819,  832, 
835,  837,  866,  869,  890,  905,  918. 

Meho  River,  665,  801. 

Meinung,  Ludwig,  662,  675,  685,  691, 
692,  703,  710,  717,  733,  734,  739, 
755,  757,  775,  776,  779,  811,  821, 
829,  857,  863,  895,  900,  919. 

Meinung,  Maria  Magdalena,  m.n. 
Hopfner,  718. 

Memoirs,  547,  548,  675,  758,  803,  804- 
807. 

Mendinghales  Creek  of  Deep  River, 
537. 

Mepern  (Maprin,  Meborn),  Alexan- 
der, 519. 

Merk,  Christina  van  der,  m.n.  Loesch, 
541,  749,  765,  774,  778,  780,  824,  826. 

Merk,  Jacobus  (Jacob,  Kobus,  James) 
van  der,  541,  688,  717,  729,  730, 
735,  736,  737,  750,  776,  777. 

Merk  (Morch),  John,  517-522,  524. 

Merkly,  Christopher,  674,  675,  676, 
677,  694,  732,  857. 

Metcalf,  Charles',  592,  763. 

Meurer,  Rev.  Philip,  525. 

Meurer,  Salome,  673,  858,  895. 

Meyer,  Catharina,  679,  728,  887. 

Meyer,  Jacob,  657,  671,  673,  674,  676, 
677,  682,  688,  694,  728,  757,  779, 
828,  829,  870,  880,  892,  898. 

Meyer,  Maria  Magdalena,  671,  699, 
827. 

Meyer,  Philip,  671. 
Meyer,  Samuel,  887. 
Michel,  Captain,  520,  521. 
Michler,  525. 

Midwife,  680,  825,  830,  859,  907. 
Miksch,  Henrietta,  m.n.  Petermann, 
749,  827. 

Miksch,  Matthew,  672,  676,  678,  696, 
757,  768,  822,  827,  891,  892,  895, 
896,  899. 

Military  Service  of  Brethren,  680, 
681,  732,  841,  845,  848,  878,  887, 
888,  898,  914,  944. 


964 


Index 


Militia,  652,  742,  779,  833,  845,  847, 
849,  850,  883,  892,  910,  929,  935, 
942,  945. 

Mill  below  Salem,  602,  657,  661,  691, 
704,  764,  767,  768,  814,  817,  818, 
830,  857,  866,  877,  884,  890,  893. 

Mill  near  Bethabara,  539,  540,  541, 
606,  704,  716,  727,  734,  736,  768, 
818,  834,  859,  900,  902,  908. 

Miller,  Christian,  790. 

Miller,  Friedrich,  791. 

Miller's  Settlement,  790. 

Mills,  Henry,  536. 

Mills,  John,  Jr.,  536,  537. 

Mills,  John,  Sr.,  536. 

Ministers'  Conference,  736. 

Minute  Men,  850,  883,  935,  942. 

Miry  Branch  of  North  Alamance,  538. 

Missions,  Foreign,  vii,  547,  548,  661, 
667,  669,  686,  780,  783,  814,  852, 
858,  859,  860,  863. 

Missions,  Home,  784-804. 

Missions  to  Negroes,  681,  762,  775, 
822,  853,  864,  865,  874,  915-922. 

Mobray,  796. 

Moller,  Ludwig,  659,  768,  885,  886, 

887,  911,  914. 
Moll,  Johanna  Elisabeth,  742. 
Moon's  Creek  of  Reedy  Fork  of  Haw 

River,  536,  537. 
Moore,  Col.  James,  883. 
Moore's  Creek  Bridge,  Battle  of,  634. 
Moore,  William,  535. 
Morava,  758. 
Moravia,  vii,  545. 

Moravians,  vii,   620,   849,   883,  907, 

913,  949. 
Morgan,  John,  536. 
Morris,  520. 
Morrison,  519. 
Moseby,  794. 

Moser,  Leonard,  779,  783. 

Moy,  Mattheus,  520. 

Muddy  Creek,  515,  526,  662,  682,  701, 

708,  742,  763,  810,  824. 
Muddy  Creek  of  Deep  River,  534. 
Miicke   (Mickey),  Johann,  811,  817, 

901. 

Miicke,  Magdalena,  811,  903. 
Muller,  Friedrich,  780,  815,  836. 
Muller,  Friedrich  Daniel,  813,  822, 

829,  839,  866,  872,  884,  914. 
Muller,  Heinrich,  911,  913. 


Muller,  Hermanus,  778. 

Muller,  Jacob,  836. 

Muller,  Johann,  670,  728,  910. 

Muller,  John,  744,  913. 

Muller,  Joseph,  517,  521,  645,  832,  836. 

Muller,  Ludwig,  853,  864,  875,  915, 

917,  918,  920,  921. 
Muller,  Michael,  911. 
Muller,  Sarah,  913. 
Muhlenberg,  Dr.  Henry  Melchoir,  917. 
Mulberry  Fields,  621,  665,  735. 
Miinster,  Anna,  676. 
Murray,  Benjamin,  537. 
Murphy  (Murphee),  786,  788,  792,  867. 
Murphy,  James,  534. 
Muschbach,  Johann,  654,  662,  670,  676, 

677,  681,  682,  684,  685,  693,  702,  731. 
Mushrooms,  576,  577. 
Music,  620,  661,  668,  671,  675,  684, 

685,  687,  690,  692,  705,  870. 
Musicians,   661,   668,   677,   680,  705, 

755,  829,  830,  901. 
Muster,  634,  652,  680,  714,  716,  732, 

735,   742,  743,  772,   774,  779,  834, 

836,  878,  906,  910,  929,  930. 

N 

Nash,  Abner,  930. 

Nash,  Colonel,  684,  737. 

Negroes,  614,  671,  678,  707,  720,  728, 
733,  759,  761,  779,  780,  814,  815, 
822,  828,  830,  847,  856,  858,  865, 
868,  873,  874,  876,  877,  893,  894, 
897,  920,  921,  929. 

Neisser,  Joseph,  865. 

Nelson,  Abraham,  537. 

Nelson,  Elik,  520. 

Nelson's  Creek  of  Haw  River,  537. 

Neusser,  525. 

New  Bern,  718,  747,  755,  820,  835, 

842,  843,  846,  891,  893,  929,  936. 
New  Bern,  Committee  of,  843,  844, 

847,  875,  927-930. 
New  Bern  Convention,  843,  846,  848, 

868,  869,  870,  871. 
New  England,  609,  610,  650,  805,  840, 

843,  862,  872,  888,  935. 

New  Garden  Settlement,  619,  707,  735, 
822. 

New  Hope  Creek,  536,  537. 
New  River,  614,  752,  758,  761,  834, 
835,  889,  901. 


Index 


965 


Newspapers,  706,  821,  822,  842,  873, 

884,  887,  905,  927,  928. 
New  Year's  Eve,  692,  693,  836,  858, 

894. 

New  York,  533,  905,  928. 
Nickson,  Richard,  930. 
Nied,  Rudolph,  838. 
Night-watchman,    Salem,    723,  811, 

815,  824,  826,  827,  897. 
Nilson,  Johann,  613,  670,  728. 
Nilson,  Jonas,  736,  901. 
Nilson,  Rosina,  859. 
Nissen,  Maria  Salome,  m.n.  Meurer, 

853,  864,  866,  867,  875,  895. 
Nissen,  Toego  (Tycho),  667,  676,  853, 

858,  861,  864,  865,  867,  895. 
Nitschmann,  Anna,  543,  544,  545,  546. 
Nitschmann,  David,  588. 
Nitschmann,  John,  592. 
Nonassociators,  890. 
Nord    Carolina    Land    und  Colonie 

Etablissement,  527,  528,  540,  588, 

597,   598,   600,  605,  613,  616,  621, 

682,  694,  758,  820. 
North  Carolina  Delegates  to  Conti- 
nental Congress,  843,  847. 
North  Carolina,  vii,   515,  518,  630, 

631,   640,   645,  651,   652,   657,  808, 

844,  880,  897,  934,  938. 
North,  Lord,  931,  932,  933,  935. 
Nott,  799,  800. 

November  Thirteenth,  517,  662,  663, 

690,  811,  852. 
Nursing  service,  677,  680,  688,  715, 

723,  830. 

O 

Oath  of  Allegiance  to  America,  634, 
849. 

Oath  of  Allegiance  to  England,  619, 


653,  729,  842,  847. 

Oeconomie   of  Bethabara, 

539, 

589, 

594,  599,  600,  601,  603, 

606, 

607, 

663,  694,  702,  707,  717, 

732, 

740, 

772,  948. 

Oeconomus   of  Wachovia, 

551, 

556, 

589,  596,  948. 

Oesterlein,  Elisabeth,  693, 
899. 

699, 

827, 

Oesterlein,  Matthew,  768, 

894, 

895, 

896. 

Ogeechee,  853,  917,  918. 
Okly,  John,  914. 


Oley,  Fa.,  525. 

Orangeburg,  S.  C,  889. 

Orange  County,  535,   536,  537,  538, 

619,  763. 
Ordinarius,  533,  948. 
Ordinations,  546,  747,  761,  779. 
Organ,  Bethabara,  739,  741,  764,  900. 
Organ,  Bethania,  764,  779,  836,  908. 
Organ,  Salem,  661,  669,  690,  723,  739. 

830. 

Orphans,  612,  613. 

Osborn,  Lieut.  Col.  Adley,  647,  851, 

883,  943. 
Owen,  889,  922. 
Owen,  Jr.,  520. 
Owen,  Sr.,  519,  520. 
Owen,  Mary,  720,  722,  742. 

P 

Padget  (Badget),  819,  871,  903. 
Padget,  Mrs.,  914. 
Padget,  James,  635,  645. 
Panther  Creek  of  New  Hope,  537. 
Parish,   see  Dobbs,   St.   Luke's,  St. 
Jude's. 

Parish  Graveyard,  near  Bethabara, 
757,  835. 

Parish  Graveyard,  Salem,  717,  757, 

771,  772,  829,  858,  869,  896. 
Parker,  John,  535. 
Parker,  Richard,  536. 
Parloer,  widow,  798. 
Parrot,  519. 

Passion  Week,  675,  676,  677,  747,  852, 
870. 

Patterson,  Robert,  536. 
Payne,  Anthony  L.,  648. 
Payne,  Washington,  648. 
Peace,  798. 

Pedilavium,  676,  687,  688,  813. 
Penes,  John,  536. 

Pennsylvania,  vii,  517,  540,  546,  621, 

689,  747,  835,  841,  880,  898,  900, 

906,  908. 
Ferkin,  John,  521. 
Perkins  (Porkins),  Nicholas,  803. 
Perkins,  Peter,  802,  803. 
Person,  Richardson,  538. 
Person,  Thomas,  538. 
Petersen,  Niels,  590,  592,   662,  675, 

676,  685,  694,  749,   759,   760,  771, 

882,  893,  946. 


966 


Index 


Petitions  to  Assembly,  672,  677,  678, 
684,  710,  715,  716,  718,  732,  733, 
734,  753,  754,  755. 

Petree,  Cora  (Mrs.  Hoke),  636. 

Fettycoart,  Thomas,  822,  865,  871,  903. 

Pettycoart,  widow,  822,  824,  914. 

Pfaff,  Peter,  677,  682,  729,  757,  781, 
782,  817. 

Pfeiffer,  Christian,  663,  691,  717,  736, 
741,  750. 

Pfeil,  Jacob  Friedrich,  608,  740,  777, 
778. 

Phelps,  Abinton,  535. 
Phelps,  Captain,  892. 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  517,  521,  845,  906, 

928,  936. 
Philips,  David,  Jr.,  537. 
Philips,  Joseph,  645,  788. 
Pickett,  William,  536. 
Piercy,  917,  920,  921. 
Pilot  Mountain,  557,  734. 
Piney  Mountain,  535. 
Pinson,  Joseph,  536. 
Pipes,  John,  795. 
Pittitt,  Benjamin,  637. 
Plants,  cultivated,  573-576,  817,  873, 

905. 

Plants,  wild,  564-572. 
Plessel,  776. 
Police  Day,  877. 
Poindexter,  Thomas,  647. 
Polecat  Settlement,  519,  801. 
Pooler   (Buhler),  Quintin,  643,  738, 
868. 

Poor  Fund,  689,  724,  899. 

Postal  facilities,  vii,  549,  552,  616, 
686,  691,  702,  706,  777,  779,  815, 
843,  853,  865,  870,  873,  874,  875, 
878,  879,  880,  884,  886,  888,  889, 
904,  918. 

Post  Communion,  676,  685. 

Potash,  586,  846. 

Pottery,  Salem,  602,  684,  694,  697, 
699,  700,  701,  762,  770,  775,  817, 
824,  826,  830,  885,  896,  897. 

Powder  House,  769,  770,  897. 

Powell,  Rev.  Joseph,  720,  821. 

Praezel,  Gottfried  Friedrich,  590,  592, 
671,  676,  677,  681,  749,  760,  829. 

Pratt,  802,  803. 

Premiums    offered    by  government, 

584,  828,  849,  883,  905. 
Presbyterians,  755,  799,  803,  808. 


Price,  900. 
Price,  John,  536. 

Prices,  698,  699,  701,  702,  705,  710, 
731,  735,  741,  762,  771,  824,  825, 
827,  828,  836,  838,  846,  850,  851, 
856,  868,  891,  892,  896,  897,  899, 
901,  903,  906,  908,  939. 

Priem,  John  Frederic,  590,  592,  667, 

676,  679,  868. 
Prissy,  Edward,  520. 
Proclamation  Money  ("Froc"),  628, 

629,  630,  697,  773,  948. 
Proclamations,  620,  927. 
Proprietor  of  Wachovia,  588,  596. 
Provincial  Council  of  North  Carolina, 

849. 

Provincial   Elders    Conference,  756, 

761,  776,  824-829,  830,  854. 
Pruits  Fork  of  Hogans  Creek,  536. 
Puffington's  Iron  Furnace,  688,  819. 

Q 

Quail's  Branch  of  Great  Alamance, 
537. 

Quandt,  Johann  Christian,  602. 
Quest,  Anna  Maria,  657,  673,  690,  714, 
734. 

Quit  Rents,  588,  596,  598,  600,  616,  629, 
683,  694,  711,  768. 

R 

Rainy,  William,  537. 

Ramplen,  Robert,  536. 

Randleman,  John,  647,  648. 

Randleman,  John  C,  648. 

Rank,  John,  622,  730,  731,  733,  735, 

741,  757,  885,  905. 
Rank,  Michael,  741,  778,  887,  923. 
Rappahannock  River,  520. 
Rasp,  Melchior,  706,  763,  768,  772. 
Rattlesnake  Creek,  537. 
Reading  Meeting,  685,  866. 
Rebsdorf,  810,  815,  816. 
Reception  of  Members,  540,  555,  659, 

677,  678,  679,  725,  752,  757,  767, 
781,  812,  813,  948. 

Reden,  548,  947,  948. 
Reformed  Church,  683,  719,  790. 
Regulators,  615,  617,  618,  619,  630, 
631,   634,   643,   651,  652,   653,  654, 

678,  729,  735,  737,  777,  788,  821, 
834,  841,  843,  870,  876,  878. 


Index 


967 


Reed,  George,  794,  795. 

Reed,  Jacob,  717. 

Reedy  Creek  of  Yadkin,  535. 

Reedy  Fork  of  Haw  River,  535,  536. 

Renner,  Johann  George,  727. 

Rennols,  John,  537. 

Rents,  600,  601,  613,  695,  697,  698. 

Reports  from  Wachovia,  599,  603-607, 

612-615,  616-621,  678,  688,  758,  760, 

762,   771,  864,  874,   875,  879,  883, 

885,  886,  890,  891. 
Reuss,  Henry  XXXI  (Ignatius),  543. 
Reuter,  Anna  Catharina,  m.n.  Antes, 

widow  Kalberlahn,  676,  680,  729, 

756. 

Reuter,  Christian  Gottlieb,  540,  541, 
557,  613,  660,  661,  672,  677,  679, 
681,  682,  689,  694,  695,  699,  724, 
729,  739,  745,  757,  758,  759,  766, 
770,  771,  774,  776,  778,  810,  821, 
824,  825,  827,  834,  896,  899,  946. 

Reuz,  Matthias,  685. 

Revolutionary  War,  viii,  617,  631,  634, 
640,  645,  650,  808,  840-946. 

Rhoads,  Christopher,  536,  537. 

Rhoads,  William,  536. 

Rice,  William,  535. 

Richardson,  821,  822. 

Richards,  Ulrich,  680,  704. 

Rich,  John,  519. 

Richland,  Creek,  535. 

Richmond,  Court  House  and  Town, 
viii,  634,  635,  642-649,  738,  818,  821, 
848,  865,  868,  869,  870,  872,  876, 
879,  880,  881,  882,  889,  898,  906,  941. 

Richter,  Johann,  682,  780,  873,  908. 

Riddle,  Stephen,  792. 

Reid's,  519. 

Ries,  "Father,"  787,  790. 

Ries,  Valentine,  790,  803,  864. 

Riggon,  Daniel,  538. 

Ringmacher,  J.  Sebald,  602. 

River  Settlement,  784,  794,  795. 

Roads,  597,  646,  661,  662,  672,  682, 
68&,  689,  691,  701,  704,  707,  708, 
714,  733,  756,  758,  764,  766,  810, 
818,  819,  821,  834,  898,  901,  902. 

Roads,  John,  521. 

Roanoke  River,  520,  522. 

Robbin,  Joseph,  797. 

Robert,  Captain,  689,  734,  802,  902. 

Roberts,  John,  537. 

Robinson,  John,  536. 


Robinson,  Nicholas,  536. 

Robins,  Richard,  534. 

Robins,  William,  534. 

Robinson's  Creek  of  Haw  River,  536. 

Rockford,  648. 

Rock  House  (Spach's),  838,  839. 

Rock  River,  800. 

Rocky  River,  537. 

Rominger,  David,  611,  812. 

Rominger,  Michael,  756. 

Rominger,  Philip,  611. 

Rose,  Anna  Rosina,  m.n.  Bockel,  811. 

Rose,  Francis,  538. 

Rose,  Francis,  Jr.,  538. 

Rose,  Peter,  662,  690,  705,  740,  811, 

826,  856,  865,  872. 
Ross,  798. 

Roth,  Jacob,  795,  796. 
Rothrock,  Jacob,  837. 
Rothrock,  John,  837. 
Rothrock,  Peter,  923. 
Rothrock,  Philip,  613,  621,  622,  758, 

838,  923. 
Rothrock,  Philip,  Sr.,  681,  682. 
Rowan   County,  534,   535,  536,  537, 

538,   597,  615,  621,  635,  654,  688, 

732,   746,  754,  755,  759,  763,  778, 

889. 
Rudolph,  776. 

Rules  and  Regulations,  598,  661,  725, 
726,  748,  752,  756,  811,  814,  841, 
857,  861. 

Runalds,  Dudley,  537. 

Rutherford,  Col.  Griffith,  718,  851,  943. 

Rutledge,  535. 

Ryolds,  Sobald,  535. 

S 

Saal  Diener,  661,  676,  680-,  749,  755, 

830,  901,  947,  949. 
Salaries,  683,  697,  698,  701,  776,  815, 

826,  827. 

Salem,  553,  588,  589,  595,  596,  597, 
598,  599,  600,  601,  604,  605,  606, 
618,  620,  621,  635,  657,  658,  660, 
704,  716,  756,  841,  861,  865.  See 
also  Salem  Memorabilia  and  the 
Salem  Diary. 

Salem  Committee,  Special,  877,  878, 
881,  882,  884,  889,  898,  899. 

Salem  Diary,  666-693,  755-763,  813-824, 
862-894. 


968 


Index 


Salem  Land,  601,  621,  683,  695. 
Salem  Memorabilia,  660-663,  748-750, 

783,  811,  812,  856-858. 
Salem  Seal,  598. 

Salem  Square,  604,  605,  678,  724,  773, 

857,  870,  896,  898. 
Sales,  Cornelius,  894. 
Salisbury,  N.  C,  597,  615,  617,  619, 

620,   654,  704,  730,  754,   773,  823, 

837,  842,  879,  880,  883,  885,  890, 

891,  892,  906,  942. 
Sallis    (Sally),  John,  518,  519,  520, 

521. 

Salt,  522,  727,  777,  782,  846,  851,  871, 
889,  890,  891,  892,  893,  903,  908,  910, 
911. 

Salzburger,  917,  919. 

Samson,  520. 

Santee  Ford,  915. 

Sarepta,  686,  853,  859,  860,  913. 

Satterfeld,  James,  537. 

Savannah,   Ga.,   853,   874,   915,  916, 

917,  919,  921. 
Sauter,  737. 

Saviour,  522,  523,  524,  525,  527,  529, 

530,   533,  541,   542,  553,   555,  618, 

620,  658,  663,  685,  741,  747,  803, 

852,  859,  881,  911. 
Sawmill  near  Salem,  602,  866. 
Scaife,  William,  537. 
Scales,  Jane,  648. 
Scales,  Joseph,  648. 
Scales,  Nathaniel,  648. 
Scales,  Peter,  648. 
Schaaf,  Jeremias,  670,  679,  728. 
Schapiz,  Andreas,  763,  816. 
Schau,  Conrad,  819,  838. 
Schaub,  Johanna,  m.n.  Leinbach,  750. 
Schaub,  John,  Jr.,  664,  682,  750,  767, 

769,   779,  780,  832,  833,   834,  859, 

901,  905,  906,  907,  923. 
Schaub,  John,  Sr.,  541,  622,  664,  682, 

728,  733,  750,  831,  833. 
Schaus,  Heinrich,  865. 
Schaus,  Philip,  664,  718,  736,  737,  739, 

740,  741. 
Schemel,  915. 

Schille,  Bernhard  Christoph,  590. 
Schilling,  704. 
Schmid,  Jens,  590,  768. 
Schmid,  P.,  889. 


Schmidt,  George,  667,  673,  682,  701, 
702,  714,  715,  730,  756,  757,  759,  768, 
771,  826,  828,  895,  898. 

Schmidt,  Maria,  Magdalena,  702,  717, 
827. 

Schneider,  Cornelius,  914. 
Schneider,  Maria,  673,  839. 
Schneider,  Martin,  667,  714. 
Schneider,  Melchior,  899. 
Schneider,  Peter,  813,  866,  878. 
Schnepf,  Daniel,  590,  592,  661,  669, 

872,  884,  894,  898. 
Schnepf,  Susanna  Maria,  590,  680. 
Schober,  Gottlieb,  667. 
School,  Bethabara,  612,  664,  740,  774, 

832,  900. 
School,  Bethania,  736,  774,  812. 
School,  Friedberg,  742,  743,  744,  745, 

774,  781,  782,  783,  838,  911,  913. 
School,  Friedland,  861,  867,  898. 
School,  Salem,  Boys',  710,  811,  821, 

867,  895,  896,  899. 

School,  Salem,  Brothers  House,  774, 

827,  829,  899,  900. 
School,  Salem,  Girls',  699,  702,  710, 

717,  827,  899. 
School,  Salem,  Sisters  House,  774. 
Schor,  Friedrich,  780,  834. 
Schor,  Heinrich,  645,  736,  914,  946. 
Schor,  Heinrich,  743. 
Schor,  Johann,  743. 
Schor,  Johannes,  743. 
Schor,  Peter,  743. 
Schott,  Jacob,  923. 
Schreyer,   Johann,   Peter,   811,  822, 

868,  894. 

Schropp,  Matthes,  599,  603. 
Schubert,  August,  740. 
Schulz,  J.,  613. 
Schulz,  Sr.,  831. 

Schumacher,  George  Adam,  613,  863. 
Schumacher,  Jacobina,  863,  873. 
Schiitz,  729,  732. 

Schutz,  Anna  Dorothea,  673,  779,  817, 
827. 

Schwarz,  Adam,  863. 

Schwarz,  Jacob,  780. 

Schwarz,  Louisa,  863. 

Schweinitz,  Hans  Christian  von,  875, 

884,  888. 
Scott,  John,  636. 
Scott,  John  W.  636. 
Scott,  Leonard,  635. 


Index 


969 


Scott,  Wiley,  635,  636. 

Second  Fork  of  New  Hope,  536. 

Seeler,  798. 

Sehner,  Cathrine,  673,  779. 
Sehner,  Peter,  Jr.,  792. 
Seidel,  Nathaniel,  554,  878. 
Seiler,  800, 

Seiz,  Michael,  717,  803,  815,  863,  866. 
Senior  Civilis,  554,  949. 
Sennet,  Captain,  519,  520,  524. 
September  Sixteenth,  517,  662,  852. 
Shallow  Ford,  662,  682,  704,  731,  787, 

792,  903. 
Shannon,  Thomas,  535. 
Shaw,  Benjamin,  537. 
Sheep,  897,  903. 
Shemel,  Polly,  648. 
Shepherd,  Sheriff,  862. 
Sheppard,  William,  644,  645,  646,  647, 

648. 

Shipwreck,  612. 

Shore,  see  Schor. 

Shrubs,  560,  562-564. 

Sickness,  see  Medicine  and  Surgery. 

Simmons,  James,  538. 

Simms,  James,  538. 

Single  Brethren,  see  Choir  of. 


Singstunde, 

669,  673, 

679, 

683, 

684, 

689,  690, 

739,  758, 

776, 

778, 

835, 

865,  949. 

Sisters  House,  Salem, 

602, 

661, 

663, 

670,  671, 

672,  673, 

674, 

681, 

684, 

694,  699, 

768,  769, 

774, 

779, 

814, 

817,  824, 

893,  897. 

Sizemore's  Branch  of  Rocky  River, 
537. 

Skin  House  (1st),  764,  767,  769,  770, 

771,  829;   (2d)  769,  770,  771. 
Slater  (Schlbter),  Ann,  720,  722,  776. 
Slater,  Henry,  720,  722,  776,  824,  837. 
Slaves,  see  Negroes. 
Smallpox,  871,  872,  876. 
Smith,  Catharine,  720,  721,  742,  752. 
Smith,  Daniel,  720,  721,  722,  742,  752, 

803,  804,  821,  822,  837. 
Smith,  George,  519. 
Smith    (Schmidt),    Captain  Henry 

(Heinrich),  613,  621,  739,  741,  836, 

887,  902. 
Smith,  James,  645. 
Smith,  John,  535. 
Smith,  Samuel,  930. 
Smith's  River,  802. 


Snakes,  532,  559,  580,  581,  582,  736, 
812,  856. 

Snead  (Neede),  John,  643,  644,  646, 
647,  738. 

Soelle,  Rev.  George,  610,  611,  612, 
616,  621,  657,  665,  666,  675,  680, 
682,  690,  734,  749,  752,  757,  758, 
782,  784-807,  832,  863. 

Soil,  515,  558. 

South  Carolina,   651,  652,  850,  866, 

875,  890,  910,  918,  930. 
South  Fork  of  Deep  River,  534. 
South  Fork  of  Muddy  Creek,  539,  717, 

729,  758,  794,  833. 
South  Fork  of  Stoney  Creek,  537. 
Southwest,  Edward,  536. 
South  Yadkin,  793. 
Spach,  Adam,  Jr.,  781. 
Spach,  Adam,  Sr.,  690,  719,  735,  736, 

743,  744,  779,  782,  783,  834,  837, 

838,  839. 
Spach,  Johanna,  783. 
Spach,  Maria,  824,  831,  837. 
Spach,  Maria  Elisabeth,  m.n.  Hiiter, 

905. 

Spangenbach,  704. 

Spangenberg,  Bishop  August  Gottlieb, 
vii,  515,  517,  522-528,  539,  546,  549, 
551,  588. 

Spangenberg  Papers,  515. 

Speaking,  726,  949. 

Speas,  Francis,  646,  647,  648. 

Speer,  Henry,  794. 

Speer,  Rachel,  794. 

Spieseke,  Thomas,  676,  681,  715. 

Spoenhauer,  Elisabeth,  812,  907. 

Spoenhauer,  Heinrich,  Jr.,  812,  825, 
910,  915. 

Spoenhauer,  Heinrich,  Sr.,  746,  825, 

909,  946. 
Springhill,  540. 
Sprinkle,  George,  639. 
Spurgeon,  Justice,  702,  704,  894,  913. 
Stach,  Rev.  Matthew,  548,  664,  686, 

738,  739,  740,  772,  832,  900. 
Stach,  Rosina,  664,  686,  738,  779. 
Stall,  Pieling,  780. 
Stamp  Act,  650,  651,  840. 
Starrett,  Benjamin,  537. 
Stauber,  664,  834. 
Stauber,  Christian,  730,  739,  811. 
Stauber,  Elisabeth,  730. 
Stauber,  Franz,  730. 
Stauber,  Gottlieb,  730. 
Steiner,  Catharine,  m.n.  Beroth,  676. 


970 


Index 


Steiner,  Jacob,  657,  676,  677,  707,  767, 

768,  833,  866. 
Steinmann,  Johanna,  Elisabeth,  m.n. 

Moll,  742. 
Steinmann,  Johannes,  691,  742,  764, 

777,  831,  859. 
Steip,  Anna  Johanna,  659,  671,  672, 

685,  688. 
Steup,  Franz,  732. 
Stinking  Quarter,  783,  799,  800. 
St.  Jude's  Parish,  678,  773. 
St.  Luke's  Parish,  615. 
Stockburger,  Catharina,  m.n.  Christ- 

mann,  659,  662,  685,  688,  731,  735, 

799. 

Stockburger,  John  George,  590,  661, 
662,   671,   672,  688,   698,  715,  730, 

731,  896,  898. 

Stohr,  Dorothea,  m.n.  Schiitz,  907. 
Stohr,  Heinrich,  705,  714,  811,  815, 

816,  817,  826,  827,  901. 
Stokes  County,  635,  642,  648. 
Stone,  577,  700. 

Stoney  Creek  of  Haw  River,  534. 

Store  at  Bethabara,  541,  606,  607, 
614,  653,  '694,  702,  707,  729,  776,  778, 
828,  835,  842,  850,  865,  873,  901, 
906,  941. 

Store  at  Salem,  601,  667,  684,  694,  696, 
697,  701,  706,  707,  708,  717,  726, 
758,  762,  767,  769,  770,  778,  810, 
811,  815,  816,  820,  822,  824,  826, 
828,  830,  842,  846,  850,  851,  857, 
865,  868,  871,  872,  873,  881,  884, 
885,  887,  889,  891,  893,  895,  897, 
941.    See  also  Supplies  Furnished. 

Store  Tickets,  614,  701. 

Stotsmann,  798. 

Stotz,  Johann,  667,  717,  767. 

Stotz,  Samuel,  670,  822,  868. 

Streets  of  Salem,  683,  700. 

Strehle,  Gottlieb,  659,  667,  677,  714, 
896. 

Strub,  Jacob,  892. 

Strub,  Johannes,  765,  766,  946. 

Strub,  Maria  Magdalena,  673. 

Strub,  Samuel,  822. 

Sullivant,  Owen,  535. 

Sunbury,  Ga.,  915,  917. 

Sunday  observance,  709,  718,  756,  766. 

Sun  dials,  724. 

Surry  County,  viii,  597,  621,  634,  635, 
636,   642,   648,   654,   678,   688,  731, 

732,  746,  753,  754,  755,  756,  757, 


759,   774,  778,  808,   810,  818,  841, 

843,  845,  850,  874,  878,  942. 
Surry  Court-House,  see  Wright  and 

Richmond  Court-Houses. 
Supplies  furnished  Continentals,  841, 

851,  884,  885,  892,  905,  942,  943. 
Supplies  furnished  Governor  Tryon, 

620,  737. 
Sutor,  799,  800. 
Sweeting,  Robert,  519. 
Swim,  John,  791. 
Syms,  800. 

Synods,  546,  555,  594,  660,  661,  694, 
725,  810,  819,  853,  922. 

T 

Tanner,  729. 

Tanyard,  559,  694,  697,  701,  710,  767, 
770,  825,  826,  839,  867,  870. 

Tanz  (Danz),  Simon,  809,  811,  822, 
894. 

Tavern  at  Bethabara  (1st),  541,  606, 
614,  664,  728,  731,  780,  832,  833, 
835,  859,  884;  (2d),  900,  901,  906. 

Tavern  at  Salem,  601,  671,  694,  696, 
697,  701,  706,  707,  767,  770,  826, 
830,  858,  866,  869,  870,  881,  898. 

Taxes,  518,  527,  630,  688,  702,  733, 

756,  759,  764,  772,  773,  774,  777, 
778,  843,  849,  862,  869,  870,  876, 
902,  905,  914,  931-934,  946. 

Tea,  523,  524,  651,  808,  840,  895. 
Tesch,  Heinrich,  743. 
Test,  942. 

Texts,'  542,  619,  658,  666,  668,  671, 
677,  686,  692,  716,  748,  751,  761, 
783,  852,  854,  857,  865,  882,  893, 
911,  914,  947,  949. 

Thomas,  John,  537. 

Thornborough,  Henry,  534. 

Thornborough,  Thomas,  536. 

Ticonder-oga,  875,  879. 

Tiersch,  Maria  (Polly),  676,  680,  714, 
829,  857,  858,  872,  873. 

Tiersch,  Rev.  Paul,  657,  666,  670,  674, 
684,   697,  714,   715,  726,   755,  756, 

757,  761,  811,  819,  821,  822,  829. 
Timber  Ridge  Meeting  House,  752, 

803,  804,  863,  867. 
Tipping,  855. 

Tobacco,  529,  530,  532,  630,  768,  891, 
895. 

Toeltschig,  Rev.  John,  526. 
Toll,  Sarah,  836. 
Tombstones,  724. 


Index 


971 


Topography  of  Wachovia,  557. 
Tories,  631,  634,  649,  743,  842,  843, 

850,  869,  870,  879,  891,  892,  907,  942. 
Town  Fork,  645,  665,  704,  731,  779, 

784,  801,  810,  843,  845,  881,  903. 
Trade,  540,  589,  605. 
Trading  Path,  799. 
Transportation  by  wagon,  540,  603. 
Transportation  by  water,  540,  552, 

594. 

Transylvania,  863. 
Trautz,  793. 

Trees,  558-562,  564,  582,  584,  730,  880. 

Trice,  Edward,  537. 

Triebel,  Christian,  682,  724,  763,  765, 

766,  768,  772,  811,  822,  827,  828, 

870,  872. 

Trombones,  620,  683,  705,  819,  823, 
830,  886. 

Tryon,  Governor,  619,  620,  634,  652, 

653,  654,  737,  760,  821,  891. 
Turner,  Blias,  788. 
Turner,  Elisabeth,  788. 
Turner,  Hannah,  788. 
Turner,  Mary,  788. 
Turner,  Robert,  788. 
Turner,  Roger,  Jr.,  788,  803. 
Turner,  Mrs.  Roger,  Jr.,  788. 
Turner,  Roger,  Sr.,  788,  803. 
Turner,  Thomas,  788. 
Turner's  Creek,  788. 
Two-story  House,  857,  872. 

U 

Uewan,  John,  520. 

Uharie,  621,  665,  680,  683,  729,  752, 

784,  794,  795,  796,  833. 
Ulmer,  David,  910. 
Ulrich,  Richard,  796. 
Unitas  Fratrum,  vii,  516,  517,  528, 

545,  671,  949. 
Unity  Administration,  660,  662,  683, 

698,  873,  947. 
Unity  Administration  Diaconie,  694, 

707,  816. 
Unity  Day,  532,  see  Gemein  Tag. 
Unity  Land  in  and  near  Wachovia, 

589,  598,  600,  613,  758,  763,  829. 
Unity  of  Brethren,  vii,  517,  522,  541, 

545,  653,  680,  725,  804,  840,  853. 
Unity's  Elders  Conference,  660,  673, 

738,  756,  769,  771,  810,  853,  854,  888. 
Unity  Sustentation,  601,  747,  853,  859, 

860, 


Unity  Vorsteher  Collegium,  588,  589, 
596,  598,  600,  601,  602,  888. 

Utley,  Rev.  Richard,  525,  603,  604, 

607,   654,   657,  670,   672,  674,  681, 

682,  684,  685,   693,   697,  698,  714, 

719,  731,  752,  756,  761,  773,  803, 

810,  811,  829,  831,   854,  855,  858, 

862,  865,  866,  867,  869,  884,  885, 
886,  915. 

Utley,  Sallie,  525,  680,  714. 

V 

Van  Cleft,  727,  793. 
Vaughan,  George,  536. 
Vermin,  582,  583,  584. 
Vernon,  665,  801. 

Vestry,  677,  716,  743,  746,  757,  759, 

773,  774,  855,  871. 
Vickory,  Marmaduke,  534 
Vinegar,  532,  559. 

Virginia,  515,  517,  615,  665,  689,  734, 
784,  810,  832,  851,  871,  872,  880, 
881,  884,  893,  908,  934. 

Vogler  (Fogler),  Christoph,  811,  821. 

Vogler,  Elisabeth,  903. 

Vogler,  Margaretha,  812. 

Vogler,  Philip,  903. 

Vogler,  Mrs.  Philip,  616. 

Volk,  Andreas,  735,  833. 

Vollier,  902. 

Volz,  743. 

Volz,  Andreas,  777,  831. 
Vorsteher  of  Single  Brethren,  674. 
Voyages,  590,  593,  612,  916,  918,  921, 
922. 

W 

Wach,  605,  893. 

Wachau,  539;  see  Wachovia. 

Wachovia,  vii,  515,  526,  527,  528,  549, 
551,  557-587,  588,  600,  605,  613,  621, 
753,  773,  819,  835,  841,  879. 

Wachovia  Historical  Society  Museum, 
632,  760. 

Wachovia  Memorabilia,  658,  692,  746, 

809-813,  852-862. 
Waddell,  Gen.  Hugh,  618,  620,  652. 
Wade,  Col.  Thomas,  883,  942. 
Wagemann,  667. 

Wages,  606,  695,  705,  764,  765,  768, 

769,  770,  831,  839,  899. 
Wagner,  Christoph,  668. 
Wagner,  Jacob,  796,  798. 
Wagner,  John  George,  822,  853,  864, 

915,  917,  920,  921. 


972 


Index 


Wagner,  Samuel,  704. 

Wagoner,  John,  535. 

Waldoboro,  Me.,  609. 

Walk,  Elisabeth,  914. 

Walk,  Martin,  688,  743,  744,  839,  913. 

Walk,  Joseph,  783. 

Walker,  John,  538. 

Walker,  Robert,  688,  704,  729,  819, 

832,  869. 

Walker,  Robert,  645,  646. 

Wallis,  John  George,  809,  811,  822, 

823,  829,  863,   864,  865,   866,  890, 

894,  896,  897,  899,  915,  946. 
Wallis,  Maria  Barbara,  809,  811,  822, 

823,  829,  858,  863. 
Walther,  Johann  Heinrich,  679,  857, 

867,  892,  896. 
Ward,  John,  537. 
Wartmann,  793. 
Warwick,  Pa.,  525. 
Washington,  Gen.  George,  840. 
Watauga,  870,  871. 

Water  for  Salem,  604,  710,  759,  764, 
765,  768,  771,  772,  820,  871,  872. 

Watermelons,  522. 

Watteville,  Benigna  von,  544. 

Watteville,  Bishop  John  von,  541,  544. 

Weather,  517,  649,  660,  669,  672,  686, 
726-742,  781,  783,  814,  816,  818,  823, 

833,  834,  835,  837,  838,  855,  860, 
865,  868,  869,  870,  871,  872,  873, 
874,  877,  880,  883,  884,  885,  887, 
892,  893,  894,  908,  909,  913,  914,  915. 

Weesner,  Matthew,  839. 
Welborn's  Meeting  House,  796. 
Weiss,  Lewis,  760,  773. 
Weiss,  Matthias,  811,  816,  827,  911. 
Werner,  Anna  Elisabeth,  673. 
West  Indies,  888. 
West,  John,  520. 
West,  John,  Sr.,  534. 
Whigs,  631. 
Whitemeal,  521,  522. 
Whitfield  Orphanage,  Ga.,  917,  918, 
920. 

Whitsunday,  539,  681. 
Whitton,  520. 
Whitworth,  Isaac,  535. 
Whitworth,  Jacob,  535. 
Widowers,  662;  669,  751. 
Widows,  662,  663,  669,  749,  750,  751, 
872. 

Widows  Society,  772,  911. 
Wild  Animals,  533,  560,  577-579,  818, 
828,  835,  903. 


Wild  Fowl,  579,  580. 

Wiley,  John,  538. 

Wiley,  William,  538. 

Wilkins,  Robert,  535. 

Williams,  John,  642. 

Williams,  Lieut.  Col.  Joseph,  845,  848, 
851,  874,  879,  880,  881,  882,  883, 
892,  898,  903,  904,  905,  939,  941, 
943. 

Williams,  William,  804. 

Williard,  George,  621. 

Wilmington,  N.  C.,  533,  540,  612,  821, 

842,  846,  875,  891. 
Wilson,  520. 

Wilson,  Abraham,  789,  794. 
Wilson,  Elisabeth,  789. 
Wilson,  James,  789,  794. 
Wilson,  Robert,  789. 
Windscott,  Richard,  535. 
Winston,  Major  Joseph,  845,  848,  881, 
939. 

Winston-Salem,  N.  C,  528. 

Wochen,  Wochentlichen  Nachrichten, 
542,  543,  546,  673,  738,  761,  860, 
875,  949.  See  also  Gemein  Nach- 
richten. 

Wohlfahrt  (Welfare),  Johann  Jacob, 

765,  766,  896. 
Wolff,  Elisabeth,  923. 
Wolff,  Johann  Adam,  874,  923. 
Wolff,  Wilhelm  Adam,  613,  777,  923. 
Wolf  Run,  536. 

Wollin,  John  Gotthold,  592,  706,  875, 
888. 

Woodruff,  Moses,  791. 

Wright  Court-House,  viii,  634-641,  729, 
735,  738,  741. 

Wright,  Elisabeth,  635,  640,  734. 

Wright,  Col.  Gideon,  634,  635,  636- 
641,  642,  643,  727,  734,  736,  739, 
742,  756,  766,  777,  779,  942. 

Wright,  Hezekiah,  635. 

Wright,  Jeremiah,  535,  634,  942. 

Wright,  Sally,  756,  766. 

Wurtele,  Johannes,  613,  662,  672,  675. 

Wutroba,  Johann,  763. 

Y 

Yadkin  County,  635,  788. 

Yadkin,  519,  535,  619,  635,  652,  665, 
672,  682,  685,  752,  784,  787,  788, 
792,  816,  823,  843,  854,  862,  906. 

Yarrel,  Peter,  824,  857. 


Index 


973 


Yorktown,   Pa.,   525,   681,   682,  717, 

769,  782,  804,  813,  829,  837,  884. 
Youngblood,  Peter,  Jr.,  535. 
Youngblood,  Peter,  Sr.,  535. 
Young,  Isaac,  535. 
Yung,  Jonas,  683. 

Z 

Zappfenfeld,    Capt.    Matthias,  743, 

744,  891,  892. 
Zeisberger,  David,  922. 
Zeist,  588,  596. 
Zeizen,  704. 

Zillmann,  Heinrich,  670,  715,  728,  811, 
815,  826,  897. 


Zimmermann,  871,  872. 
Zimmermann,  Capt.  Matthias,  790. 
Zinzendorf,  Benigna  von,  544. 
Zinzendorf,  Christian  Ranatus  von, 
531. 

Zinzendorf,  Erdmuth  Dorothea,  Coun- 
tess von,  546. 

Zinzendorf,  Nicholas,  Lewis,  Count 
von,  516,  517,  526,  531,  539,  541, 
543,  544,  545,  547,  594,  658,  691, 
763,  911. 

Ziiber,  David,  835. 

Zubily,  Dr.,  919. 

Zynn,  Margaret,  751,  778. 


DATE  DUE: 

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